Chloropidae from Southern Sardinia ( Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)*

Home , Acalyptratae, Aphanotrigonum, Camarota, Carnoidea, Chloropinae, Chlorops

CoNsErvaZioNE habitat iNvErtEbrati 5: 717–732 (2011) CNbfvr Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) *

Emilia P. NARTSHuK Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. E-mail: chlorops@zin.ru

*In: Nardi G., Whitmore D., Bardiani M., Birtele D., Mason F., Spada L. & Cerretti P. (eds), Biodiversity of Marganai and Montimannu (Sardinia). Research in the framework of the ICP Forests network. Conservazione Habitat Invertebrati, 5: 717–732.

ABSTRACT

An account is given of grassfl ies (Diptera: Chloropidae) collected in the region-owned forests of Marganai and Montimannu (Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano provinces, SW Sardinia). Thirty-six species are listed altogether: 30 from the subfamily Oscinellinae and 6 from the subfamily Chloropinae, together with information on their ecology and distribution. Two species of the genus Gaurax Loew, 1863 are left unnamed. Thirteen species are newly recorded for Sardinia, whereas two are newly recorded for Italy: Aphanotrigonum bicolor Nartshuk, 1964 and Tricimba cincta (Meigen, 1830). The Chloropidae fauna of Sardinia is compared with those of Corsica (France) and the Balearic Islands (Spain).

Key words: Chloropidae, Italy, Sardinia, faunistics, new records.

RIASSUNTO

I Chloropidae della Sardegna meridionale (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)

È fornito un elenco dei Chloropidae (Diptera) raccolti nelle Foreste Demaniali di Marganai (Carbonia-Iglesias) e Montimannu (Medio Campidano) nel Sud-Ovest della Sardegna. Sono complessivamente elencate 36 specie (30 della sottofamiglia Oscinellinae e 6 della sottofamiglia Chloropinae) con informazioni sulla loro ecologia e distribuzione. Due specie del genere Gaurax Loew, 1863 sono lasciate indeterminate a livello di specie. Tredici specie sono segnalate per la prima volta per la Sardegna, mentre due lo sono per l'Italia: Aphanotrigonum bicolor Nartshuk, 1964 e Tricim- ba cincta (Meigen, 1830). La fauna a Chloropidae della Sardegna è comparata con quella della Corsica (Francia) e delle Isole Baleari (Spagna).

INTRODuCTION The larvae of Chloropidae have various food habits (Ferrar 1987; Nartshuk 1987). The majority of the The Chloropidae are one of the largest (nearly 3,000 known Palaearctic species are phytophagous, liv- species in the World fauna) and best defi ned families ing in shoots or ears and seeds of graminoid herbs of acalyptrate Diptera, very small to small fl ies (usu- of the families Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Typhaceae and ally 1.5–5.0 mm long, sometimes reaching 8 mm), Juncaceae. A few of them are gall producers. Some black, grey, yellow or greenish in ground colour with phytophagous species are known as economic pests black or red stripes and markings. Body smooth, with of cereals. Many species are saprophagous, especially reduced setae. Chloropidae are found in all zoogeo- saprophytophagous; they feed on the frass of other graphical regions of the World, except in the Antarc- phytophagous insects, or on decaying vegetable mat- tic. They occur in all vegetation zones, from tundra ter. A few species have been bred from fungi or de- to rainforests, savannas, and deserts. Chloropidae are caying wood with mycelia. Carnivorous species are everywhere abundant, associated with grasslands and important as predators of root aphids or egg masses wetlands, and forming an important component of of spiders, mantids, acridids and moths. insect communities in meadows, swamps, marshes Most species of Chloropidae occur in large popula- and the herbaceous layer of forests. Some species are tions and play an important functional role in grass- very numerous in agricultural cereal fi elds (Ismay & land ecosystems. Many of them occupy specifi c habitat Nartshuk 2000). niches and can be used in bioindication and ecological

717 Emilia P. Nartshuk monitoring (Dabrowska-Prot 1987; Nartshuk 1998). Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (Russia). The Chloropidae of Sardinia have never been the sub- ject of focused research. Costa (1883, 1884a, 1884b, Nomenclature and classification 1885, 1886, 1891), as part of his comprehensive study The classification and nomenclature used in the list of the terrestrial fauna of Sardinia, recorded six species, follow Nartshuk (1984, 2004) except Lasiambia two of which were described as new, and one of which albidipennis (Strobl, 1899), Lasiochaeta pubescens was left unnamed: Macrochaetum cornutum Fab. [sic!] (Thalhammer, 1898) and Lasiosina herpini (Guérin- (now Elachiptera cornuta (Fallén, 1820)), from Porto Méneville, 1843). Torres, Eurina ducalis A. Costa, 1885 from Cagliari, Chlorops fuscipennis A. Costa, 1883 from Isola Piana Faunistic list (now a synonym of Capnoptera scutata (Rossi, 1790)), Within each subfamily, genera are listed in alphabeti- Camarota flavitarsis Meigen, 1830 (now C. curvipennis cal order, and so are species within each genus. Re- (Latreille, 1805)) from Tissi, and Meromyza sp. from cords are listed alphabetically according to abbrevia- Tempio [Pausania]. Corti (1909) confirmed records tion of collecting site. for Elachiptera cornuta (as Crassiseta cornuta) in his Literature records are provided for some species review of Italian Elachiptera Macquart, 1835 species. where available, most being generic records for Sar- Leonardi (1927: 507, as Chlorops taeniopa Meig.) listed dinia provided in the Italian checklist by Canzone- old records of Chlorops pumilionis (Bjerkander, 1778) ri et al. (1995) or in Fauna Europaea by Nartshuk from Cagliari. Of these species, only Camarota curvi- (2004). The species marked * are new to Sardinia, pennis was collected during the present survey. Can- those marked ** are new to Italy. zoneri et al. (1995) recorded 184 species of Chloropi- dae from Italy, 36 of which from Sardinia. Nartshuk Zoogeography (2004) listed a total of 38 species from the island, and The chorotypes used are those proposed by Vigna recently described three new species based on part of Taglianti et al. (1999), based on distributions provid- the material treated in the present contribution (Nart- ed in the chapter on Chloropidae of the Catalogue shuk 2009a). of Palaearctic Diptera (Nartshuk 1984), Fauna Euro- In the present paper, a list is presented of 36 species of paea (Nartshuk 2004) and some subsequent unpub- Chloropidae collected during the period 2003–2006 lished data in the author's possession. by researchers of the Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale "Bo- sco Fontana" of Verona (Italy) (CNBFVR), mainly in ABBREVIATIONS the areas of Marganai and Montimannu (respectively Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano province, Sampling sites. A01 = Medio Campidano prov., Arbus, Piscinas, SW Sardinia) and other localities of SW Sardinia 32S 452927 4376897; A04 = Oristano prov., Arborea, Stagno di (Bardiani 2011). Further information on the main s'Ena Arrubia, 32S 462842 4408878; A06 = Carbonia-Iglesias study area can be found in Mason et al. (2006), An- prov., Buggerru, Cala Domestica, 32S 446540 4358436; A21 gius et al. (2011), and Bardiani (2011). = Oristano prov., Terralba, Stagno di Marceddì, 32S 457917 4397594; C01 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Iglesias, Case Mar- ganai, 756 m, 32S 463890 4355925; C03 = Carbonia-Igle- MATERIAL AND METHODS sias prov., Iglesias, Vecchia Cantoniera Marganai, 491 m, 32S 462272 4354677; C11 = Medio Campidano prov., Villacidro, Data collection Canali Serci, 381 m, 32S 472208 4359497; C14 = Carbonia- This paper is based on material part of a survey on Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, Sedda Pranu Cardu, 549 m, 32S the arthropod biota of this region (see Mason et al. 470926 4358924; C18 = Medio Campidano prov., Villacidro, 2006; Cerretti et al. 2009; Bardiani 2011). Most Rio Cannisoni, 390 m, 32S 469095 4362383; C19 = Me- Chloropidae were collected in 2006 from March dio Campidano prov., Villacidro, Rio Cannisoni, 375 m, 32S through November, with Malaise traps and sweep 468713 4362692; C24 = Medio Campidano prov., Villacidro, nets. Other collecting methods included light traps clearing near Rio Cannisoni, 463 m, 32S 468463 4363150; and pitfall traps. Specimens collected in 70% ethanol C26 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, Bega d'Aleni, 621 were kept in such medium, while specimens collected m, 32S 467855 4361336; C31 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Do- with sweep nets were generally dry-pinned. Most part musnovas, Lago Siuru, 322 m, 32S 467069 4357916; C34 = of material is kept in the insect collection of CNB- Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Rio Sa Duchessa (dry riverbed), 270 m, FVR and a part in Zoological institute of Russian 32S 466700 4356979; C35 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Iglesias,

718 Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)

Mamenga, 610 m, 32S 462170 4356618; C36 = Medio Cam- Chorotype. Centralasiatic-European-Mediterranean. pidano prov., near Lago di Montimannu, 256 m, 32S 474156 Ecology. Adults usually occur in dry meadows and 4363150; C49 = Medio Campidano prov., Villacidro, Torrente on sandy beaches; the larvae are phytophagous. Von Leni, 300 m, 32S 471317 4360510; C50 = Medio Campidano Tschirnhaus (1981) recorded Puccinellia maritima prov., Villacidro, C. Sarais, 251 m, 32S 474215 4361145; C60 and Festuca rubra as host plants in Germany. = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, dint. Gutturu Abis, 580 m, 32S 0468140 4360761; C70 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., 3. Aphanotrigonum lanceolatum Nartshuk, 2009 Iglesias, Marganai, near Case Marganai, 660 m, 32S 0463341 4556196; C82 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, dint. Literature records. Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, Lago P.ta Planotzara, 309 m, 32S 465718 4356515; G07 = Ogliastra Siuru [= C31]; Ogliastra prov., Seui, Monte Tonneri, Sa ucca 'e prov., Seui, M. Tonneri, Sa ucca 'e su Oe, 912 m, 32S 531228 su Oe [= G07] (Nartshuk 2009a). 4413496; S1 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Iglesias, dint. colonia Beneck, 636 m, 32S 462391 4355441; S2 = Carbonia-Iglesias Remarks. A Sardinian endemic recently described by prov., Domusnovas, sa Duchessa, 371 m, 32S 464990 4358384; Nartshuk (2009a). S3 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, Valle Oridda, 592 m, 32S 466973 4362228; SAR1 = Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Igle- 4. Aphanotrigonum parahastatum Dely-Draskovits, sias, Marganai, plot CONECOFOR SAR1, 700 m, 32S 462853 1981 * 4355582; XC2 = Sassari prov., Porto Torres, Fraz. Marina di Sorso, 32T 461450 4519564. Records. C31: 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe DW, mt, 1 Collectors. DA = D. Avesani; DB = D. Birtele; DW = D. Whit- ♂ 2 ♀♀. more; EG = E. Gatti; EM = E. Minari; FM = F. Mason; GC = G. Chessa; GN = G. Nardi; MB = M. Bardiani; MM = M. Mei; MT Chorotype. Centralasiatic-European. = M. Tisato; PCe = P. Cerretti; PCo = P. Cornacchia. Remarks. Second record for Italy (cf. Merz 2005). Sampling methods. cn = car net; lt = light trap; mt = Malaise Dely-Draskovits (1981) did not mention the colour trap; nt = hand net; pt = pitfall trap. of the setae in his description of this species. She com- Other abbreviations and recurrent terms. dint. = surround- pared the species with A. hastatum Dely-Draskovits, ings of; Lago = Lake; M.= Mount; prov. = province; Rio = stream; 1981 from Afghanistan, which has white setae at least Stagno = Pond; Torrente = Torrent; Valle = Valley; vecchia cartiera on head. The examined specimens have black, rather (= cantoniera) = old paper mill (= roadman's house). stout setae, especially on the scutellum. The length of the apical scutellar setae and their place of insertion, and the structure of the male genitalia correspond faunistic LIST well to the description of A. parahastatum.

Subfamily Oscinellinae 5. Conioscinella mimula Collin, 1946 *

1. Aphanotrigonum bicolor Nartshuk, 1964 ** Records. S3: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀.

Records. C82: 3–4.IX.2003, DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 1 ♀. Chorotype. European. S1: 19.IX–3.X.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. S3: 11–25. VII. 2006, GC, Ecology. Adults usually occur in meadows. Larvae mt, 1 ♀. SAR1: 13–30.IX.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. phytophagous in shoots of Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus sp., Lolium perenne; they hibernate in shoots Chorotype. Turano-European. of the host plant and pupate during the following Ecology. Only females were collected, in July and in spring (Nye 1958, 1959; von Tschirnhaus 1981). September-early October; probably two generations per year. 6. Conioscinella gallarum Duda, 1932 * Remarks. First record for Italy.The female from locality C82 is very dark-coloured, with only propleura Records. S3: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. and sides of postpronotum yellow. Chorotype. Asiatic-European, distributed from the 2. Aphanotrigonum femorellum Collin, 1946 * British Isles to Japan. Ecology. Adults usually in forests and shrublands. Records. A04: 10.VII.2006, DW DA MB DB PCe, nt, 1 ♂. C31: Adults have been reared from galls of Andricus Har- 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, mt, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀. tig, 1840 spp. and Biorhiza pallida (Olivier, 1791)

719 Emilia P. Nartshuk

(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on oak and from cones mid July. It probably overwinters as an imago like of Larix decidua (Pinaceae) (Duda 1932, 1933; Nor- other Elachiptera species, but it was not collected in dlander & Grijpma 1991), as well as from buds of autumn. Its larvae are saprophytophagous and have Populus tremula (Salicaceae) and Cirsium spp. (Aste been found in roots of Brassica napus in France (Sé- raceae) heads (Nartshuk, unpublished data). guy 1934). Remarks. The species is very variable in the colour of 7. Dicraeus (Dicraeus) raptus (Haliday, 1838) the scutum. Most of the examined specimens are uni- formly coloured, with two black stripes on scutum; a Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). few specimens have two black marks only on the hind part of scutum. Records. S1: 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. S3: 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. 10. Elachiptera megaspis (Loew, 1858) *

Chorotype. S-European. Records. C31: 23.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀; Ecology. The northernmost record for this species 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀; 12.VII.2006, is Öland Island (Sweden): one female recorded by DW DA MB DB PCe MM, nt, 3 ♂♂; 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB Ringdahl (1947) from Borgholms. Larvae phytopha- DB PCe MM DW, mt, 2 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; 12.XI.2006, DW, nt, 1 ♀. gous, associated with Bromus ramosus in England (Is- C70: 7.VI.2004, DB PCe GN MT DW, cn, 1 ♀. S2: 21.III–4. may 1981). IV.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀.

8. Dicraeus (Dicraeus) sardous Nartshuk, 2009 Chorotype. Turano-Euro-Mediterranean, but known also from the Canary Islands and the Azores. Literature records. Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, Valle Ecology. In the study area the species was collected Oridda [= S3] (Nartshuk 2009a). from end of March to mid November. It overwinters as an imago like other species of the genus, and is Records. S1: 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. associated with habitats where the watercress Nastur- tium officinale grows in England (Collin 1946). The Ecology. Probably larvae as other species of the ge- larvae develop in the stems of this plant and are prob- nus develop in unripe seeds of grasses (Poaceae), but ably saprophytophagous (Séguy 1934); N. officinale host-plant is unknown. is common along watercourses at Marganai (Angius Remark. A Sardinian endemic recently described by et al. 2011). Nartshuk (2009a). The above-mentioned females were not included in the paratype series, but presum- 11. Elachiptera rufifrons Duda, 1932 * ably they belong to the same species. Records. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 2 ♀♀; 9. Elachiptera bimaculata (Loew, 1845) * 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, mt, 6 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀.

Records. C31: 24.III.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♂; 20– Chorotype. Turano-Euro-Mediterranean. 23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 4 ♂♂ 1 ♀; 23.V.2006, DW Ecology. Species recorded as a serious pest of MB PCo, nt, 4 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; 12.VII.2006, DW DA MB DB PCe, rice shoots in Spain (Sevilla) (Batalla 1978). nt, MM, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀; 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM Most other species of the genus are considered as DW, mt, 8 ♂♂ 10 ♀♀. S1: 21.III–4.IV.2004, GC, mt, 2♂♂ saprophytophagous. 11 ♀♀; 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 3 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀; 2–16.V.2006, Remarks. The specimens collected in May have the GC, mt, 4 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀. S2: 4–18.IV.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 18.IV– ocellar triangle a little brownish, not entirely yellow 2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂. S3: 23.III–4.IV.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♂♂ as usual. 4 ♀♀; 4–18.IV.2006, GC, mt, 6 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀; 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 5 ♂♂ 1 ♀; 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 16 ♂♂ 16 ♀♀; 12. Elachiptera sarda Nartshuk, 2009 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 10 ♂♂ 12 ♀♀. Literature records. Carbonia-Iglesias prov., Domusnovas, Lago Chorotype. Turano-Euro-Mediterranean. Siuru [= C31] (Nartshuk 2009a). Ecology. In the Marganai area the species is rather common (142 specimens collected altogether) and Remark. A Sardinian endemic recently described by can be found from late March to late May, and in Nartshuk (2009a).

720 Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)

13. Gaurax sp. 1 mt, 1 ♀; 17–31.X. 2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀. SAR1: 16.VIII–8. IX.2004, GC, pt, 4 ♂♂; 14.VI–15.VIII.2005, GC, pt, 3 ♂♂ 5 Records. S1: 19.IX–3.X.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂. ♀♀; 13.IX–30.IX.2005, GC, mt, 1 ♂.

Notes. The specimen has a yellow thorax with black Chorotype. S-European. stripes on scutum and black marks on pleura. Species Ecology. The species has been reared from fruits of of this genus are rather variable in colour, and the Ficus carica (Moraceae). Two damaged fruits of Ficus available material is insufficient for an exact identifi- carica, one of which with two visible puparia inside, cation. Only structures of the male genitalia represent are kept together with type specimens of this fly in firm characters enabling to distinguish species. the Natural History Museum in Vienna (Nartshuk 1997). Silvestri (1917, as Oscinella discretum Bezzi in 14. Gaurax sp. 2 Silvestri, 1917) described the larva and biology of the species in Italy. Records. S1: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. 17. Lasiochaeta pubescens (Thalhammer, 1898) * Notes. The specimen has a black thorax, with only parts of the pleura yellow. Setae on thorax yellow. Records. A01: 21.IX.2004, PCe MT, nt, 2 ♂♂. C31: 20– Species of this genus are rather variable in colour, 23.V.2006, MB DB PCe DW, mt, 3 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀; 23.V.2006, DW and the available material is insufficient for an exact MB DB, nt, 7 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; 12.VII.2006, DW DA MB DB MM identification. Only structures of the male genitalia PCe, nt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀. represent firm characters enabling to distinguish species. I consider this specimen as a separate species Chorotype. Palaearctic. from the previous one, due to big colour differences. Ecology. In the study area the species can be found Possibly, this specimen is a female of G. flavomacula- from May to September. tus Duda, 1933. 18. Oscinella (Oscinella) frit (Linnaeus, 1758), s.l. 15. Lasiambia albidipennis (Strobl, 1899) * Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). Records. C26: 17.VII.2006, nt on flowers ofEuphorbia pithyusa cupanii, DA MB DB PCe DW, 1 ♂. C31: 20–23.V.2006, mt, Records. C03: 23.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♀. C24: MB DB PCo DW, 1 ♀. S1: 30.V–13.VI.2006, mt, GC, 1 ♂. 21.V.2006, DW MB, nt, 1 ♀. C26: 15.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe DW, lt, 3 ♂♂ 7 ♀♀. C31: 23.III.2006, DW MB DB Chorotype. S-European. PCo, nt, 1 ♀; 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♂ 5 Ecology. The larvae are probably saprophytopha- ♀♀; 23.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 4 ♂♂ 10 ♀♀; 12–17. gous, and have been found in stems of Brassica ol- VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, mt, 22 ♂♂ 25 ♀♀. eraceae together with Aulacobaris chlorizans (Germar, C35: 18.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe DW, nt, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀. S1: 1824) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in France (Séguy 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 4 ♂♂ 22 ♀♀; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, 1934). mt, 2 ♂♂. S2: 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. S3: 21.III–4.IV.2006, Remarks. The examined specimens correspond well GC, mt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 16–30.V.2006, to Strobl's (1899) description; however, the palpi are GC, mt, 6 ♂♂ 15 ♀♀; 11–25.VII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂. not yellow but black. The species is easy to distinguish from most Lasiambia Sabrosky, 1941 species by Chorotype. Cosmopolitan. All zoogeographical re- its black halters and pale wing veins. Séguy (1934) gions. recorded specimens with black palpi from France. Ecology. In the study area the species can be found The species is rare; Becker (1910b) and Duda (1932, from late March to late July. It is rather common, 1933), in their monographs on Palaearctic Chloropi- and was found at thirteen localities. Its phytophagous dae, based their treatments on Strobl's description as larvae develop in shoots and seeds of cereals (wheat, they had seen no additional specimens. barley, rye, oat) and of many wild grasses, and can become a serious pest of cereals and fodder grasses. 16. Lasiambia fycoperda (Becker, 1910) More than 60 species of wild grasses have been listed as host plants by many authors, but the species does Records. C82: 3–4.IX. 2003, DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 1 ♂. not develop in shoots of Dactylis glomerata (Poaceae) S1: 30.V–13.VI. 2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀; 19.IX–3.X. 2006, GC, (Vickerman 1978).

721 Emilia P. Nartshuk

Remarks. The name Oscinella frit probably does not ined collection, with 1,193 specimens collected at six correspond to a single species, but to a group of close- localities in eight samples. In the study area the spe- ly related species. Specimens taken 21.III–4.IV.2006 cies was found from early May to mid June, and most have very dark, entirely black legs. Leg colour is rath- specimens were found in one Malaise trap sample at er variable, but among the examined specimens none locality S1. had yellow fore and mid tibiae, a feature ascribable to Remarks. The species is very variable in the length of O. pusilla (Meigen, 1830) (Nartshuk 1956; Moreau mouthparts; the labellae vary from short to rather long, 1963). but are never as long as haustellum (prementum).

19. Oscinella (Oscinella) nitidissima (Meigen, 1838) * 22. Oscinimorpha longirostris (Loew, 1858)

Records. C31: 23.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 3 ♂♂. S3: Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. Records. A01: 25.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♀. C14: Chorotype. Holarctic. 20.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt on Sedum caeruleum (Crassu- Ecology. Adults can be found in various habitats: laceae), 1 ♂ 1 ♀; C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, meadows, forest edges, crop fields. The larvae are phy- 69 ♂♂ 41 ♀♀; 23.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♀. S1: tophagous and develop in shoots of Poaceae, prefer- 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 6 ♂♂ 11 ♀♀; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, ably in species of Agrostis (Nartshuk 1956; Vickerman 26 ♂♂ 16 ♀♀. S3: 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 2–16.V.2006, 1978) even though some authors list grasses of other GC, mt, 3 ♂♂ 14 ♀♀; 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 196 ♂♂ 160 ♀♀. genera: Anthoxantum, Dactylis, Festuca, Lolium, Phle- um, Poa, Holcus, Alopecurus (Jepson & Nye 1957; Nye Chorotype. Centralasiatic-Euro-Mediterranean; the 1958, 1959; Rogochaya 1960; Wetzel 1967; Mowat species is also found on the Canary Islands. 1974, 1975). Unusual damage to oat caused by larvae Ecology. A rather common species; a total of 543 of this species was recorded in Canada (Comeau & specimens were collected at five localities in eight Pelletier 1977). Vickerman (1978) established experi- samples. In the study area the species was found from mentally that larvae of this species did not survive in mid May to mid July; most specimens were taken in oat, wheat or barley. Controversial records on different one Malaise trap sample at locality S3. host-plants are probably based on misidentifications. 23. Oscinimorpha minutissima (Strobl, 1900) 20. Oscinimorpha albisetosa (Duda, 1932) Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). Records. S1: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂. Records. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♀. S1: Chorotype. Centralasiatic-European. 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♂♂; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 6 ♂♂ Ecology. Adults are usually found in dry meadows 3 ♀♀. S2: 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. S3: 16–30.V.2006, and sandy habitats. The larvae are probably phytopha- GC, mt, 8 ♂♂ 7 ♀♀. gous, as the species has been reared from Elytrigia and Puccinellia in Germany (Bährmann & Weipert 1989). Chorotype. Palaearctic. Ecology. Adults of this species usually occur on 21. Oscinimorpha arcuata (Duda, 1932) various types of meadow, and at forest edges. Salvia sclarea, Secale spp., Oryza spp. and Silene dioica have Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). been recorded as host plants (Nartshuk 1972; von Tschirnhaus 1981). The larvae are probably sapro- Records. C03: 25.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♂. C24: phytophagous; it is not known which plants host O. 21.V.2006, DW MB, nt, 3 ♀♀. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB minutissima in the study area, as none of the above- PCo DW, mt, 42 ♂♂ 134 ♀♀. S1: 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 2 listed species are present there (Angius et al. 2011). ♂♂ 2 ♀♀; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 387 ♂♂ 412. S3: 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂; 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 119 ♂♂ 24. Oscinimorpha novakii (Strobl, 1893) * 88 ♀♀. SAR1: 15.VI–14.VII.2004, GC, mt, 1 ♀. Records. A21: 25.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♀. C03: Chorotype. Centralasiatic-European. 23.V.2006, DW MB DB, nt, 2 ♀♀. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB Ecology. The most abundant species in the exam- DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♂ 6 ♀♀. S1: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt,

722 Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)

182 ♂♂ 117 ♀♀. S3: 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 25 ♂♂ 16 ♀♀; Records. C31: 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, mt, 1 27.VI–11.VII.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. SAR1: 15.VI–14.VII.2004, ♀. S1: 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂. GC, mt, 1 ♂. S3: 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. SAR1: 14–29.IX.2003, DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 2 ♀♀; 16.VI–14.VII.2005, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀. Chorotype. Centralasiatic-European. Ecology. A rather common species; a total of 352 Chorotype. Palaearctic. specimens were collected with Malaise traps in the Ecology. In the study area the species can be found study area, where the species occurs from mid May to in May-July and in September, and probably has two mid July, like O. arcuata and O. longirostris. generations per year.

25. Polyodaspis sulcicollis (Meigen, 1830) * 28. Tricimba (Tricimba) cincta (Meigen, 1830) **

Records. C01: 8.IX.2006, GN, nt, 1 ♀. C11: 7.XI.2006, DA Records. C11: 7.IX.2006, DA MB DB GN, mt, 1 ♀; C31: 20– MB DB GN, lt, 1 ♀. C14: 20.V.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt 23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀; 12–17.VII.2006, on Sedum caeruleum, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀. C24: 21.V.2006, DW MB, nt, DA MB DB MM PCe DW, mt, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀. C82: 3–4.IX.2003, 6 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♂. DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 1 ♂. G07: 5.IX.2006, DA MB DB C34: 12.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, nt, 1 ♀. S1: GN, nt, 1 ♀. S1: 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂; 2–16.V.2006, 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 9 ♂♂ GC, 1 ♀; 19.IX–3.X.2006, GC, mt 6 ♀♀. S2: 4–18.IV.2006, GC, 5 ♀♀; 5–19.IX.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂; 19.IX–3.X.2006, GC, mt, 2 mt, 3 ♀♀. S3: 21.III–4.IV.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀; 18.IV–2.V.2006, ♂♂ 9 ♀♀. S3: 4–18.IV.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 2–16.V.2006, GC, GC, mt, 1 ♀. SAR1: 13.IX–30.IX.2005, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. mt, 4 ♀♀; 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 14 ♂♂ 23 ♀♀; 27.VI–11. VII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀; 11–25.VII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 3 Chorotype. Holarctic. ♀♀; 8–22.VIII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. SAR1: 15.VI–14.VII.2004, Ecology. The larvae of this species develop in mush- GC, mt, 3 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; 13–30.IX.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. rooms and stems of grasses damaged by other insects. The adults usually occur in forests and shrublands, Chorotype. Palaearctic. meadows, agricultural fields, in the canopies ofPinus Ecology. In the study area the species can be found silvestris, as well as in borrows of small mammals and from April to October. It was collected in eight lo- in birds' nests (Hicks 1959; Hackman 1963; Kriv- calities and in 21 samples. The larvae exhibit wide okhatskii & Nartshuk 2001; Thunes et al. 2004). ecological plasticity in relation to the choice of food The species hibernates in the adult stage. It has been substrates and environmental conditions. Adults have recorded many times indoors in the autumn, to- been reared from stems of broomrape (Orobanche spe- gether with Thaumatomyia notata (Meigen, 1830). ciosa) damaged by other insects (Martelli 1935). De The species exhibits an exceptionally broad diet as a Meijere (1938) suggested that they are predators, but larva: it has been reared from stems of cereals infested Martelli (1935) regarded them as saprophytophagous. by other insects, but also from seedlings of cereals, Remarks. All specimens have all or part of setae and rotting spathes of skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foe- setulae on head and thorax white, considered now tidus, mushrooms of the families Boletaceae, Agari- only as a colour variation; described earlier as separate caceae and Russulaceae, rotting bark of Alnus, ber- species Siphonella amicalis Becker, 1912 from Algeria ries of Sambucus racemosa, dead molluscs, and meat (North Africa). baits (Brown 1956; Mihályi 1965; Dely-Draskovits 1972; Krivosheina 1974; Schatzman 1977; Grimaldi 26. Trachysiphonella carinifacies Nartshuk, 1964 * & Jaennike 1983; von Tschirnhaus 1992; Yakovlev 1994). Records. S3: 27.VI–11.VII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀. Remarks. The above records are the first for Italy; nevertheless Tricimba cf. cincta was recorded from Chorotype. Centralasiatic-European. central Italy (Merz 2005). Ecology. Unknown. Remarks. Second record for Italy (cf. Merz 2005). 29. Tricimba (Nartshukiella) humeralis (Loew, 1858) The species was described from Kazakhstan and was later found in Great Britain (Ismay 1981), Switzer- Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). land and central Italy (Merz 2005). Records. A06: 11.XI.2006, DW, nt, 5 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀. C03: 27. Trachysiphonella scutellata (von Roser, 1840) 20.III.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♂. C18: 9.XI.2006, DW,

723 Emilia P. Nartshuk

nt, 1 ♀. C31: 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, mt, barley, oat, rye, wheat, but also in Elytrigia repens and 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀. C60: 10.XI.2006, DW, nt, 1 ♀. C82: 3–4.IX.2003, possibly in other Poaceae. Four to five larvae live in DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 2 ♀♀. S2: 4–18.IV.2006, GC, mt, 3 each stem. The species is considered a pest of cereals ♀♀. SAR1: 16.II–15.VI.2004, GC, mt, 1 ♀. in some countries of southern Europe (Italy, France, former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria) (Rondani 1873; Marchal Chorotype. Palaearctic. 1894, 1897; Osten-Sacken 1896; Balachowsky & Ecology. The species hibernates as an adult; in Ger- Mesnil 1935; Lyubenov 1960; Grujičić 1961; Zam- many it has been recorded many times indoors in firov 1962; Krusteva & Beschovski 1998, 2000, 2001). autumn together with Thaumatomyia notata (von Tschirnhaus 1992); it has been found also in birds' 32. Eutropha fulvifrons (Haliday, 1833) nests (Zuska 1966; Krivokhatsky & Nartshuk 2001). Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). 30. Tricimba (Tricimba) lineella (Fallén, 1820) * Records. A01: 26.III.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 2 ♀♀; Records. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 1 ♀. 10.VI.2004, DB, PCe GN MT DW, nt, 3 ♀♀. A06: 11.XI.2006, DW, nt, 6 ♀♀. XC2: 7.VII.2004, DB, nt, 1 ♂. Chorotype. Holarctic. Ecology. Adults occur mainly in forests, but also in Chorotype. Euro-Mediterranean. In Europe it is city parks (Allen 1981), and often visit flowers. Lar- spread along the coasts, reaching Aland Island (Fin- vae develop in various mushrooms from the genera land) northwards (Nartshuk 1999). Lycoperdon, Cantharellus, Calocybe, Collybria, Aman- Ecology. The species occurs only on dunes along the tia, Cotinarius, Inocybe, Russula, Xerocomus, Lecci- sea coast, usually preferring the Cacile-Salsola vegeta- num, Paxillus, and Largermannia (Falcoz 1930; Dely- tion on the fore dune (Ardö 1957). Séguy (1934) Draskovits 1972; Allen 1981; Yakovlev 1994), and found puparia in sand along the sea coast. Von Tsch- rotting spathes of the skunk cabbage Symplocarpus irnhaus (1981) proposed Ammophila arenaria as host foetidus (Araceae) in North America (Brown 1956). plant, but this needs confirming.

33. Lasiosina herpini (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) * Subfamily Chloropinae Lasiosina cinctipes Auctt. not Meigen, 1830 31. Camarota curvipennis (Latreille, 1805) Records. C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 2 ♂♂. Literature records. Sassari prov., Tissi (Costa 1883, as C. flavitarsis Meigen, 1830). Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). Chorotype. Asiatic-European. Ecology. The most common species of the genus. Records. C26: 16.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe DW, lt, 1 ♀. Adults occur in dry meadows and cereal fields. Larvae C31: 20–23.V.2006, MB DB PCo DW, mt, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀; 12–17. develop in shoots of various grasses, including cereals VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, mt, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀. C36: (rye, wheat, oat, barley), as secondary invaders, often 10.VII.2006, DB DA MB PCe DW, nt, 1 ♂. C49: 9.IX.2006, in the same stem as Chlorops pumilionis (Tzygankov DB DA MB GN, nt, 1 ♀. C50: 9.IX.2006, DB DA MB GN, 1929, 1930; Balachowsky & Mesnil 1935; Good- nt, 1 ♀. S1: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀. S2: 16– liffe 1939; Nye 1958; Krusteva & Beschovski 2000, 30.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. S3: 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀; 16– 2001). Some authors have recorded the species as a 30.V.2006, GC, mt, 13 ♂♂ 13 ♀♀; 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, pest of cereals. Grasses from the genera Calamagrostis, 3 ♂♂ 10 ♀♀; 11–25.VII.2006, GC, mt, 3 ♂♂ 14 ♀♀; 8–22. Agropyron, Bromus, Festuca, Glyceria and Hordeum VIII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂. have been recorded as host plants (Nartshuk 1972; von Tschirnhaus 1981). Chorotype. Euro-Mediterranean. Ecology. In the study area the species can be found 34. Lasiosina immaculata Becker, 1912 * from the beginning of May to mid June and from mid July to the beginning of September, with probably two Records. C31: 12–14.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, generations per year. This is the only species of the ge- mt, 1 ♀. nus in the Palaearctic Region. The larvae are phytophagous and develop in shoots and ears of various cereals: Chorotype. Euro-Mediterranean.

724 Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)

Ecology. Unknown. uru (locality C31). The species is the third most abun- Remarks. There is only one female in the present col- dant in terms of number of specimens and the most lection, but the species is well characterized by the widespread in the study area, where it was collected white setae on head, except ocellars, and white setulae in 17 localities. Adults hibernate and can be found on scutum, and the possession of only one hind noto- in a variety of habitats. Periodical mass occurrences pleural seta. of adults have been recorded indoors in the autumn (Nartshuk 2000); sometimes, several millions of speci- 35. Meromyza femorata Macquart, 1835 mens can penetrate into houses, a phenomenon which has been recorded in many places in Europe (Kotrba Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). & Nartshuk 2010). Adults aggregate before winter and search for holes in which to hibernate: specimens have Records. S1: 30.V–13.VI.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. been found in birds' nests and between scales of Pi- cea cones in winter (Krivokhatski & Nartshuk 2001). Chorotype. Centraleuropean. The larvae, which are carnivorous, live in the ground Ecology. Adults are usually found in meadows. The in rhizomes of plants, feeding on root aphids (Mesnil species is phytophagous; its larvae develop in shoots of 1933; Balachowsky & Mesnil 1935). grasses, and Dactylis glomerata and Phleum pratense are recorded as host plants in Russia (Fedoseeva 1966). discussion 36. Thaumatomyia notata (Meigen, 1830) The examined collection consists of 3,190 speci- Literature records. Sardinia (Canzoneri et al. 1995). mens, most of which (2,685) belong to the subfamily Oscinellinae, whereas 505 specimens belong to Records. A06: 11.XI.2006, DW, nt, 1 ♀. C01: 23.IX.2004, PCe, the subfamily Chloropinae. Altogether, 36 species lt, 1 ♂. C07: 13.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM DW, nt, 1 ♀. of Chloropidae were found in the study area: 30 (in C11: 25.III.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♀. C19: 25.III.2006, 12 genera) in the subfamily Oscinellinae and 6 (5 DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♂. C26: 16.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe genera) in the subfamily Chloropinae. No species DW, nt, 1 ♀. C31: 22.IX.2004, PCe DW, nt, 1 ♀; 20–23.V.2006, of the subfamilies Siphonellopsinae and Rhodesiel- MB DB PCo DW, mt, 4 ♂♂ 23 ♀♀; 12.VII.2006, DW DA MB linae were found. The collected species consist only DB PCe, MM, nt, 4 ♀♀; 12–17.VII.2006, DA MB DB PCe MM of 18.8% of the total Italian chloropid fauna and DW, mt, 167 ♂♂ 121 ♀♀. C32: 6.IX.2006, MB DA DB GN, 63.1% of the Sardinian chloropid fauna. Proportions nt, 1 ♂. C70: 7.VI.2004, DB PCe GN MT DW, cn, 7 ♂♂ 5 of numbers of genera and species between the two ♀♀; 22.IX.2004, DB PCe EG FM DW, lt, 1 ♀; 23.IX.2004, DB subfamilies reflect that of the number of specimens. PCe FM DW, nt, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀. C77: 9.VI.2004, DB PCe GN MT Such a high excess of specimens, species and genera DW, cn, 1 ♂ 1 ♀. C50: 9.IX.2006, MB DA DB GN, nt, 1 ♂. of Oscinellinae over Chloropinae is unusual for most C82: 3–4.IX.2003, DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 1 ♀; 5.IX.2003, local faunas of this family in the Palaearctic, except DB PCe EM MT DW, mt, 2 ♀♀; 7.VI.2004, DW PCe GN MT some insular ones. In total, in the Italian fauna of the DW, nt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; 9.VI.2004, DB PCe GN MT DW, nt, 12 ♂♂ family, the ratio Oscinellinae/Chloropinae is 25:23 11 ♀♀; 12.VI.2004, DB, PCe, GN, MT, DW, mt, 5 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀. in number of genera and 91:96 in number of species. G07: 5.IX.2006, DA MB DB GN, nt, 1 ♀. S1: 2–16.V.2006, No species of the large genus Chlorops Meigen, 1803 GC, mt, 2 ♀♀. S2: 25.III.2006, DW MB DB PCo, nt, 1 ♀; and only one species of the large genus Meromyza 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♀. S3: 18.IV–2.V.2006, GC, mt, 2 Meigen, 1830 were found. ♀♀; 2–16.V.2006, GC, mt, 2 ♀♀; 16–30.V.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ Altogether, 20 species of the subfamily Chloropinae 5 ♀♀; 7.VI.2004, DB PCe GN MT DW, nt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; 11–25. were recorded from Sardinia, among which 9 species VII.2006, GC, mt, 1 ♂ 1 ♀. SAR1: 30.VI–16.VII.2004, GC, mt, of Chlorops and 3 species of Meromyza (Canzoneri et 1 ♂; 1–16.VIII.2004, GC, mt, 2 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀; 16.VIII–8.IX.2004, al. 1995). GC, mt, 1 ♂; 16.VIII–8.IX.2004, GC, pt, 1 ♂. Two species of the genus Gaurax Loew, 1863 (subfamily Oscinellinae) were left unnamed, whereas three Chorotype. Subcosmopolitan. species of Oscinellinae were recently described from Ecology. A very common species, occurring in the southern Sardinia, including parts of the study area study area from late March to October. The highest (Nartshuk 2009a). Only sixteen of the species found number of specimens (167 ♂♂ and 121 ♀♀) were col- during the current investigation were already recorded lected 12–17.VI.2006 with a Malaise trap at Lago Si- from Sardinia and 18 species are herein recorded from

725 Emilia P. Nartshuk

Sardinia for the first time. This points to the insuffi- cies in the study area, found in 18 localities. Polyo- cient knowledge of the Chloropidae of Sardinia. The daspis sulcicollis was collected in 9 localities; Oscinella total number of Chloropidae species known from frit, Tricimba humeralis, T. cincta and Camarota cur- Sardinia is now 60 i.e. 31.6% of the total number of vipennis were found in 8 localities each; Oscinimor- species recorded in Italy. In Sardinia, the Siphonel- pha arcuata and O. longirostris in 5 localities each, lopsinae are represented by 1 species, the Oscinelli- and O. minutissima, O. novakii, Aphanotrigonum bi- nae by 37 species in 13 genera, the Chloropinae by color and Elachiptera bimaculata in 4 localities each. 22 species in 9 genera (see Appendix). Two species: The species composition in the collection in ques- Aphanotrigonum bicolor and Tricimba cincta, are new- tion is very diverse from a zoogeographical view- ly recorded from Italy. The total number of species point. Most species, 14 distributed in southern of the family known from Italy now amounts to 192 parts of the Palaearctic, have Centralasiatic-Euro- (Canzoneri et al. 1995; Nartshuk 2009a, 2009b and Mediterranean, Centralasiatic-European, Turano- this paper). European, Turano-Euro-Mediterranean and Euro- The most abundant species was Oscinimorpha arcuata, Mediterranean ranges. Species of this group repre- with 1,193 specimens collected in five localities and sent more than 1/3 of the total number of species eight samples from 2–16.V to 30.V–13.VI. Another collected. Another large group consists of 12 species abundant species was O. longirostris, with 543 speci- (1/3 of the fauna) with wide ranges: subcosmopoli- mens collected from 18.IV–2.V to 30.V–13.VI in five tan, Holarctic, Palaearctic and Asiatic-European. localities and eight samples. The third most abundant Species with European ranges are 8, including 3 spe- species was Thaumatomyia notata: 416 specimens cies described from Sardinia and, at the present state were collected from 25.III to 11.XI. Other abundant of knowledge, endemic of this island. species were O. novakii (352 specimens), Elachiptera The Chloropidae fauna of Corsica, the nearest island, bimaculata (142 specimens) and Oscinella frit (136 was studied by Becker (1910a) and later some spe- specimens), Polyodaspis sulcicollis (98 specimens) and cies were added by Séguy (1934). The total number of Camarota curvipennis (73 specimens). The relative species is 30: 13 species of Oscinellinae from 9 genera abundance of these species is plotted in fig. 1. and 17 species of Chloropinae from 12 genera. Only Thaumatomyia notata was the most widespread spe- 17 species (23.6% of total species numbers of both

other 28 species (7.43%) Camarota curvipennis (2.30%) Polyodaspis sulcicollis (3.07%) Oscinella frit (4.25%) Oscinimorpha arcuata (37.40%) Elachiptera bimaculata (4.45%)

Oscinimorpha novakii (11.03%)

Oscinimorpha longirostris (17.02%) Thaumatomyia notata (13.04%) Oscinimorpha longirostris (17.02%)

Fig. 1. Percentage of the most common species in Chloropidae samples from southern Sardinia.

726 Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae) genera) are shared between the faunas of Corsica and ia and the Balearic Islands. There are more Chloropi- Sardinia. Recently, the Chloropidae of the Balearic Is- nae species than Oscinellinae in the fauna of Corsica lands (Spain) were studied (Ebejer 2006). The author in contrast to the Chloropidae fauna of the two other used sweep nets, light traps, water traps and Malaise islands. Species in common between these three fau- traps in various habitats. He found 41 species which, nas are only six: Elachiptera bimaculata, Melanochaeta together with literature records, bring the total of spe- pubescens, and Trachysiphonella ruficeps (Oscinelli- cies known from these islands to 44. Recently Car- nae); Eurina ducalis, Eutropha fulvifrons, and Lasio- les-Tolrá & Ventura (2009) added one more species. sina herpini (Chloropinae). Most of the above-listed These species belong to three subfamilies: Siphonel- species are widely distributed in the Mediterranean, lopsinae (1 species), Oscinellinae (33 species from 14 and Eurina ducalis and Eutropha fulvifrons are coastal genera), and Chloropinae (10 species from 7 genera). species. The chloropid faunas of Sardinia as well as of Only 16 species (26.6% of total number of species of Corsica and the Balearic Islands are still insufficiently both faunas) are shared between the faunas of Sardinia studied and some more additional species can be ex- and the Balearic Islands. The subfamily Chloropinae pected, especially within the Chloropinae. is also less represented in the Balearic Islands than the Oscinellinae; a fact that was recorded as a character- Acknowledgements istic feature of insular chloropid faunas (Nartshuk This paper was prepared in the context of the ICP Fo- 1996). The reason for this may lie in the larger num- rests monitoring programme. ber of saprophytophagous species in the Oscinellinae, I am grateful to the Centro Nazionale per lo Stu- which do not depend on the presence of specific host dio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, plants. This feature would give them more chances of "Bosco Fontana" di Verona, for inviting me to study successfully adapting to new localities. this material. Special thanks go to Daniel Whitmore (CNBFVR) for his kind help answering my questions on labels and some literature. Financial support from Conclusions the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 08-04-00186), Programme of the Presidium of the The following conclusions can be reached from com- Russian Academy of Sciences "Origin and Evolution parison of the Chloropidae faunas of Corsica, Sardin- of Biosphere".

APPENDIX

Updated checklist of Sardinian Chloropidae

Subfamily Siphonellopsinae • Siphonellopsis lacteibasis Strobl, 1906 – Canzoneri et al. 1995.

Subfamily Oscinellinae • Aphanotrigonum bicolor Nartshuk, 1964 – this paper. • Aphanotrigonum femorellum Collin, 1946 – this paper. • Aphanotrigonum lanceolatum Nartshuk, 2009 – Nartshuk 2009a. • Aphanotrigonum parahastatum Dely-Draskovits, 1981 – this paper. • Conioscinella gallarum Duda, 1932 – this paper. • Conioscinella mimula Collin, 1946 – this paper. • Dicraeus (Dicraeus) nigropilosus Becker, 1910 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Dicraeus (Dicraeus) raptus (Haliday, 1838) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Dicraeus (Dicraeus) sardous Nartshuk, 2009 – Nartshuk 2009a. • Dicraeus (Dicraeus) tibialis (Macquart, 1835) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Elachiptera bimaculata (Loew, 1845) – this paper. • Elachiptera cornuta (Fallén, 1820) – Costa 1884a (as Macrochaetum cornutum Fab.); Corti 1909 (as Crassiseta cornuta).

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• Elachiptera megaspis (Loew, 1858) – this paper. • Elachiptera rufifrons Duda, 1932 – this paper. • Elachiptera sarda Nartshuk, 2009 – Nartshuk 2009a. • Gaurax sp. 1 – this paper. • Gaurax sp. 2 – this paper. • Incertella albipalpis (Meigen, 1830) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Lasiambia albidipennis (Strobl, 1899) – this paper. • Lasiambia fycoperda (Becker, 1910) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Lasiochaeta pubescens (Thalhammer, 1898) – this paper. • Oscinella (Oscinella) frit (Linnaeus, 1758), s.l. – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Oscinella (Oscinella) nitidissima (Meigen, 1838) – this paper. • Oscinella (Oscinella) pusilla (Meigen, 1830) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Oscinimorpha albisetosa (Duda, 1932) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Oscinimorpha arcuata (Duda, 1932) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Oscinimorpha longirostris (Loew, 1858) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Oscinimorpha minutissima (Strobl, 1900) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Oscinimorpha novakii (Strobl, 1893) – this paper. • Polyodaspis sulcicollis (Meigen, 1830) – this paper. • Speccafrons halophila (Duda, 1933) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Trachysiphonella carinifacies Nartshuk, 1964 – this paper. • Trachysiphonella ruficeps (Macquart, 1835) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Trachysiphonella scutellata (von Roser, 1840) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Tricimba (Tricimba) cincta (Meigen, 1830) – this paper. • Tricimba (Nartshukiella) humeralis (Loew, 1858) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Tricimba (Tricimba) lineella (Fallén, 1820) – this paper.

Subfamily Chloropinae • Camarota curvipennis (Latreille, 1805) – Costa 1883 (as C. flavitarsis Meigen, 1830); Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Capnoptera scutata (Rossi, 1790) – Costa 1884b (as Chlorops fuscipennis A. Costa); Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops geminatus Meigen, 1830 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops gracilis Meigen, 1830 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops interruptus Meigen, 1830 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops novakii Strobl, 1902 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops pannonicus Strobl, 1893 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops pumilionis (Bjerkander, 1778) – Leonardi 1927 (as C. taeniopa Meigen, 1830); Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops puncticornis Loew, 1866 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops serenus Loew, 1866 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Chlorops socius Becker, 1912 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Eurina calva Egger, 1862 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Eurina ducalis A. Costa, 1885 – Costa 1885, 1891; Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Eutropha fulvifrons (Haliday, 1833) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Lasiosina herpini (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) – this paper. • Lasiosina immaculata Becker, 1912 – this paper. • Meromyza femorata Macquart, 1835 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Meromyza nigriventris (Macquart, 1835) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Meromyza variegata Meigen, 1830 – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Pseudopachychaeta pachycera (Strobl, 1902) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Thaumatomyia notata (Meigen, 1830) – Canzoneri et al. 1995. • Thaumatomyia sulcifrons (Becker, 1907) – Canzoneri et al. 1995.

728 Chloropidae from southern Sardinia (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae)

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