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Histopathological and Biometric Comparison Between Catfish (Pisces Ariidae) from a Harbor and a Protected Area Brazil

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Histopathological and Biometric Comparison Between Catfish (Pisces Ariidae) from a Harbor and a Protected Area Brazil See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266615068 Histopathological and biometric comparison between catfish (Pisces Ariidae) from a harbor and a protected area Brazil ARTICLE in AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS · OCTOBER 2014 DOI: 10.1186/s12999-014-0012-5 READS 37 5 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho-Neta Débora Batista Pinheiro Sousa Estadual University of Maranhão Federal University of Maranhão 18 PUBLICATIONS 17 CITATIONS 8 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Ligia Tchaicka Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Brazil 4 PUBLICATIONS 52 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Débora Batista Pinheiro Sousa Retrieved on: 30 September 2015 A histopathological and biometric comparison between catfish (Pisces, Ariidae) from a harbor and a protected area, Brazil Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho Neta1* * Corresponding author Email: [email protected] Débora Batista Pinheiro Sousa2 Email: [email protected] Zafira da Silva de Almeida1 Email: [email protected] Débora Martins Silva Santos1 Email: [email protected] Ligia Tchaicka1 Email: [email protected] 1 Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil 2 Postgraduate Program of Aquatic Resources and Fishery (PPGRAP/UEMA), State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil Abstract Background Histopathological lesions and biometric variations in catfish species are statistically associated with chemical contaminant exposure. A histopathological and biometric database for the catfish Sciades herzbergii and Bagre bagre from São Luís Island (Port Area) and Caranguejos Island (Reference Area) is presented. Branchial and hepatic lesions were classified into three reaction patterns: 1) circulatory or inflammatory disturbances; 2) regressive changes; 3) progressive changes. This paper summarizes research efforts aimed at characterizing the biomonitoring potential of catfish from two islands in Brazil, which exhibit great habitat diversity and different levels of human intervention. Results The weights and lengths of the catfish caught at the Port Area were smaller than those from the Reference Area. No histopathological lesions were observed in S. herzbergii examined at the reference site (Caranguejos Island). In contrast, 90% of S. herzbergii from sites located in the Port Area (São Luís Island) had one or more types of branchial and hepatic lesions. One or more of the five lesions were observed on 16 B. bagre from São Luís Island and Caranguejos Island. Conclusion The utility of histopathological lesions and biometric data as sensitive indicators of the health of wild catfish populations has been demonstrated. Sciades herzbergii proved to be a better species for biomonitoring because it was more sensitive to the impacted site (Port Area) compared with the region relatively free of contaminants (Reference Area). Keywords Biomonitoring, Biomarkers, Sciades herzbergii, Bagre bagre Background Histopathological analysis in fish has already been tested and proposed as a sensitive tool for the monitoring of environmental contamination in natural water bodies [1]. Fish diseases, biometric data, and histopathology are increasingly being used as indicators of environmental stress because they provide a definite biological end-point of historical exposure [2]. Biomarker analysis has been shown to be adequate for ascertaining the toxic effects of a given toxicant [3]. Biomarkers have been defined by measurable modifications at the molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels, revealing the exposure of a given organism to xenobiotics [4]. Gill lesions are used as sensitive biomarkers of environmental impacts on fish, and many researchers have recognized that histopathological examination is a valuable tool for assessment of environmental impacts on fish populations [5] because morphologic alterations can occur as gills are in permanent contact with the environment [6]. The detection of early warning signals through branchial and hepatic lesions in fish is ecologically relevant, economically beneficial, more efficient, and has the potential to be used as a type of biomarker [7]. In São Luís Island (São Marcos Bay, Maranhão), the catfish Sciades herzbergii, a benthic fish common to Brazil coastal areas, has been identified as a model species for investigating the effects of contamination in estuarine systems [3]. Bagre bagre, another catfish, resides in both contaminated and clean estuarine environments around the São Marcos Bay. This species is particularly suitable for this research because of its commercial importance and sedentary lifestyle. São Marcos Bay is an important fishing location and has the most important harbor in northeastern Brazil. However, in the last decade, chemical contamination from industrial waste has posed an increasing threat to the health of aquatic organisms [7,8]. In contrast, Caranguejos Island constitutes a wildlife reserve in São Marcos Bay that covers a large mangrove area [8]. The increasing emphasis in Brazil on monitoring estuarine and marine ecosystems has highlighted the need to deploy appropriate biological measurements for these locations [8]. This study gathers and compares biometric data and histopathological lesions of S. herzbergii and B. bagre from ecologically diverse ecosystems on two distinct Islands in São Marcos Bay, Brazil. Results and discussion Environmental parameters The water from the two sites (São Luís and Caranguejos Islands) exhibited distinct characteristics and contamination profiles (Table 1). The concentrations of Al, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Hg, in São Luís Island were higher than the acceptable limit by national Brazilian standards (CONAMA, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente). The average water surface temperatures were constant during both periods analyzed. Salinity was uniform in both areas sampled, being lower during the rainy season in both areas. Dissolved oxygen and the saturation of dissolved oxygen were always lower in the contaminated area. The values for pH were constants for both areas. The habitats of each of the different sites were identical in aquatic plants, substrate, and fauna. Table 1 Physical and chemical analysis of water at two sites in São Marcos Bay (Brazil) Parameters Reference (A1) Contaminated (A2) Dry period* Rainy periody Dry period* Rainy periody Temperature (°C) 30.5 29.5 30.5 29.5 Salinity (UPS) 15 14 19 18 pH 7.98 7.99 7.94 7.94 OD (mg/L O2) 6.0 6.1 4.9 5.1 Aluminum (mg/L) 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.1 Cadmium (mg/L) 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.006 Lead (mg/L) 0.001 0.000 0.02 0.02 Chromium (mg/L) 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.1 Iron (mg/L) 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.07 Mercury (mg/L) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 *Dry period = August 2011; yRainy period = February 2012. Abiotic factors such as water temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen can change the fish richness and assemblage composition [8-10], which can also be affected by anthropogenic impacts [11]. The similar pH values recorded for the two analyzed areas indicate a dynamic region where the winds, tides, and river discharges determine a high load of particulate matter. All heavy metals concentrations (Al, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Hg) in water collected from the potentially contaminated area were significantly higher than water from the reference area. Previous studies on sediment and water in the harbor area showed significantly higher levels of mercury and chrome, which confirms that the port area in São Marcos Bay is a site with high exposure risks for some contaminants [3,7,8]. Öztürk et al. [12] have determined the level of heavy metals in various tissues of the Cyprinus carpio species and they reported that cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead concentrations exceeded the tolerable values provided by international institutions. These authors have reported that heavy metal concentrations in gill samples can decrease in the sequence: Fe (0.15 mg/kg) > Cu (3.94 mg/kg) > Pb (3.11 mg/kg) > Cr (1.61 mg/kg) > Cd (0.15 mg/kg), and for the liver as Fe (94.27 mg/kg) > Cu (9.73 mg/kg) > Pb (3.42 mg/kg) > Cr (0.83 mg/kg) > Cd (0.79 mg/kg). Biometric data Biometric parameters (total length - Lt, furcal length - Lf, total weight – Wt and gonad weight - Wg) of collected fish are showed in Tables 2 and 3. As expected, most populations of catfish considered in this study are highly heterogeneous, with lengths and weights deviating from the reference sample. At the reference site (A1), catfish were bigger (P < 0.05) than those from the harbor area (A2). Fish across all gonadal stages were found in the reference area, but juveniles (GS1) were not found in the potentially contaminated site. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was also higher in the reference site than in the contaminated site during both periods (P < 0.05). In a similar study, the GSI in S. herzbergii from the potentially contaminated site (São Marcos Bay) was significantly lower than in control fish during all the phases of the gonadal cycle [3-5]. Carvalho-Neta et al. [3] have shown a decrease in the GSI of catfishes from harbor areas in Brazil, and have suggested this decrease can result in abnormal gonadal development in the form of delayed maturation, high levels of atresia, or intersexuality in fish. Table 2 Biometric data and gonadosomatic index of S. herzbergii caught in São Marcos Bay, Maranhão, Brazil Sites Gender Lt (cm) Lf (cm) Wt (g) Wg (g) GSI Reference (A1) Female 29.85 ± 2.72* 26.29 ± 2.98* 283.45 ± 57.34* 7.936 ± 0.361 2.68 ± 0.26* Male 28.85 ± 2.81* 27.29 ± 2.21* 281.25 ± 37.54* 5.434 ± 0.251 1.58 ± 0.12* Harbor (A2) Female 20.88 ± 3.22 19.45 ± 2.74 108.50 ± 77.90 0.629 ± 0.447 0.08 ± 0.063 Male 18.28 ± 8.72 16.25 ± 2.92 105.31 ± 55.60 0.129 ± 0.047 0.02 ± 0.013 * Indicates significant difference between sites (P < 0.05).
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