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Konflik Malaysia-Kesultanan Sulu:The Tertius Gaudensdan Hak

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Konflik Malaysia-Kesultanan Sulu:The Tertius Gaudensdan Hak International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) 1(2), 2013: 19 - 29Mohd Faizal Musa 19 Konflik Malaysia-Kesultanan Sulu: The Tertius Gaudens dan Hak-Hak Pihak dalam Pertikaian MOHD FAIZAL MUSA ABSTRAK Peristiwa pencerobohan di Lahad Datu dan Semporna, Sabah oleh tentera Kesultanan Sulu pada bulan Februari- Mac 2013 membawa kepada banyak perbincangan mengenai sejarah Kesultanan Sulu dan kedudukannya hari ini dari sudut undang-undang. Makalah ini walau bagaimanapun meninjau insiden tersebut dari sorot disiplin sosiologi politik. Objektif makalah adalah untuk membincangkan pertamanya, saranan dialog dan kaedah berkesan bagi mengelakkan konflik yang terjadi di Sabah kian berpanjangan. Setelah mengambil kira sistem ‘dyad’ yang dipraktikkan oleh bangsa Taousug iaitu etnik paling dominan dalam Kesultanan Sulu, kerangka dialog yang dikemukakan adalah ‘the tertius gaudens’. Ia merupakan formulasi yang disaran oleh Georg Simmel lantas dihubungkan dengan ‘Hipotesis Seimbang’ oleh Fritz Heider. Keduanya, makalah ini membincangkan isu hak-hak asasi manusia dan keadaan kemanusiaan yang terjadi ekoran pencerobohan tersebut. Makalah menyatakan insiden di Lahad Datu dan Semporna tersebut tidak mewajarkan pemomokan terhadap etnik Taosug dalam masyarakat. Kata kunci: kesultanan Sulu, pemomokan, sistem dyad, hipotesis seimbang, hak asasi manusia ABSTRACT The intrusion in Lahad Datu and Semporna, Sabah by the Sulu Sultanate royal army in February-March 2013 led to much discussion about the history of the Sultanate of Sulu and its position today from a legal standpoint. This paper, however, looks at the incident from political sociology perspective. The objectives are to discuss firstly, the most effective method of dialogue to avoid the conflict in Sabah to be prolonged. After taking into account the ‘dyad’ system practiced by the people of Taousug, ‘the tertius Gaudens’ is presented as the reasonable framework. It is a formulation that have been suggested by Georg Simmel and connects here with ‘Balance Hypothesis’ as proposed by Fritz Heider. Secondly, this paper discusses the issue of human rights and humanitarian situation that occurred following the intrusion. This paper stated that the incident in Lahad Datu and Semporna does not justify any stigmatization against ethnic Taosug in the society. Key words: Sulu sultanate, stigmatization, dyad system, balance hypotesis, human rights PENDAHULUAN dari Selatan Filipina. Dua hari kemudian, pada 16 Februari 2013, Menteri Dalam Negeri, Datuk Seri Pada 9 Februari 2013, Malaysia dikejutkan dengan Hishammuddin Tun Hussein mengesahkan kumpulan laporan sekumpulan penceroboh yang memasuki penceroboh tersebut bukan kumpulan militan atau perairan negara dengan menggunakan bot pancung. pengganas tetapi adalah ‘penyokong kuat Kesultanan Kumpulan penceroboh tersebut berkumpul secara Sulu’. Seterusnya pada 24 Februari 2013, Kerajaan berperingkat di Felda Sahabat 17, Kampung Tanduo, Filipina menghantar sebuah kapal untuk memujuk Lahad Datu. Perkembangan pada 11 Februari 2013 kumpulan kira-kira 180 anggota tersebut supaya menjadi semakin mendadak di mana semakin ramai pulang ke Filipina. Namun pada 1 Mac 2013, penceroboh dikesan dan dikatakan mengenakan pertempuran tercetus antara pasukan keselamatan pakaian ala tentera dan bersenjata api. Perdana dan kumpulan kecil penceroboh menyebabkan dua Menteri Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak pada anggota pasukan keselamatan terkorban serta tiga 14 Februari 2013 dilaporkan berkata kerajaan lagi cedera (Sinar Harian 2013). Insiden 1 Mac Malaysia akan menggunakan perundingan untuk tersebut membawa kepada lebih banyak menangani isu pencerobohan tersebut. Pada hari pertumpahan darah termasuk di Semporna. Malaysia yang sama juga Ketua Polis Negara, Tan Sri Ismail kemudian melancarkan Operasi Daulat untuk Omar memaklumkan polis mengenal pasti menahan pengganas terbabit. Sehingga makalah ini penceroboh tersebut adalah warga Filipina yang ditulis, pertempuran antara pihak kerajaan Malaysia merupakan antara pewaris berketurunan Sultan Sulu dan penceroboh masih berjalan. 20 Mohd Faizal Musa Persoalan siapakah pengganas yang menceroboh decisive in determining its fate. But some Lahad Datu, Sabah tersebut masih terlalu kabur. problems were not completely resolved. One Tony Cartalucci (2013) misalnya mendakwa militan was the claim to the Sabah territories which Taosug ini didanai oleh kerajaan Arab Saudi dan now form part of Malaysia. The other was the kuasa Barat. Haidar Bagir (Harakah Daily 2013) relationship of Sulu with the rest of the dengan nada yang hampir sama menyifatkan Philippines (Tarling 1978: 1-2). pengganas Taosug ini sebagai ‘footloose jihadists’ Walau bagaimanapun makalah ini tidak berminat yang mengeksport perpecahan sekte dalam kalangan untuk mencebur ke dalam persoalan sejarah yang negara Islam. rumit. Dua objektif makalah ini adalah untuk, Peristiwa pencerobohan tersebut menimbulkan pertamanya, memberi saranan dialog yang berkesan pelbagai spekulasi, andaian dan naratif sejarah bagi mengelakkan konflik yang terjadi kian mengenai Kesultanan Sulu. Gugusan kepulauan Sulu berpanjangan sehingga merugikan pelbagai pihak. merangkumi Selatan Filipina, antara pulau Mindanao Keduanya, memberi perhatian kepada hak-hak asasi menganjur ke Sabah, Malaysia. Gugusan kepulauan dan keadaan kemanusiaan yang terjadi ekoran ini didiami antara lain oleh kaum pagan, nomad laut pertikaian ini. iaitu Bajau, Samal dan etnik Taosug1 (Tarling 1978: Seperti yang terlihat hari ini, konflik dengan 1). Masyarakat Taosug adalah etnik yang terbesar Kesultanan Sulu adalah sesuatu yang tidak dikaitkan dengan Kesultanan Sulu dan merupakan sederhana dan masih belum jelas puncanya. Walau penghuni kepulauan Jolo; ‘the Taosug (people of bagaimanapun, apa yang jelas salah satu punca the current), the dominant ethnic group in the konflik ini sukar diurus dan dikawal selia adalah Sulu archipelago, are the sole residents of Jolo kerana struktur politik dan pentadbiran Kesultanan island, the historical seat of the Sultanate’ Sulu ini sama sekali tidak berpusat. Dalam erti kata (Warren 1985 :xxi). Taosug adalah salah satu dari lain hak, tanggungjawab serta kuasa menurut tiga belas kumpulan etno-linguistik beragama Islam Kesultanan Sulu diagih-agihkan ke pelbagai tahap yang menghuni pulau Mindanao dan beberapa pulau mengikut format sistem politik tradisional: lain di Selatan Filipina, termasuk Sulu, Palawan, Critical to understanding the centrifugal Basilan dan Tawi-Tawi sejak kedatangan Islam pada nature of the Sulu Sultanate is the fact that it tahun 1280 menerusi pedagang dan pendakwah Arab lacked an effective means of centralizing rights (Cesar Adib Majul 1999). Kaum Taosug, associated with the legal, political, and Maquindanao, Maranao, dan Sulu disatukan oleh administrative spheres of the state. In the agama Islam dan dinamai bangsa Moro. Asreemoro Sultanate the rights and duties of authority (2007: 47-50) mendakwa kaum Taosug menerima figure were duplicated at different levels of the dakwah Islam dari keturunan ahlul bait (keluarga traditional political system. The primary rights Rasulullah saw) menerusi jalur Sharif Kabungsuwan. associated with the traditional political system Pendakwah ini, iaitu Kabungsuwan dipercayai among the Taosug were: i) rights to perform bertanggungjawab mengIslamkan Mindanao dan legal functions; ii) rights to appoint and rantau berdekatan (Yusof Ahmad Talib 2011: 699- regulate religious officials; iii) rights top control over territory; iv) rights to control over 701). Populasi keseluruhan bangsa Moro adalah kira- subject people; v) rights to wage external kira 4.6 juta orang iaitu kira-kira lima peratus dari warfare; vi) rights to tribute and legal fees; keseluruhan populasi Filipina (Dolan 1991). vii) rights to control over markets; and; ix) Sebahagian besar rekod sejarah mengenai rights to mediate private warfare and feud Kesultanan Sulu memaparkan konflik dan (Warren 1985: xxv). persengketaan panjang antara kerajaan Sulu dengan Perenggan di atas menjelaskan sistem politik penjajah Sepanyol dan Amerika Syarikat. Walau tradisional yang diamalkan Kesultanan Sulu sangat bagaimanapun, harus dinyatakan di sini polisi penjajah rumit. Ini ekoran hak-hak pentadbiran dan kuasa Inggeris menjadi penyebab kepada konflik yang diagihkan secara tidak terhad kepada peringkat berlaku hari ini iaitu antara Kesultanan Sulu, Filipina masyarakat yang berada di bawah. Hal ini dan Malaysia: membawa kepada kesukaran untuk menganjurkan The subject may nevertheless have a more direct satu perbincangan atau dialog bagi tujuan contemporary value. Though Sulu’s contacts menamatkan krisis. with Spain lasted for three centuries, British policy in the later nineteenth century was Mohd Faizal Musa 21 MEMAHAMI BANGSA TAOSUG Oleh kerana pertumpahan darah telah pun berlaku, pihak berkuasa Malaysia masih boleh Bangsa Taosug adalah bangsa dengan sistem politik menggunakan saluran yang sedia ada untuk ‘dyad’. Ia adalah sistem politik yang berfungsi dalam menghindar konflik ini berlanjutan. Saluran ‘dyad’ bentuk unit sepasang. Sistem ini juga memberi atau pasangan-pasangan kecil yang bertebaran indikasi bahawa persengketaan yang sedang berlaku dalam bentuk ‘pasangan rakyat atau pengikut’ ini tidak akan berakhir dengan mudah, atau singkat; Kesultanan Sulu yang aktif dalam masyarakat Sabah ini adalah kerana struktur kuasa bangsa Taosug selama ini boleh dirujuk. Sebagai misalan Datu Mohd menghubungkan kepatuhan kepada pemimpin dalam Akjan, seorang yang dikaitkan dengan Kesultanan bentuk kumpulan
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