Revisão E Análise Filogenética Do Gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli, 2002 (Diptera: Chloropidae: Chloropinae)

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Revisão E Análise Filogenética Do Gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli, 2002 (Diptera: Chloropidae: Chloropinae) UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FFCLRP - DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA Revisão e análise filogenética do gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli, 2002 (Diptera: Chloropidae: Chloropinae) Paula Raile Riccardi Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Entomologia. RIBEIRÃO PRETO - SP 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FFCLRP - DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA Revisão e análise filogenética do gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli, 2002 (Diptera: Chloropidae: Chloropinae) Paula Raile Riccardi Orientador: Dalton de Souza Amorim Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da USP, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, Área: Entomologia. RIBEIRÃO PRETO - SP 2012 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Riccardi, Paula Raile Revisão e análise filogenética do gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli, 2002 (Diptera: Chloropidae: Chloropinae). Paula Raile Riccardi; orientador: Dalton de Souza Amorim. Ribeirão Preto, 2012. iv + 95 pp., 44 il. Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – USP, área de concentração: Entomologia. 1. Sistemática Filogenética. 2. Diptera. 3. Chloropidae. 4. Ectecephalina. 5. Taxonomia. 6. Cladística. Dedico este trabalho à Dra. Celuta Paganelli, por toda sua contribuição ao estudo dos cloropídeos neotropicais, bem como a seu apoio ao desenvolvimento desta Dissertação. i Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar agradeço aos meus familiares pelo apoio e por estarem presentes sempre que possível. Em especial agradeço aos meus pais Helle e Roberto que sempre se preocuparam com a minha formação; Ao Dalton de Souza Amorim pelo apoio e orientação; À Vera Cristina Silva por ceder material e bibliografia; À Bel em se dispor a me ajudar a descobrir a melhor maneira de trabalhar com os cloropídeos; Todo o pessoal do laboratório de morfologia e evolução de Diptera (Danilo, Diego I, Diego II, Rafaela, Renato, Sarah e Caleb), em especial aos agregados Mateus Henrique pela ajuda com os mapas e outros programas, e Marco Aurélio por ajudar a trabalhar no programa TNT. Com certeza todas as discussões foram muito produtivas; Ao curador do MZUSP Carlos Lamas, pelo empréstimo de material; À Emilia Nartshuk pela disposição em enviar toda a bibliografia necessária; Ao curador do INBio Manuel Zumbado, pelo empréstimo de material; À responsável pelo material de Chloropidae do Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Dominika Mierzwa, se dispor a fotografar o material-tipo; Ao Guilherme Cunha Ribeiro, quem gentilmente se dispôs a fotografar o material- tipo presente no Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Ao curador do Museum für Naturkunde Joachim Ziegler, pelo empréstimo do material-tipo; Ao curador do Harvard Museum of Natural History Philip Perkins, por ceder as fotografias do material-tipo; À curadora do Natural History Museum-Londres Erica McAlister, por fotografar o material-tipo; À curadora Franziska Anderle do Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, por fotografar o material-tipo; Ao curador Uwe Kallweit do Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, pelo empréstimo de material-tipo; Ao Salvador Arias, por ajudar com dúvidas do programa TNT; Ao curador do Museo Entomologico Jean-Michel Maes, pelo empréstimo de material; À Barbara e John Ismay, pela disposição em ajudar; ii Ao curador do Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Dr. Brian Brown, pelo empréstimo de material e ajuda em coletas; Ao Dr. Michael Tschirnaus, por toda a bibliografia cedida e ajuda com os termos em alemão; À professora Dra. Zilá Luz Paulino Simões, por ajudar a compreender melhor morfologia interna da genitália feminina dos insetos; À Dra. Carminda Cruz-Landim pela ajuda em assuntos de morfologia interna; À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo pelo financiamento deste estudo (projeto n° 2009/12298-9); Ao programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia da FFCLRP pelo apoio; À Renata pelo apoio; Aos meus queridos amigos: Lígia, Camilla, Bruna, Nathalia, Mayra, Mariana, Fernanda, Rafinha, Marcelo, Gordo, Amanda e outros por estarem sempre presentes de alguma forma; À Lívia e Verônica por me abrigarem em São Paulo; Ao professor Dr. Silvio Nihei por receber e guardar material. iii SUMÁRIO 1.Resumo............................................................................................................................... 1 2.Abstract.............................................................................................................................. 2 3.Introdução......................................................................................................................... 3 3.1. A Família Chloropidae....................................................................................... 3 3.2. A Subfamília Chloropinae Rondani................................................................. 4 3.3. O Gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli...................................................................... 5 4.Objetivos............................................................................................................................ 7 5.Materiais e Métodos....................................................................................................... 8 5.1. Material biológico............................................................................................... 8 5.2. Técnicas de preparo do material...................................................................... 9 5.3. Análise filogenética............................................................................................. 10 5.4. Montagem de mapas e distribuição................................................................. 11 5.5. Nomenclatura morfológica............................................................................... 11 6.Resultados e Discussão................................................................................................. 12 5.1. Morfologia e taxonomia.................................................................................... 12 5.2. Análise Cladística................................................................................................ 76 7.Conclusões........................................................................................................................ 91 8.Referências Bibliográficas............................................................................................ 92 Anexo..................................................................................................................................... 95 Tabela I Matriz de dados............................................................................... 95 iv 1. RESUMO A família Chloropidae tem distribuição mundial e é constituída atualmente de 2.863 espécies descritas, com grande riqueza morfológica, notável importância ecológica e diversidade de biologias. As informações biológicas sobre a família, entretanto, são bastante limitadas, o que é adicionalmente prejudicado pela falta de estrutura na taxonomia dentro de cada subfamília. Os cloropídeos têm uma enorme diversidade taxonômica ainda não descrita na região Neotropical. Na subfamília Chloropinae, o gênero Ectecephalina Paganelli 2002 tem 11 espécies conhecidas e não há uma revisão taxonômica publicada das espécies ou estudo de relações filogenéticas dentro do gênero. As descrições não são padronizadas, poucas são ilustradas, faltando informação sobre caracteres importantes tanto para identificação, quanto para a compreensão da evolução do gênero. Neste trabalho, foram reanalisados os tipos e material identificado de espécies descritas do gênero depositados em instituições do Brasil e do exterior, que foram redescritas, descritas 11 espécies novas para o gênero, apresentada uma chave de identificação para todas as espécies, e incluída uma análise cuidadosa da morfologia, com um estudo detalhado da terminália masculina, de maneira a permitir uma análise cladística do gênero. O resultado desta análise indica que Ectecephalina deve ser parafilético em relação aos gêneros Ectecephala e Bothynocerus. 1 2. ABSTRACT The family Chloropidae has cosmopolitan distribution, encompassing 2.863 described species. The family presents great morphological variation, ecological relevance, and an enormous diversity of biologies. The biological data about the familyis still pretty much limited, a problem that becomes even more critical due to the lack of taxonomical structure within the subfamilies. There is a large chloropid diversity in the Neotropical region still undescribed. Within the subfamily Chloropinae, Ectecephalina Paganelli 2002 has 11 known species and has no taxonomical revision for its species or a phylogenetic study for the genus. The original descriptions of these species are far from being standardized, and illustrations are patently wanting, with information missing for a number of important features for identification purposes and for understanding of the evolution of the genus. In this study, the type-material of described species was reanalysed and material from these species in Brazililian and foreign collections was identified. We described 11 new species for the genus and deliver an identification
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