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A Seat at the Table Women’s contributions to and expectations from peacebuilding processes in Kosovo © Kosovo Women’s Network, 2021 All rights reserved. This publication may be copied and shared, so long as the source is acknowledged. Authors: Majlinda Behrami, José Carpintero Molina, and Nicole Farnsworth Design: Jeta Dobranja This publication was produced with financial support from UN Women. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UN Women. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Kosovo Women’s Network (KWN) would like to express its gratitude to all research participants, including women’s rights activists, politicians, and representatives of institutions who shared their stories. The KWN research team, including Majlinda Behrami, José Carpintero Molina, and Besarta Breznica worked tirelessly to conduct, transcribe, and analyse the interview, focus group, and survey data. Nicole Farnsworth supported the team and assisted with report writing. Tijana Simić LaValley conducted focus groups in the Serbian language and advised on the report. Lauren Hanna assisted with proofreading. Loreta Suka facilitated translation. The authors thank KWN Executive Director Igballe Rogova, Finance Manager Besa Shehu, Project Manager Zana Rudi, and Project Coordinator Etleva Malushaj for their ongoing support. The publication was reviewed by Yllka Soba, Loren- ta Kadriu, Tijana Simic LaValley, Vetone Veliu, UN Women representatives, and other UN representatives. KWN thanks UN Women in Kosovo for trusting and supporting KWN in undertaking this research. The report has been financed by UN Women with a substantial in-kind, pro bono contribution from KWN staff. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AGE Agency for Gender Equality CBM Community Building Mitrovica CDHRF Council for Defence of Human Rights and Freedoms CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CPWC Centre for the Protection of Women and Children CSO Civil Society Organisation EU European Union HLC Humanitarian Law Centre ICITAP International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross Istanbul Convention Convention Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence KAS Kosovo Agency of Statistics KCSS Kosovar Centre for Security Studies KFOR Kosovo Force KLA Kosovo Liberation Army KGSC Kosovo Gender Studies Centre KP Kosovo Police KPC Kosovo Protection Corps KPS Kosovo Police Service KRCT Kosovo Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims KSF Kosovo Security Force Kvinna till Kvinna The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation KWL Kosovo Women’s Lobby KWN Kosovo Women’s Network LGE Law on Gender Equality LGBTQIA+ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans*, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, Asexual and other identi- ties MP Member of Parliament MWAHR Mitrovica Women’s Association for Human Rights MWMN Mediterranean Women Mediators Network NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDI National Democratic Institute NGO Non-governmental Organisation OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PBSO Peacebuilding Support Office RECOM Regional Commission for the Establishment of the Facts about the War Crimes and oth- er Violations of Human Rights Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia RWLSEE Regional Women’s Lobby in South East Europe RYCO Regional Youth Cooperation Office SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SNC Serb National Council SRSG UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund 1 UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNMIK United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo U.S. United States USAID United States Agency for International Development USIS United States Information Service Office UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCR United Nations Security Council resolution WCSOs Women’s rights civil society organisations WPS Women, peace, and security YPS Youth, peace and security YIHR Youth Initiative for Human Rights 2 CONTENTS Executive Summary 5 Introduction 7 Chapter I. How Do Women in Kosovo Define Peace and Security? 12 Defining Peace 12 Defining Security 17 What Would Make Kosovo More Peaceful and Secure? 19 Conclusion 20 Chapter II. Women’s Roles and Contributions to Peace and Security 22 Women’s Roles and Contributions to Peace and Security during Conflict and War 23 Women’s Roles and Contributions after the War 43 Conclusion 92 Chapter III. Challenges to Involving Women in Peace Processes 93 Interethnic Conflict and Threats 93 International Actors Initially Bolstering Gender Inequalities 96 Continuation of the Oda and Poorly Democratised Political Parties 98 Patriarchy 100 Conclusion 104 Recommendations 106 Works Cited 110 Annexes 118 Annex 1. Methodological Details 118 Annex 2. Interview Guide 120 Annex 3. Survey 122 Annex 4. Focus Group Guide 124 Annex 5. The Legal and Policy Framework on Women, Youth, Peace, and Security 125 3 4 Executive Summary United Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security, and its “sister” resolutions that followed, have called for women’s increased participation in decision-making processes related to peace and security. Adopted in 2000, 2020 marked the 20th Anniversary of UNSCR 1325. Meanwhile, the resolu- tion’s adoption coincided with the end of the war in Kosovo (1999); 2020 thus dually marked the 20th anniversary of women’s rights activists in Kosovo utilising UNSCR 1325 to make their voices heard, towards securing a seat at the table during peacebuilding processes. This report examines the roles, contributions, and needs of women related to peace and security pro- cesses in Kosovo, including the specific role of women’s rights organisations in peacebuilding. The research sought to document the different perspectives and experiences of diverse activists, politicians, civil society organisations, and women, particularly young women. Conducted in 2020, the research involved mixed methods, including desk research, an online survey, interviews, participant observation, and focus groups. Overall, 483 diverse people par- ticipated, including 266 young women and five men. The first chapter examines how women define and experience peace and security. Findings suggests that peace and security have different meanings for different women, based on their experiences. Women who per- sonally experienced war tended to define peace as the absence of war, while younger women born after the war tended to define peace more broadly, in line with feminist authors’ definitions of peace and security. While some research participants felt secure in Kosovo, others did not. The latter attributed insecurity to poor education, the economy, gender-based violence, weak institutional response, and lacking infrastructure. Interethnic confrontations among Kosovo Serbs and Albanians also concerned women. Towards peace and security, women mentioned their engagement in politics and the Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue, better education, employment opportunities, more wom- en in the security sector, and safe streets, particularly without threat of sexual harassment. The second chapter discusses women’s roles and contributions to peace and security. In times of conflict, these varied from engaging in politics towards a peaceful resolution to the conflict between people in Kosovo and Serbia; to safeguarding human security through education, healthcare, and humanitarian aid; to building peace across borders; to documenting human rights violations, leading peaceful demonstrations, and international di- plomacy, towards a peaceful intervention and resolution to the war; to organising security for displaced persons. Respondents voiced concern that women’s contributions have been forgotten. After the 1999 war, findings suggest that women contributed to peace and security through interethnic peacebuilding, networking, furthering human security, the security sector, politics, and negotiations and dialogue. The latter sub-section also discusses women’s priorities for negotiations and Dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia. When women were largely excluded from official peace processes, like negotiations between Kosovo and Serbia, women’s rights organisations were instru- mental in furthering peace and security through networking across diverse borders, peaceful protest, alternative negotiations, letter-writing, and media engagement to make women’s voices and priorities heard. The third chapter discusses key challenges to women’s participation in peace processes, including con- tinuing interethnic conflict and threats to women human rights defenders engaged in peacebuilding; international actors’ assumptions that Kosovo was a patriarchal society, which meant they ostracised women from decision-mak- ing processes immediately after the war; men political leaders’ approaches and poor democratisation with political parties; and patriarchy in general. The report contains recommendations for various actors towards furthering peace and security in Kosovo, as well as enhancing women’s participation in peace processes, especially young women’s engagement. An annex summarises the relevant legal framework. 5 6 Introduction United Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security,1 and its “sis- ter” resolutions that followed,2 have called for women’s increased participation in decision-making processes re- lated to peace and security. UNSCR
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