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Universidade Federal De Santa Maria Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade Animal UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS E EXATAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIODIVERSIDADE ANIMAL Thiago Fossile A COMPOSIÇÃO DE TELEOSTEI E ELASMOBRANCHII NO HOLOCENO BRASILEIRO, BAÍA BABITONGA/SC: SUPORTE PARA REFERÊNCIAS ECOLÓGICAS Santa Maria, RS 2019 Thiago Fossile A COMPOSIÇÃO DE TELEOSTEI E ELASMOBRANCHII NO HOLOCENO BRASILEIRO, BAÍA BABITONGA/SC: SUPORTE PARA REFERÊNCIAS ECOLÓGICAS Dissertação de mestrado apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Biodiversidade Animal. Orientador: Dr. Sérgio Dias da Silva Co-orientador: Dr. André Carlo Colonese Santa Maria, RS 2019 Ficha gerada com os dados fornecidos pelo autor Fossile, Thiago A composição de Teleostei e Elasmobranchii no Holoceno brasileiro, Baía Babitonga/SC: suporte para referências ecológicas / Thiago Fossile.-2019. 130 p.; 30cm Orientador: Dr. Sérgio Dias da Silva Co-orientador: Dr. André Carlo Colonese Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós- graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Santa Maria, RS, 2019. 1. Pesca de pequena escala e subsistência 2. Captura de pescados 3 Arqueologia I. Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio II. Fossile, Thiago.III. Colonese, André Carlo IV A composição de Teleostei e Elasmobranchii no Holoceno brasileiro, Baía Babitonga/SC: suporte para referências ecológicas. Thiago Fossile A COMPOSIÇÃO DE TELEOSTEI E ELASMOBRANCHII NO HOLOCENO BRASILEIRO, BAÍA BABITONGA/SC: SUPORTE PARA REFERÊNCIAS ECOLÓGICAS Dissertação de mestrado apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Biodiversidade Animal. Aprovado em 28 de março de 2019: __________________________________ Sérgio Dias da Silva, D.r (UFSM) (Presidente/Orientador) __________________________________ Andre Luis Ramos Soares (UFSM) __________________________________ Orangel Antonio Aguilera Socorro (UFF) Santa Maria, RS 2019 DEDICATÓRIA À minha família, em especial aos meus pais (mãe, pai, e padrastro) e à Joana C. Lopes. AGRADECIMENTOS A concretização deste trabalho ocorreu, principalmente, pelo auxílio, compreensão e incentivo de várias pessoas. Agradeço a todos que contribuíram para a conclusão desta dissertação e, de uma maneira especial, agradeço: - à minha família por todo o suporte e o apoio à minha dedicação a pesquisa; - à Joana Camila Lopes, por todos os momentos e todas as conversas diárias, principalmente pelo incentivo na busca de uma vaga na pós-graduação, atuando na área da arqueozoologia; - à Prof.ª Dra. Dione da Rocha Bandeira, pela oportunidade dada, e pelos ensinamentos repassados no período de graduação, que fizeram com que eu conhecesse a arqueozoologia; - aos professores Dr. André Carlo Colonese e Dr. Sérgio Dias da Silva pela confiança em mim depositada, grato pela orientação; - à equipe do Museu Arqueológico de Sambaqui de Joinville (MASJ) pela disponibilidade em me atender sempre que necessário, e pela autorização de acesso ao acervo arqueológico e ao laboratório de arqueologia para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa; - à equipe do Laboratório de Ictiofauna e Crescimento (LABIC) do Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo pelo suporte e acesso à Coleção de Otólitos de Peixes Teleósteos da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil (COSS-Brasil), em especial à Prof.ª Dra. Carmen L. D. B. Rossi-Wongtschowski e a Bel. Ciências Biológicas Marcella Bockis Giaretta; - à Claudio Ricken, Luiz Henrique Rosa da Silva, e William Felipe Dutra por todo o suporte com o software Archaeobones; - à equipe do LAPArq/Univille pela autorização de acesso ao laboratório, e em especial à Bel. Ciências Biológicas Jessica Ferreira, e à prof.ª Dra. Dione da Rocha Bandeira; - à Krista McGrath e ao Cauê Felipe de Oliveira por gentilmente rever o inglês; - e à todos os amigos e colegas que fiz durante os dois anos de mestrado na UFSM e demais instituições que visitei. Fear of failure (or even fear of success) often prevents us from taking an action and putting our creation out there in the world. But a lot of opportunities will be lost if we wait for the things to be right (Zdravko Cvijetic). RESUMO A COMPOSIÇÃO DE TELEOSTEI E ELASMOBRANCHII NO HOLOCENO BRASILEIRO, BAÍA BABITONGA/SC: SUPORTE PARA REFERÊNCIAS ECOLÓGICAS AUTOR: Thiago Fossile ORIENTADOR: Sérgio Dias da Silva CO-ORIENTADOR: André Carlo Colonese A pesca artesanal contribui para a seguridade alimentar e a erradicação da pobreza ao proporcionar alimentos, renda e emprego para milhões de pessoas. No entanto, entre vários problemas, o setor sofre com a diminuição dos recursos biológicos e a degradação dos habitats aquáticos, impactando os pescadores costeiros e de pequena escala que possuem dependência dos ecossistemas locais e regionais de onde retiram seu meio de subsistência. A partir do conceito de Síndrome de Mudanças de Linha de Base (Shifting Baselines Syndrome), verifica-se a ausência de pontos referenciais adequados para análise de mudanças na composição ictiológica, como subsídios para adequada gestão da pesca. Desta forma, são necessários estudos para levantamento de dados históricos e arqueológicos com o objetivo de identificar a alteração e a evolução espaço-temporal das espécies (ex.: sobrepesca). Assim, o nosso estudo buscou descrever a diversidade da ictiofauna na pré-história brasileira e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de referências ecológicas, a partir da identificação e mensuração de restos faunísticos em sítios arqueológicos na Baía Babitonga, para fins de comparação com informações a respeito da pesca no litoral brasileiro. Palavras-chave: pesca, captura de pesca, Holoceno, arqueologia ABSTRACT COMPOSITION OF TELEOSTEI AND ELASMOBRANCHII IN THE BRAZILIAN HOLOCENE, BABITONGA BAY/ SC: SUPPORT FOR ECOLOGICAL REFERENCES AUTHOR: Thiago Fossile ADVISOR: Sérgio Dias da Silva CO-ADVISOR: André Carlo Colonese Small-scale fisheries contribute to food security and poverty eradication by providing food, income and employment for millions of people. However, among some problems, the sector suffers from declining biological resources and degraded aquatic habitats, impacting coastal and small-scale fishers who depend on local and regional ecosystems to derive their subsistence. Based on the concept of Shifting Baselines Syndrome, there are no adequate reference points for analysis of changes in fish composition, as subsidies for adequate management of fishery. Therefore, it is necessary to study historical and archaeological data with the objective of identifying change and spatial-temporal evolution of the species (e.g. overfishing). This study aimed to describe the ichthyofauna diversity in Brazilian pre-Columbian and to contribute to the development of ecological references, from the identification and measurement of faunistic remains in archaeological sites in Babitonga Bay for the purpose of comparison with information about the fisheries in the Brazilian coast. Keywords: fishery, catch fisheries, Holocene, archaeology SUMÁRIO 1 TEXTO INTEGRADOR.......................................................................................................11 1.1 A relevância socioeconômica da pesca artesanal e seu estado de conservação.............11 1.2 Sítios arqueológicos do litoral sul do Brasil: arquivos inestimáveis de biodiversidade marinha no passado...............................................................................................................12 1.3 Arqueologia, restauração ecológica e pesca sustentável: um novo paradigma para a arqueologia brasileira?..........................................................................................................13 2 ARTIGO 1 – PRE-COLUMBIAN FISHERIES CATCH RECONSTRUCTION FOR A SUBTROPICAL ESTUARY IN SOUTHERN AMERICA......................................................16 3 ARTIGO 2 – INTEGRATING ZOOARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CONSERVATION OF COASTAL-MARINE ECOSYSTEMS IN BRAZIL................................................................47 4 DISCUSSÃO........................................................................................................................72 5 CONCLUSÃO......................................................................................................................74 6 REFERÊNCIAS....................................................................................................................75 APÊNDICE...............................................................................................................................80 11 1 TEXTO INTEGRADOR 1.1 A RELEVÂNCIA SOCIOECONÔMICA DA PESCA ARTESANAL E SEU ESTADO DE CONSERVAÇÃO A pesca artesanal contribui para a seguridade alimentar e a erradicação da pobreza ao proporcionar alimentos, renda, e emprego para milhões de pessoas (FAO, 2016, 2015). Na América Latina, a pesca artesanal é praticada em uma ampla gama de ecossistemas e integra conhecimento tradicional resultante de um longo e complexo processo de ocupação costeira. Os pescadores costeiros e de pequena escala possuem dependência destes ecossistemas locais e regionais onde desenvolvem seus meios de subsistência (SALAS et al., 2011). No entanto, entre vários problemas, o setor sofre com a diminuição dos recursos biológicos e a degradação dos habitats aquáticos. Esta realidade reforça a importância de compreender, avaliar e gerenciar de modo mais eficaz a pesca em seu todo (SALAS et al.,
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