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The Current Economics of Cyber Attacks
The Current Economics of Cyber Attacks Ron Winward Security Evangelist October 17, 2016 What Are We Talking About Historical Context Does Hacking Pay? Cyber Aack Marketplace Economics of Defenses: Reality Check 2 Once Upon a Time… 3 Story of the Automobile Ideal economic condions help fuel and grow this industry Be&er Roads Assembly Line Ideal Economic Condi9ons Growth 4 Cyber Attacks Reaching a Tipping Point More Resources More Targets More Mature Availability of low More high value, A level of maturity cost resources increasingly vulnerable that drives efficiency targets leads to more and ensures valuable informaon anonymity The economics of hacking have turned a corner! 5 Modern Economics of Cyber Attacks and Hacking 6 Do You Romanticize Hackers? 7 Reality of Today’s Hackers May look more like this . than like this 8 Today’s Adversary: Not always the Lone Wolf Structured organizaon with roles, focus Premeditated plan for targe9ng, exfiltraon, mone9zaon of data/assets Mul9-layered trading networks for distribu9on, Source: HPE: the business of hacking obfuscaon Why? Because increasingly, CRIME PAYS! 9 Or Does It? The average aacker earns approximately ¼ of the salary of an average IT employee The cost and 9me to plan aacks has decreased Be&er access to be&er tools makes aacks easier Remember: Nobody is trying to be “average” 10 Sophisticated Understanding of Value Mone9zable criminal enterprise Credit Cards Medical Records Intellectual Property Creden9als Vulnerabili9es Exploits 11 The Economics of Web Attacks Hacker steals US healthcare -
The Internet and Drug Markets
INSIGHTS EN ISSN THE INTERNET AND DRUG MARKETS 2314-9264 The internet and drug markets 21 The internet and drug markets EMCDDA project group Jane Mounteney, Alessandra Bo and Alberto Oteo 21 Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN: 978-92-9168-841-8 doi:10.2810/324608 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This publication should be referenced as: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016), The internet and drug markets, EMCDDA Insights 21, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. References to chapters in this publication should include, where relevant, references to the authors of each chapter, together with a reference to the wider publication. For example: Mounteney, J., Oteo, A. and Griffiths, P. -
Virtual Currencies and Terrorist Financing : Assessing the Risks And
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT FOR CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS COUNTER-TERRORISM Virtual currencies and terrorist financing: assessing the risks and evaluating responses STUDY Abstract This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the TERR Committee, explores the terrorist financing (TF) risks of virtual currencies (VCs), including cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It describes the features of VCs that present TF risks, and reviews the open source literature on terrorist use of virtual currencies to understand the current state and likely future manifestation of the risk. It then reviews the regulatory and law enforcement response in the EU and beyond, assessing the effectiveness of measures taken to date. Finally, it provides recommendations for EU policymakers and other relevant stakeholders for ensuring the TF risks of VCs are adequately mitigated. PE 604.970 EN ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Special Committee on Terrorism and was commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected] RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR Kristiina MILT Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] AUTHORS Tom KEATINGE, Director of the Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies, Royal United Services Institute (coordinator) David CARLISLE, Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies, Royal United Services Institute, etc. -
A Generic Data Exchange System for F2F Networks
The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! A Generic Data Exchange System for F2F Networks Cyril Soler C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 1 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! Outline I Overview of Retroshare I The GXS system I Decentralize your app! C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 2 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows, (+ Android). C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 3 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows. C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 3 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows. C.Soler The GXS System 03 Feb. 2018 3 / 19 The Retroshare project The GXS system Decentralize your app! The Retroshare Project I Mesh computers using signed TLS over TCP/UDP/Tor/I2P; I anonymous end-to-end encrypted FT with swarming; I mail, IRC chat, forums, channels; I available on Mac OS, Linux, Windows. -
Anonymous Rate Limiting with Direct Anonymous Attestation
Anonymous rate limiting with Direct Anonymous Attestation Alex Catarineu Philipp Claßen Cliqz GmbH, Munich Konark Modi Josep M. Pujol 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Data is essential to build services 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Problems with Data Collection IP UA Timestamp Message Payload Cookie Type 195.202.XX.XX FF.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:01 1e550 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 Page https://analytics.twitter.com/user/konark Cookie=966347bfd 14:06 modi 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:10 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 Page https://booking.com/hotels/barcelona Cookie=966347bfd 16:15 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:10 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX FF.. 2018-07-09 Page https://shop.flixbus.de/user/resetting/res Cookie=966347bfd 18:40 et/hi7KTb1Pxa4lXqKMcwLXC0XzN- 1e55040434abe… 47Tt0Q 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Anonymous data collection Timestamp Message Type Payload 2018-07-09 14 Querylog [face, facebook.com] 2018-07-09 14 Querylog [boo, booking.com] 2018-07-09 14 Page https://booking.com/hotels/barcelona 2018-07-09 14 Telemetry [‘engagement’: 0 page loads last week, 5023 page loads last month] More details: https://gist.github.com/solso/423a1104a9e3c1e3b8d7c9ca14e885e5 http://josepmpujol.net/public/papers/big_green_tracker.pdf 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Motivation: Preventing attacks on anonymous data collection Timestamp Message Type Payload 2018-07-09 14 querylog [book, booking.com] 2018-07-09 14 querylog [fac, facebook.com] … …. -
Databreaches in Healthcare the Attractiveness of Leaked Healthcare Data for Cybercriminals 2 Whitepaper: Databreaches in Healthcare
Databreaches in Healthcare The attractiveness of leaked healthcare data for cybercriminals 2 Whitepaper: Databreaches in healthcare Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................. 5 An international problem ............................................................................................................................ 6 The risk of digitization ................................................................................................................................ 6 The medical IoT ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Overview of the attack vector: What has Healthcare suffered in the past? ............................................ 8 What are the most common causes of health data compromise? ................................................................... 10 Hacking/IT incidents ................................................................................................................................. 10 Social Engineering......................................................................................................................................11 Examples ......................................................................................................................................................11 Why is the healthcare vertical such an attractive target?....................................................................... -
Social Media Investigations Within the Dark Web About the Presenters
Social Media Investigations Within the Dark Web About the presenters Joe Church Founder & Owner Digital Shield, Incorporated Ashley Luna Product Manager X1 John Patzakis Executive Chairman X1 Agenda • X1 Overview • Digital Shield Overview • Introduction to the Dark Web • Accessing the Dark Web • Dark Web Collection Demo • Interactive Q&A X1 Social Discovery • Designed for investigative professionals to collect social posts, website content, webmail, and YouTube videos and other social media types all from within a single user interface. • Supports the simultaneous collection of content and metadata • Legally defensible collections that preserve chain of custody. • Build on X1’s patented & proven fast-as-you-type search technology Presenter Background • Joe Church – Digital Shield, Inc. • Prior LE/Federal LE • Private Business • Litigation Support • State/Federal/International Testimony • Case Work • Leading Technology • Course Development • Major Vendors Internet Layers Surface Web • Also called: ▫ World Wide Web ▫ Clearnet ▫ Visible Web • Topmost level of the web, searchable by surface crawlers ▫ Examples: Bing, Google, Yahoo Deep Web • Also called: ▫ Deepnet ▫ Invisible Web ▫ Hidden Web • Second level of the web • Cannot be reached by traditional search engines Dark Web • Also called: ▫ Darknet • Small portion of the Internet that is intentionally hidden ▫ Restricted, encrypted, and not fully indexed ▫ Often associated with criminal activity ▫ Originally developed by US military researches Dark Web • Creates an Overlay Network, a new -
Mass Surveillance
Mass Surveillance Mass Surveillance What are the risks for the citizens and the opportunities for the European Information Society? What are the possible mitigation strategies? Part 1 - Risks and opportunities raised by the current generation of network services and applications Study IP/G/STOA/FWC-2013-1/LOT 9/C5/SC1 January 2015 PE 527.409 STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment The STOA project “Mass Surveillance Part 1 – Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies” was carried out by TECNALIA Research and Investigation in Spain. AUTHORS Arkaitz Gamino Garcia Concepción Cortes Velasco Eider Iturbe Zamalloa Erkuden Rios Velasco Iñaki Eguía Elejabarrieta Javier Herrera Lotero Jason Mansell (Linguistic Review) José Javier Larrañeta Ibañez Stefan Schuster (Editor) The authors acknowledge and would like to thank the following experts for their contributions to this report: Prof. Nigel Smart, University of Bristol; Matteo E. Bonfanti PhD, Research Fellow in International Law and Security, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa; Prof. Fred Piper, University of London; Caspar Bowden, independent privacy researcher; Maria Pilar Torres Bruna, Head of Cybersecurity, Everis Aerospace, Defense and Security; Prof. Kenny Paterson, University of London; Agustín Martin and Luis Hernández Encinas, Tenured Scientists, Department of Information Processing and Cryptography (Cryptology and Information Security Group), CSIC; Alessandro Zanasi, Zanasi & Partners; Fernando Acero, Expert on Open Source Software; Luigi Coppolino,Università degli Studi di Napoli; Marcello Antonucci, EZNESS srl; Rachel Oldroyd, Managing Editor of The Bureau of Investigative Journalism; Peter Kruse, Founder of CSIS Security Group A/S; Ryan Gallagher, investigative Reporter of The Intercept; Capitán Alberto Redondo, Guardia Civil; Prof. Bart Preneel, KU Leuven; Raoul Chiesa, Security Brokers SCpA, CyberDefcon Ltd.; Prof. -
An Analysis of Private Browsing Modes in Modern Browsers
An Analysis of Private Browsing Modes in Modern Browsers Gaurav Aggarwal Elie Bursztein Collin Jackson Dan Boneh Stanford University CMU Stanford University Abstract Even within a single browser there are inconsistencies. We study the security and privacy of private browsing For example, in Firefox 3.6, cookies set in public mode modes recently added to all major browsers. We first pro- are not available to the web site while the browser is in pose a clean definition of the goals of private browsing private mode. However, passwords and SSL client cer- and survey its implementation in different browsers. We tificates stored in public mode are available while in pri- conduct a measurement study to determine how often it is vate mode. Since web sites can use the password man- used and on what categories of sites. Our results suggest ager as a crude cookie mechanism, the password policy that private browsing is used differently from how it is is inconsistent with the cookie policy. marketed. We then describe an automated technique for Browser plug-ins and extensions add considerable testing the security of private browsing modes and report complexity to private browsing. Even if a browser ad- on a few weaknesses found in the Firefox browser. Fi- equately implements private browsing, an extension can nally, we show that many popular browser extensions and completely undermine its privacy guarantees. In Sec- plugins undermine the security of private browsing. We tion 6.1 we show that many widely used extensions un- propose and experiment with a workable policy that lets dermine the goals of private browsing. -
So Nutzen Journalisten Das Darknet
30. Januar 2018 MAZ-Recherchetag www.maz.ch/recherchetag18 Otto Hostettler Redaktor/Reporter Beobachter +41 (0) 76 436 77 59 [email protected] @ottobeobachtet keybase.io/hostettlerotto So nutzen Journalisten das Darknet Das Darknet bietet nicht nur Drogendealern und Waffenhändlern eine diskrete Plattform. Journalisten fin- den hier spannende Geschichten, Protagonisten, Augenzeugen. Tipps und Tricks für nützliche Tools für Re- cherchen im Darknet. Achtung: Je heikler eine Recherche, desto höher sollte der Schutz der Privatsphäre sein. I. Einstiegsportal, Übersicht, allgemeine Informationen DeepDotWeb DeepDotWeb ist ein internationales Informationsportal über Ereignisse im Darknet und der kriminellen Un- terwelt (Drogenhandel, Hacking, Kryptowährungen, organisierte Kriminalität etc). Aufgelistet sind auch die wichtigsten anonymen Marktplätze im Darknet (und deren aktueller Verfügbarkeit) mit zahlreichen aktuel- len Erfahrungsberichten. Gute Einsteigerseite für Darknet-Neulinge. www.deepdotweb.com II. Navigation im Darknet Google indexiert keine «.onion-Seiten». Die Navigation im Darknet verläuft meist über Linklisten und Emp- fehlungen. Hidden-Wiki Das wohl wichtigste Verzeichnis mit kategorisierten Links nennst sich Hidden Wiki. Achtung, es kursieren zahlreichen Verzeichnisse, die vorgeben, das „originale“ Hidden Wiki zu sein. http://kpvz7ki2lzvnwve7.onion/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Grams Bekannteste Darknet-Suchmaschine, seit Mitte Dezember 2017 «down». «gramsadmin» kündigte die Schliessung selber an. Torch Gibt an, eine Million Seiten zu durchsuchen. Suchmaschine für Drogenmärkte. xmh57jrzrnw6insl.onion Not Evil Findet Resultate auf verschiedensten Hidden-Sites. http://hss3uro2hsxfogfq.onion/ Ahmia Dieser Suchdienst ist auch über das offene Internet verfügbar (um die «.onion-Seiten» aber aufzurufen, muss man in den TOR-Browser wechseln). Dieser Dienst gibt an, 5000 Hidden Services zu durchsuchen. https://ahmia.fi/ msydqstlz2kzerdg.onion DuckDuckGo Ein Hidden Service für die (anonyme) Suche im offenen Internet. -
The Potential Harms of the Tor Anonymity Network Cluster Disproportionately in Free Countries
The potential harms of the Tor anonymity network cluster disproportionately in free countries Eric Jardinea,1,2, Andrew M. Lindnerb,1, and Gareth Owensonc,1 aDepartment of Political Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; bDepartment of Sociology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866; and cCyber Espion Ltd, Portsmouth PO2 0TP, United Kingdom Edited by Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved October 23, 2020 (received for review June 10, 2020) The Tor anonymity network allows users to protect their privacy However, substantial evidence has shown that the preponder- and circumvent censorship restrictions but also shields those ance of Onion/Hidden Services traffic connects to illicit sites (7). distributing child abuse content, selling or buying illicit drugs, or With this important caveat in mind, our data also show that the sharing malware online. Using data collected from Tor entry distribution of potentially harmful and beneficial uses is uneven, nodes, we provide an estimation of the proportion of Tor network clustering predominantly in politically free regimes. In particular, users that likely employ the network in putatively good or bad the average rate of likely malicious use of Tor in our data for ways. Overall, on an average country/day, ∼6.7% of Tor network countries coded by Freedom House as “not free” is just 4.8%. In users connect to Onion/Hidden Services that are disproportion- countries coded as “free,” the percentage of users visiting Onion/ ately used for illicit purposes. We also show that the likely balance Hidden Services as a proportion of total daily Tor use is nearly of beneficial and malicious use of Tor is unevenly spread globally twice as much or ∼7.8%. -
Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network
Emin Çalışkan, Tomáš Minárik, Anna-Maria Osula Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network Tallinn 2015 This publication is a product of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (the Centre). It does not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of the Centre or NATO. The Centre may not be held responsible for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication and is not responsible for the content of the external sources, including external websites referenced in this publication. Digital or hard copies of this publication may be produced for internal use within NATO and for personal or educational use when for non- profit and non-commercial purpose, provided that copies bear a full citation. www.ccdcoe.org [email protected] 1 Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Tor and Internet Filtering Circumvention ....................................................................................... 4 2.1. Technical Methods .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Proxy ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2. Tunnelling/Virtual Private Networks ............................................................................... 5