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Nvme-Based Caching in Video-Delivery Cdns
NVMe-Based Caching In Video-Delivery CDNs Thomas Colonna 1901942 Double Degree INSA Rennes Supervisor: Sébastien Lafond Faculty of Science and Engineering Åbo Akademi University 2020 In HTTP-based video-delivery CDNs (content delivery networks), a critical compo- nent is caching servers that serve clients with content obtained from an origin server. These caches store the content they obtain in RAM or onto disks for serving additional clients without fetching them from the origin. For most use cases, access to the disk remains the limiting factor, thus requiring a significant amount of RAM to avoid these accesses and achieve good performance, but increasing the cost. In this master’s thesis, we benchmark various approaches to provide storage such as regular disks and NVMe-based SSDs. Based on these insights, we design a caching mod- ule for a web server relying on kernel-bypass, implemented using the reference framework SPDK. The outcome of the master’s thesis is a caching module leveraging specific proper- ties of NVMe disks, and benchmark results for the various types of disks with the two approaches to caching (i.e., regular filesystem based or NVMe-specific). Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 3 2.1 Caching in the context of CDNs . .3 2.2 Performances of the different disk models . .4 2.2.1 Hard-Disk Drive . .4 2.2.2 Random-Access Memory . .5 2.2.3 Solid-State Drive . .6 2.2.4 Non-Volatile Main Memory . .6 2.2.5 Performance comparison of 2019-2020 storage devices . .6 2.3 Analysing Nginx . .7 2.3.1 Event processing . -
A Generic Data Exchange System for F2F Networks
The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! A Generic Data Exchange System for F2F Networks Cyril Soler C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 1 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! Outline I Overview of Retroshare I The GXS system I Decentralize your app! C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 2 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows, (+ Android). C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 3 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows. C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 3 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows. C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 3 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows. -
Anonymous Rate Limiting with Direct Anonymous Attestation
Anonymous rate limiting with Direct Anonymous Attestation Alex Catarineu Philipp Claßen Cliqz GmbH, Munich Konark Modi Josep M. Pujol 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Data is essential to build services 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Problems with Data Collection IP UA Timestamp Message Payload Cookie Type 195.202.XX.XX FF.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:01 1e550 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 Page https://analytics.twitter.com/user/konark Cookie=966347bfd 14:06 modi 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:10 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 Page https://booking.com/hotels/barcelona Cookie=966347bfd 16:15 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:10 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX FF.. 2018-07-09 Page https://shop.flixbus.de/user/resetting/res Cookie=966347bfd 18:40 et/hi7KTb1Pxa4lXqKMcwLXC0XzN- 1e55040434abe… 47Tt0Q 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Anonymous data collection Timestamp Message Type Payload 2018-07-09 14 Querylog [face, facebook.com] 2018-07-09 14 Querylog [boo, booking.com] 2018-07-09 14 Page https://booking.com/hotels/barcelona 2018-07-09 14 Telemetry [‘engagement’: 0 page loads last week, 5023 page loads last month] More details: https://gist.github.com/solso/423a1104a9e3c1e3b8d7c9ca14e885e5 http://josepmpujol.net/public/papers/big_green_tracker.pdf 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Motivation: Preventing attacks on anonymous data collection Timestamp Message Type Payload 2018-07-09 14 querylog [book, booking.com] 2018-07-09 14 querylog [fac, facebook.com] … …. -
Private Browsing
Away From Prying Eyes: Analyzing Usage and Understanding of Private Browsing Hana Habib, Jessica Colnago, Vidya Gopalakrishnan, Sarah Pearman, Jeremy Thomas, Alessandro Acquisti, Nicolas Christin, and Lorrie Faith Cranor, Carnegie Mellon University https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2018/presentation/habib-prying This paper is included in the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. August 12–14, 2018 • Baltimore, MD, USA ISBN 978-1-939133-10-6 Open access to the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security is sponsored by USENIX. Away From Prying Eyes: Analyzing Usage and Understanding of Private Browsing Hana Habib, Jessica Colnago, Vidya Gopalakrishnan, Sarah Pearman, Jeremy Thomas, Alessandro Acquisti, Nicolas Christin, Lorrie Faith Cranor Carnegie Mellon University {htq, jcolnago, vidyag, spearman, thomasjm, acquisti, nicolasc, lorrie}@andrew.cmu.edu ABSTRACT Prior user studies have examined different aspects of private Previous research has suggested that people use the private browsing, including contexts for using private browsing [4, browsing mode of their web browsers to conduct privacy- 10, 16, 28, 41], general misconceptions of how private brows- sensitive activities online, but have misconceptions about ing technically functions and the protections it offers [10,16], how it works and are likely to overestimate the protections and usability issues with private browsing interfaces [41,44]. it provides. To better understand how private browsing is A major limitation of much prior work is that it is based used and whether users are at risk, we analyzed browsing on self-reported survey data, which may not always be reli- data collected from over 450 participants of the Security able. -
HTTP Cookie - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 14/05/2014
HTTP cookie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 14/05/2014 Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search HTTP cookie From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Navigation A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser HTTP Main page cookie, is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a Persistence · Compression · HTTPS · Contents user's web browser while the user is browsing that website. Every time Request methods Featured content the user loads the website, the browser sends the cookie back to the OPTIONS · GET · HEAD · POST · PUT · Current events server to notify the website of the user's previous activity.[1] Cookies DELETE · TRACE · CONNECT · PATCH · Random article Donate to Wikipedia were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember Header fields Wikimedia Shop stateful information (such as items in a shopping cart) or to record the Cookie · ETag · Location · HTTP referer · DNT user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, logging in, · X-Forwarded-For · Interaction or recording which pages were visited by the user as far back as months Status codes or years ago). 301 Moved Permanently · 302 Found · Help 303 See Other · 403 Forbidden · About Wikipedia Although cookies cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on 404 Not Found · [2] Community portal the host computer, tracking cookies and especially third-party v · t · e · Recent changes tracking cookies are commonly used as ways to compile long-term Contact page records of individuals' browsing histories—a potential privacy concern that prompted European[3] and U.S. -
Tinkertool System 7 Reference Manual Ii
Documentation 0642-1075/2 TinkerTool System 7 Reference Manual ii Version 7.5, August 24, 2021. US-English edition. MBS Documentation 0642-1075/2 © Copyright 2003 – 2021 by Marcel Bresink Software-Systeme Marcel Bresink Software-Systeme Ringstr. 21 56630 Kretz Germany All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be redistributed, translated in other languages, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This publication may contain examples of data used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental. This publication could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. The publisher may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice. Make sure that you are using the correct edition of the publication for the level of the product. The version number can be found at the top of this page. Apple, macOS, iCloud, and FireWire are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. Broadcom is a registered trademark of Broadcom, Inc. Amazon Web Services is a registered trademark of Amazon.com, Inc. -
ICP and the Squid Web Cache* 1 Introduction
ICP and the Squid Web Cache Duane Wessels k cla y August 13, 1997 Abstract We describ e the structure and functionality of the Internet Cache Proto col ICP and its implementation in the Squid Web Caching software. ICP is a lightweight message format used for communication among Web caches. Caches exchange ICP queries and replies to gather information to use in selecting the most appropriate lo cation from which to retrieve an ob ject. We present background on the history of ICP, and discuss issues in ICP deployment, e- ciency, security, and interaction with other asp ects of Web trac b ehavior. We catalog successes, failures, and lessons learned from using ICP to deploy a global Web cache hierarchy. 1 Intro duction Ever since the World-Wide Web rose to p opularity around 1994, much e ort has fo cused on reducing latency exp erienced by users. Sur ng the Web can b e slow for many reasons. Server systems b ecome slow when overloaded, esp ecially when hot sp ots suddenly app ear. Congestion can also o ccur at network exchange p oints or across links, and is esp ecially prevalent across trans-o ceanic links that often cost millions of dollars p er month. A common, alb eit exp ensiveway to alleviate such problems is to upgrade the overloaded resource: get a faster server, another E1, a bigger switch. However, this approach is not only often eco- nomically infeasible, but p erhaps more imp ortantly, it also fails to consider the numerous parties involved in even a single, simple Web transaction. -
Squirrel: a Decentralized Peer-To-Peer Web Cache
To appear in the 21th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC 2002) Squirrel: A decentralized peer-to-peer web cache ∗ Sitaram Iyer Antony Rowstron Peter Druschel Rice University Microsoft Research Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS-132 7 J J Thomson Close 6100 Main Street, MS-132 Houston, TX 77005, USA Cambridge, CB3 0FB, UK Houston, TX 77005, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT There is substantial literature in the areas of cooperative This paper presents a decentralized, peer-to-peer web cache web caching [3, 6, 9, 20, 23, 24] and web cache workload char- called Squirrel. The key idea is to enable web browsers on acterization [4]. This paper demonstrates how it is possible, desktop machines to share their local caches, to form an ef- desirable and efficient to adopt a peer-to-peer approach to ficient and scalable web cache, without the need for dedicated web caching in a corporate LAN type environment, located hardware and the associated administrative cost. We propose in a single geographical region. Using trace-based simula- and evaluate decentralized web caching algorithms for Squir- tion, it shows how most of the functionality and performance rel, and discover that it exhibits performance comparable to of a traditional web cache can be achieved in a completely a centralized web cache in terms of hit ratio, bandwidth us- self-organizing system that needs no extra hardware or ad- age and latency. It also achieves the benefits of decentraliza- ministration, and is fault-resilient. The following paragraphs tion, such as being scalable, self-organizing and resilient to elaborate on these ideas. -
DARK WEB INVESTIGATION GUIDE Contents 1
DARK WEB INVESTIGATION GUIDE Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Setting up Chrome for Dark Web Access 5 3. Setting up Virtual Machines for Dark Web Access 9 4. Starting Points for Tor Investigations 20 5. Technical Clues for De-Anonymizing Hidden Services 22 5.1 Censys.io SSL Certificates 23 5.2 Searching Shodan for Hidden Services 24 5.3 Checking an IP Address for Tor Usage 24 5.4 Additional Resources 25 6. Conclusion 26 2 Dark Web Investigation Guide 1 1. Introduction 3 Introduction 1 There is a lot of confusion about what the dark web is vs. the deep web. The dark web is part of the Internet that is not accessible through traditional means. It requires that you use a technology like Tor (The Onion Router) or I2P (Invisible Internet Project) in order to access websites, email or other services. The deep web is slightly different. The deep web is made of all the webpages or entire websites that have not been crawled by a search engine. This could be because they are hidden behind paywalls or require a username and password to access. We are going to be setting up access to the dark web with a focus on the Tor network. We are going to accomplish this in two different ways. The first way is to use the Tor Browser to get Google Chrome connected to the the Tor network. This is the less private and secure option, but it is the easiest to set up and use and is sufficient for accessing material on the dark web. -
Forensic Study and Analysis of Different Artifacts of Web Browsers in Private Browsing Mode
|| Volume 5 || Issue 6 || June 2020 || ISSN (Online) 2456-0774 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING TRENDS FORENSIC STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ARTIFACTS OF WEB BROWSERS IN PRIVATE BROWSING MODE Rinchon Sanghkroo1, Dr. Deepak Raj Rao G.2 and Kumarshankar Raychaudhuri3 M.Sc. (Forensic Science) Final Semester Student, Cyber Forensic Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (MHA), Delhi, India 1 Assistant Professor, Cyber Forensic Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (MHA), Delhi, India2 Junior Research Fellow, Cyber Forensic Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (MHA), Delhi, India3 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------ ***-------------------------------------------------- Abstract: - Web browsers today have become one of the most commonly used applications in digital devices, storing and maintaining huge information on user activities. The privacy mode has been introduced to combat the privacy issues related with browsers. This feature keeps the browsing activities of a user private by not storing or removing the traces of artifacts related to the browsing session on the system. In this study, we test the effectiveness of this claim and to ensure ways in which a forensic investigation may be done in such cases. The private modes of different browsers have been tested in Windows and MAC OS by performing pre-defined browsing activities in each of the browsers in both the operating systems. Moreover, the default locations of normal web browser artifacts are also examined to find whether artifacts of private browsing activities are stored in such locations or not. Keywords: - Private Browsing, Windows, MAC, Safari, Microsoft Edge, Brave Browser ------------------------------------------------------ ***-------------------------------------------------- I INTRODUCTON artifacts related to it on the end device. -
Tracking Users Across the Web Via TLS Session Resumption
Tracking Users across the Web via TLS Session Resumption Erik Sy Christian Burkert University of Hamburg University of Hamburg Hannes Federrath Mathias Fischer University of Hamburg University of Hamburg ABSTRACT modes, and browser extensions to restrict tracking practices such as User tracking on the Internet can come in various forms, e.g., via HTTP cookies. Browser fingerprinting got more difficult, as trackers cookies or by fingerprinting web browsers. A technique that got can hardly distinguish the fingerprints of mobile browsers. They are less attention so far is user tracking based on TLS and specifically often not as unique as their counterparts on desktop systems [4, 12]. based on the TLS session resumption mechanism. To the best of Tracking based on IP addresses is restricted because of NAT that our knowledge, we are the first that investigate the applicability of causes users to share public IP addresses and it cannot track devices TLS session resumption for user tracking. For that, we evaluated across different networks. As a result, trackers have an increased the configuration of 48 popular browsers and one million of the interest in additional methods for regaining the visibility on the most popular websites. Moreover, we present a so-called prolon- browsing habits of users. The result is a race of arms between gation attack, which allows extending the tracking period beyond trackers as well as privacy-aware users and browser vendors. the lifetime of the session resumption mechanism. To show that One novel tracking technique could be based on TLS session re- under the observed browser configurations tracking via TLS session sumption, which allows abbreviating TLS handshakes by leveraging resumptions is feasible, we also looked into DNS data to understand key material exchanged in an earlier TLS session. -
Forensic Investigation of User's Web Activity on Google Chrome Using
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.16 No.9, September 2016 123 Forensic Investigation of User’s Web Activity on Google Chrome using various Forensic Tools Narmeen Shafqat, NUST, Pakistan Summary acknowledged browsers like Internet Explorer, Google Cyber Crimes are increasing day by day, ranging from Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera etc. but should confidentiality violation to identity theft and much more. The also have hands on experience of less popular web web activity of the suspect, whether carried out on computer or browsers like Erwise, Arena, Cello, Netscape, iCab, smart device, is hence of particular interest to the forensics Cyberdog etc. Not only this, the forensic experts should investigator. Browser forensics i.e forensics of suspect’s browser also know how to find artifacts of interest from older history, saved passwords, cache, recent tabs opened etc. , therefore supply ample amount of information to the forensic versions of well-known web browsers; Internet Explorer, experts in case of any illegal involvement of the culprit in any Chrome and Mozilla Firefox atleast, because he might activity done on web browsers. Owing to the growing popularity experience a case where the suspected person is using and widespread use of the Google Chrome web browser, this older versions of these browsers. paper will forensically analyse the said browser in windows 8 According to StatCounter Global market share for the web environment, using various forensics tools and techniques, with browsers (2015), Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and the aim to reconstruct the web browsing activities of the suspect. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer make up 90% of the browser The working of Google Chrome in regular mode, private usage.