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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Aibor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXT AND SCALE ON INDIVDIUAL ACCESSIBILITY: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Joseph Weber, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Mei-Po Kwan, Adviser Professor Morton O’Kelly Adviser Professor W. Randy Smith Department of Geography UMI Number: 3022600 UMI UMI Microform 3022600 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The issue o f the intraurban accessibiUty o f individuals has long been an important topic, but the relationships between accessibihty and urban form have not been fully addressed. Conventional proximity-based accessibihty measures and the prevailing monocentric and polycentric models of urban form treat accessibility as a function of distance and do not allow any socioeconomic or behavioral variations in the population to influence accessibility. The use of space-time measures of accessibility overcomes many of these limitations by allowing individual’s daily travel and activity patterns, as well as characteristics such as gender, race, and age, to define their intraurban accessibility. But there is also strong reason to beheve that place-specific characteristics are important to individual accessibility by mediating people’s access to transportation, employment, shopping, and overall knowledge of the city. The importance and role of these influences can be expected to vary by time of day as mobiUty is reduced due to congestion, as well as limited business hours at night. Because of the difficulty of distinguishing contextual effects firom socioeconomic variations with conventional methods, the mediating influence of location among areas and at different scales has been evaluated in Portland, Oregon using both single level multivariate regression as well as multilevel modeling techniques. This latter method allows the isolation of accessibility variations resulting 11 from variability in the population (compositional effects) from those resulting from differences between areas (contextual effects). The results of the analysis show that while distance to some urban centers is of importance in explaining variations in individual accessibility, the Portland CBD is only one such center. Household time constraints related to the number of hours worked per week and household size are also important, and provide more consistent explanations for accessibihty than do distance. Time is also important to accessibihty because the effects of reductions in accessibihty due to congestion and limited business hours are not distributed evenly throughout the metropohtan area. These relationships were examined across a range of spatial scales within Portland, but no significant scale variations in accessibihty relationships were found. While the characteristics o f neighborhoods provide some explanation for observed variations, individual and household characteristics again provide more consistent explanations for accessibihty within Portland. These results are in contrast with common expectations about accessibihty, urban form, and the future land use and transportation plan for Portland, Oregon, leading to the conclusions that many statements about cities and human behavior are of limited usefulness in describing or explaining accessibihty patterns. Ill DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Mei-Po Kwan, for her encouragement, guidance, and feedback throughout this research. I also wish to thank Tom Kloster and Kyung-Hwa Kim at the Portland Metropolitan Service District (Metro) for discussing transportation and land use planning issues in Portland, as well as Joan Amfield in the Department of Sociology at Ohio State University for making available that department’s computer facilities. I am also very grateful to Irene Casas for her generous assistance with Arc View and other computer problems, as well as her fnendship and support during the long dissertation writing process. Finally, I am grateful for having had the unfailing support, inspiration, and encouragement of many friends, especially Donna Rogers, Margaret Popovich, Yong-Sook Lee, Bae-Gyoon Park, Geeta Chandra, and Janek Mandel. VITA 1992 ............................................................B.A. Geography, University o f Arizona 1994 ............................................................M.A. Geography, University of Arizona 1995- present ............................................. Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geography VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication ....................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................v Vita.............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables............................................................................................................................. x List of Figures............................................................................................................................. xi Chapters: 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives.................................................................................................4 1.3 Organization of this Dissertation ........................................................................... 6 2. Accessibility and the Changing American City ..........................................................12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 12 2.2 The Changing American City ..........................................................................14 2.2.1 Changing urban form ..........................................................................17 2.2.2 Human behavior and distance ........................................................... 22 2.2.3 Postmodern urbanism ......................................................................... 25 2.3 Measuring Accessibility in North American Cities ......................................28 2.3.1 Space-time accessibility measures ....................................................33 2.3.2 Geographical context and space-time accessibility measures 38 2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................41 3. Data and Methodology ..................................................................................................44 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Study Area and Data ........................................................................................ 45 3.2.1 Individual accessibility data .............................................................. 50 vii 3.3 Street Network and Estimation of Travel Times .......................................... 54 3.4 Space-Time Accessibility Measures ...............................................................59 3.5 Specifying Accessibility Measures .................................................................64 3.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 69 Accessibility in Portland ..............................................................................................71