Tanglin P.O. Box 101 Singapore 9124 REPUBLIC of SINGAPORE

•'

IDR.C BAMBOO/RATTAN NETWORK

Tanglin P.O. Box 101 Singapore 9124 REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE

Newsletter No. 9 August, 1989

Dear Network Scientists/Project Leaders workshops and publication of proceed ings. Some of you have met him and his Greetings! wife, Dr. Usha, at the November 1988 Cochin Bamboo Workshop where both of I am very pleased to send you this them presented their work on Bamboo particular Newsletter as this contains Tissue Culture. He will operate from three important announcements. his base in Delhi and make frequent visits to the IDRC Singapore Office and The first one is the appointment of the your projects. I am sure you will all new Bamboo/Rattan Network Coordinator. join me in welcoming Dr. Rao to the I am pleased to advise that Dr. I. V. Network family. Ramanuja Rao, Research Scientist B, (Reader) from the Department of Botany, The Second announcement relates to the University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, attached article by Punya Poudyal on India, has agreed to take the mantle Rattan and Bamboo Resources and their from Dr Dhanarajan, who accepted a Utilization in the South Pacific. senior position with the Open Learning Given the present scarcity of bamboo/ Institute of Hongkong. Dr. Rao will rattan resources in the region, this work closely with Prof. A.N. Rao, an article will be of interest to all of Emeritus Professor who does not need us. Punya can be reached at the introduction to the Network, and myself following address if you wish to in coordinating the network activities. contact him for further information:

Dr Rao is the recipient of the 'Young Mr. Punya p. Poudyal Scientist Medal' ( 1982) by the Indian G.P.O. Box 4487 National Science Academy in recognition Kathmandu of his outstanding work in the area of NEPAL Plant Physiology. He was also selected as "Young Associate" (1983) of the The last announcement concerns the Indian Academy of Sciences in recogni latest Network publication on "A Guide tion of outstanding contributions in to the Collection of Bamboo" which is biology. He is an outstanding scient enclosed. McClure originally publish ist and has over 30 refereed papers to ed this article in Chinese in 1941 and his credit in diverse areas of plant it was rediscovered by Prof. Krikorian physiology, biochemistry, genetics and.. of the State University of New York, tree improvement. He brings with him who got an English tran~lation done. not only a solid research background You will note that McClure's guidelines but also extensive experience in are as valid today as when they were organising scientific meetings/ first prepared. I hope you will all IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 2 August, 1989

enjoy reading this and Punya' s report is as follows: as much as I did. Bamboo Society of India With warmest regards to each and 23-24 Mezzanine Floor everyone of you. Jayanagar Shopping Ca~~>lex Bangalore-560011 INDIA C.B. Sastry In a large way, the IDRC Bamboo Rattan Network has promoted its formation for it was during the Third International Fellow Bamboo and Rattan Scientists, Bamboo Workshop held at Cochin that the proposal was first made. Amongst other things, the society aims to collect and I am delighted to be a part of the disseminate information, knowledge and Network and look forward to the data on bamboo research, utilization, pleasure of knowing all of you market and trade through bulletins and personally. As you would notice, I publications. It will also serve as an have plunged headlong into the Network advisory body to assist individuals and activities with my involvement in the institutions on aspects of bamboo latest Network publication. As one who research and extension-related has worked with bamboos for nearly a activities. decade now, I know we share similar interests. For me, it is an article of There is also some light at the other faith that good and more research on end of the tunnel. The proceedings of bamboos and rattans is the ultimate the Cochin Workshop on Bamboos are solution towards improving the quality taking shape. I have taken over as of life of millions of rural folk in senior editor and we are making all the Asian countries who depend on these efforts to see that the book is in your groups of plants for their livelihood. hands before the year is over.

Some good news from India! I am happy Best of luck! to inform you that the Bamboo Society of India has been constituted in February, 1989. The Society's address I. V. Ramanuja Rao IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 3 August, 1989

RATTAN AND BAMBOO RESOURCES AND 'l'HEIR UTILIZATION

IN 'l'HE soom PACIFIC

by Punya P. Poudyal

It is a great pleasure for me to avail this opportunity to prepare this guest newsletter. As a Nepalese Scientist/Forester and United Nations Volunteer, I have worked for 4 years in Western Samoa, another 4 years in Vanuatu, and a year in Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific.

The South Pacific extends over 29 million square kilometers with a land area of only about 500,000 sq. km. It is said (Anon. 1989) that there are about 2,000 different types of ecosystems in this region, which have supported the evolution of unique species and communities of plants and animals not found elsewhere in the world.

The maintenance of environmental quality and conservation of vital natural resources which support their lifestyle, are of great importance to the people of the island nations.

In this article I have covered bamboo and rattan growing in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji and only bamboo in Western Samoa, American Samoa, Cook Islands, Niue and New Caledonia.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA ( PNG)

PNG extends from the equator to 12°S latitude and from 141 to 160°E. longitude. The total land area is 461,690 square kilometers. The population in July 1983 was about 3,192,000. Port Moresby, the national capital, has a dry climate with a rainfall of 1,195mm per annum. However, there is a regular and generally high annual rainfall in PNG (average 2, OOOmm, maximum 5, 080mm per annum) . The average coastal temperature ranges between 21 oc to 32 . 2oC. The mountainous areas can be cool to very cold (Carter, 1984).

About 40 million hectares of land are covered by the rain forest in PNG (Anon 1988c). A considerable amount of rattan is said to occur in 19 million ha. of forest. Since the "land" belongs to the tribes, the plants also belong to them. Hence, extraction of forest material must be consented to in advance by its owner. Species of trees, rattan, sandalwood, cinnamomum, etc. , .ar.e harvested on a commercial scale from the forest. PNG' s other items of export are: gold, copper, copra, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, rubber, tea, fish, etc. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 4 August, 1989

Rattan

There is no authentic report published on the total volume of rattan in PNG. Nevertheless, there certainly is considerable rattan in the forest with the coastal forests containing more rattan than in the mountains. Province-wise, the Gulf, East Sepik and Sandaun (West Sepik) provinces contain most of the stock.

Species

According to one report, "Rattans in Papuasia", there are 50 species of Calamus and two of Korthalsia available in PNG. Johns (1988) suggests 58 species of Calamus and two of Korthalsia, whereas Sabi ( 1987) recorded 50 species of Calamus. Essig reported 48 of Calamus and 2 of Korthalsia.

Companies

The Department of Forests has registered 36 companies (Anon. 1988a) to operate in rattan-processing. From the information available from the Division of Forest, Provincial Governments of the Gulf, Western, East Sepik and Sandaun provinces as well as from field visits, it was found that another 11 companies were in the process of registration, totalling 47. Similarly in 1988 the Department of Trade and Industry, Port Moresby, had issued licences to 30 companies (Anon. 1988b) to export rattan or rattan products. Through a telephone survey conducted in December 1988 it was determined that many of the processing and/or exporting companies had ceased their operation in rattan. Almost all were unanimous on two major issues:

1) The quality of PNG rattan was not good enough to meet the international standard, and

2) The local price was too high to compete in the international market.

The first issue, however, is controversial. Practically, none of the registered exporting companies, or other companies that export rattan, conduct any quality test in PNG. The lack of technical knowledge on different stages of processing prevents them from determining and maintaining the quality. Several tons of rattan were overtaken by vines on the drying stands in Aitape, Sandaun province because the overseas importer had cancelled his orders on the grounds of "inferior quality". Tons of dried rattan were attacked by fungus in the open yard for too long in Wewak, East Sepik province. Tjeong (1989) said that after importing two container-loads of rattan (about 13 tons), the IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 5 August, 1989

importer cancelled the order. Hence, he ordered his people to use the already harvested rattan as firewood in Angoram district, East Sepik province.

Depending upon the distance the companies collect rattan from and the price they pay to the land owners, the FOB per ton of rattan would be about US$450 (Quek, 1989). Another company (Jeppessen, 1988) demanded that the FOB should be US$800. But during the telephone survey most companies agreed that the appropriate FOB for one ton of PNG rattan would be between US$550 and US$650.

Export Volume

According to information received from the Department of Forests, Port Moresby, the export figure fo'r 1987 was about 700 metric tons. From the files in the Customs Offices in Port Moresby in January 1989 and in Lae thereafter, it became clear that about 1,500 metric tons of rattan was exported in 1988. Larger companies like PNG Rattan Pty Ltd had exported 544 tons between April and August (Murray, 1988), Dopto Kamula Business Group had exported about 500 metric tons in 1988 (Jeppessen, 1989), and Koei Trading Company had exported 75 metric tons of decorticated rattan (Kumagai, 1989). The importing countries were Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and the Philippines. About five smaller companies had exported smaller amounts of rattan to Singapore or Hongkong.

In 1987, Singapore imported 12 tons of rattan worth S$28,000 CIF from PNG (Anon. 1987).

Imports

PNG imported rattan furniture worth M$3,392 in 1985; M$17,763 in 1986; M$7,116 in 1987 and M$5,377 between Jan-April, 1988 (Anon. 1988d).

Major Problems a) Harvesting: There is a clear lack of knowledge on harvesting methods of rattan. Instead of harvesting only the mature canes, the land owners cut all available rattan including the young ones. This caused a great panic among the treating companies. Jeppessen (1988) said he had about 45 tons of young rattan in his yard; Quek (1988) said he used about 20 tons of young rattan as firewood. Virtually all treating. companies complained about landowners selling them young, immature canes. In December 1988, I prepared "Guidelines for Harvesting Rattan" in English and distributed a IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 6 August, 1989

copy each to all 19 radio stations requesting them to translate the paper into the lingua-franca of the province and broadcast it to develop public awareness on this matter. Several people wrote letters to me later requesting for related literature on harvesting and treating techniques. b) Fungus: The landowners do not treat freshly harvested rattan against fungus. They have been requested to use fungicides, and the procedure explained to them. c) Drying: After boiling the green canes in diesel oil and cleaning with saw dust or kerosene, the canes are dried over stands in the open. During the drying period rain can cause great havoc. Some companies (T.S.T. Rattan Co., Lae) are now using plastic coverings to protect the boiled can~s from being soaked in the rain. d) Fumigation: The Dopto Kamula Business Group has been seen fumigating bundles of rattan in open space to improve appearance of the epidermis. Otherwise, almost all companies seemed unaware about the advantages of fumigation. e) Price of canes: The price of green canes, number of canes in each bundle, etc., were understood to be under dispute between seller and buyer. Kumagai (1989) of Koei Trading Co. informed me that they were closing business and repatriating because, according to Kumagai, "it is too difficult to work". PNG Canda Pty Ltd of Laloki {near Port Moresby) also had complained about similar problems in May 1989.

Manufacturing Industries

There are five small-scale rattan furniture manufacturing and one basket making industries in PNG. These are located at Kerema in the Gulf, Giringarede and Balimo in the Western, Pes in the Sanduan, and Wewak in East Sepik Provinces.

Small-Scale Rattan Industry, Kerema

Kerema has six trained youths working full-time on furniture manufacturing. This industry does not have any technical supervisor to control the quality of the products. Hence, the products have a few minor defects. If these are eliminated and quality improved, the products can be sold easily in the PNG markets. It is administered by the Division of Commerce and Industry, Gulf Provincial Government. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 7 August, 1989

R.C. Mission Ca~e Industry, Pes

Situated about 20km from Aitape in the Sandaun Province, this industry was established by the Catholic missionaries in 1960. It has a large workshop and 24 members working full-time. It also has a fairly big showroom, which is packed with several varieties of rattan products, mainly lounge furniture. Although this is so far the largest centre in terms of building, manpower and products, it is not free from minor defects. The person in charge of this Centre was locally trained and appears to be less informed about international standards. If the existing defects are corrected then this Centre can easily obtain markets within PNG.

Cane Interiors, Wewak

This industry is administered by the East Sepik Provincial Government. It has two instructors, who had undergone a 2-month long study tour in Indonesia, and 4 other workers. This project needs to improve workshop-organisation designs, and other minor defects. Because the designs involved required a lot of bending, the product was labour intensive, more expensive and at places, a bit disproportionate. These problems slowed down the speed of production as well.

Giringarede and Balimo Rattan Industries

They are administered by the Division of Commerce, Trade and Industry, Western Provincial Government. Two brothers started manufacturing rattan furniture at Giringarede in the early 1950s. In the mid seventies, the programme was developed in an organised way. The Western Province authorities saw this project as a model for setting up similar small-scale industries in the district level. Hence, the provincial government established another centre in Balimo district.

The products of both these centres are displayed and sold in Daru, the provincial capital. However, there is need for better treatment of rattan, better designing, and correction of other minor defects. Transportation to the capital town is also a major problem for these two centres.

Malalaua Rattan Basketry Industry

This basketry industry is situated 60km east of Kerema in the Gulf Province. Since public transport is available a few times a day, transportation is not a big problem. This industry is run by Mr. Tony Blanco from the Philippines and produces laundry baskets, which, IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 8 August, 1989

according to Tony, sell like "he._ cakes" at Kerema. There were 26 teenagers working there during my visit. According to the instructor, 50% of the proceeds are given to the worker who prepared the given item (Blanco, 1988).

Badili Vocational Centre, Port Moresby

This Centre offers six different trades, rattan furniture-making being one of them. According to the Filipino manager (Rosales, 1988) they do not treat rattan against fungus or insects. Fortunately, there were no fungal stains visible on their rattan products. Their lounge chairs were of very good design and fin ish.

Potential for Further Development

Plenty of information has already been published about the prospect of rattan furniture in the international market as well as banning the exportation of raw rattan by several Southeast Asian countries, especially Indonesia. The government of Papua New Guinea also wants to follow suit. As a first step, it introduced a 10% export duty from 30 August 1988. However, exportation of raw rattan cannot be banned in the near future because:

1. There are no large-scale rattan processing or manufacturing industries in PNG.

2. The land ownership system the government cannot instruct the landowners to ban harvesting.

3. Logging operations are going on in about 24 sites. Rattan should not be allowed to be destroyed during logging. It is better to sell rattan and earn something rather than simply throwing them away.

4. The high rate of wages (5 kina per day, K1.00=US$1.15, early July 1989) even for a raw hand, the industrialists hesitate to invest large sums on a long-term basis.

5. With a higher production cost and a strong currency, the product will have a very tough time competing in the international market. The major markets for rattan products are in Australia, USA, Canada and Western Europe, and the customers will certainly compare the quality as well as the price structure of the products from different -countries. Because of the competition, the promoting of PNG rattan products will be difficult.

6. Lack of technology. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 9 August, 1989

As a rattan expert assigned to the PNG Forest Research Institute in Lae, I have suggested to the Secretary, Department of Forests, that the PNG government allow export of rattan for 5 years till 31 December 1993 during which time the local industrialists should be encouraged to establish manufacturing industries.

Research

The rattan research project in PNG was initiated by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in July 1987 and approved in August 1988. This project will undertake the following research studies (Anon. 1988c): a) A botanical and quantitative survey of rattan resource in PNG. Johns et al. (1988) have prepared a checklist of "56 described and several undescribed" species. b) Establish and maintain an arboretum to function as a seed and gene bank of native rattan species. c) Determine anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of selected canes having commercial value. d) Investigate and improve existing harvesting, transporting, processing and grading methods. e) Study socio-economic aspects of rattan resource development. f) Prepare a monograph on PNG rattans.

The project was launched in January 1989 for a duration of three years and is expected to be successfully completed by the end of 1991. The National Department of Forests and the University of Technology are conducting the above studies.

Bamboo

Holttum (1967) described 25 species of bamboos in 4 genera (Bambusa, Nastus, Racemobambus, Schizostachyum) in PNG. However, Dr. Watanabe of Kyoto University, Japan mentioned that several species have been introduced at the Botanical Garden in Lae. He said that with this introduction the total number of genera had increased to 7 and the number of species to 33.

Due to the easy availability of the mid ribs of sago palm (wood) in the coastal areas bamboo is not currently used in house construction. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 10 August, 1989

However, houses in the mountainous region are made of bamboo. Some tribes of East Sepik and North Solomon provinces use bamboo as blowing-musical instruments during their traditional dances. Some people eat the bamboo shoots. As in Western Samoa, Fiji and Vanuatu some people make bamboo cannon from the giant bamboo during the Christmas season. Bamboo is also grown as an ornamental plant in Lae. Bamboo handicraft, on the other hand, does not seem to have been introduced in PNG as yet.

VANUATU

Vanuatu, formerly New Hebrides, is located between 12 and 21°S latitude and 166 and 171°E longitude. The land area of the irregular Y-shaped nation of 80 or so islands is 11,880 square kilometers. Average rainfall in the capital Vila is about 2,300mm and 3,100mm at Luganville. Copra, cocoa, coffee, fish, beef and logs are the main i terns of export (Carter, 1984) . The population was estimated at 120,000 in mid-1981 (Anon., 1982).

Rattan

Pentecost, Maewo, Espiritu, Santo and Ambrym islands have more rattan than the Banks and Torres, Malekula and Efate Islands. It is understood that there is no rattan available in the islands south of the capital. Bennett (1983) mentioned the presence of Calamus rotang in the herbarium in Vila. Dransfield (1983) informed me that Beccari had recorded Calamus in Vanuatu in 1911. Poudyal ( 1983) recorded 4 different species in the Pentecost Island. They were: Volae Kolo (small cane), Volae Ago (yellow cane), Volae Bwevu (though large, it breaks very easily and is not suitable for bending; fruits edible), and Volae Boe (big cane, large and good for furniture making). However, these and other species have yet to be botanically identified.

Training Programme

The UNDP, ILO and the government jointly sponsored a rattan and bamboo project at Loltong in Pentecost Island in late 1982 for two years. A similar programme was launched at Luganville, Santo Island in late 1984. This project was funded by Australia, and the technical manpower input to run the programme was from the UNDP. Both these projects became financially viable within a very short period, suggesting that there was a great demand for rattan furniture there. Shibaleo (1988) wrote that the hurricane of January 1986 had badly damaged the Loltong project building {constructed with coconut trunks, bamboo and pandanus leaves) and eventually the tools were transferred to the Luganville IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 11 August, 1989

project. The bamboos (propagules as well as nodal cuttings) and rattan wildlings planted at the Loltong project compound were growing very well.

Vanuatu had imported 13 tons of rattan worth S$75,580 in 1986 (Anon. 1986) and 9 tons of rattan worth S$60,000 FOB from Singapore in 1987 (Anon. 1987).

Bamboo

Though 12 to 13 species of bamboos with local names and different vegetative characteristics are known, only Bambusa species, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Schizostachyum glaucifolium, and S. lima have been identified. Bamboo, especially ~ lima, is widely used in Vanuatu for constructing house walls.

FIJI

The Fiji archipelago, with a land area of 18,376 sq. km, contains several hundred large and small islands between 15° and 22°S latitude and 1770W and 175°E longitude (Carter, 1984). The population of Fiji was estimated at 650,000 in 1982 (Carter, 1984). Strong winds, excessive rainfall and hurricanes occasionally prove destructive in Fiji. Sugar, copra, rice, poultry, fish, ginger, pork, dairy products, cocoa, tobacco, passion fruit, citrus, beef, goats, sheep, timber etc., are Fiji's main products. Fiji excavates gold and copper as well.

Rattan

Strologo ( 1980) informed me in late 1980 that the Chinese government was sponsoring a rattan furniture-manufacturing training project and a similar project on bamboo in Fiji.

In November 1982, I had the priviledge of visiting both of these projects. My trip was sponsored by the UNDP and ILO, Suva.

The rattan furniture-manufacturing training project was established in Taveuni Island (the 180° International Date Line passes through Taveuni), and the bamboo furniture and basketry training project at Vunidawa, about 30km from Suva, the national capital. The major problems encountered by both these projects were:

1. Lack of communication between instructors and trainees (an interpreter was provided-in each Centre).

2. Treatment against fungus and pests. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 12 August, 1989

3. Designs.

4. Marketing of the products.

The genus Calamus is found in Fiji (Naidu, 1983). Fiji imported 10 pieces of rattan worth 760 pesos from the Philippines in 1982; 522 pieces worth 24,453 pesos in 1983 and 1,328 items worth 48,025 pesos in 1984 (Anon. 1985).

Bamboo

Though I have seen quite a number of bamboos in Fiji, the following genera and species are only recorded: Bambusa ~ Roxb., ~vulgaris Schrad, and Schizostachyum glaucifolium Munro (Naidu, 1983).

SOLOMON ISLAHDS

The Solomon Islands consists of a double chain of six large and many smaller islands between sa and 12as latitude and 155° and 170aE longitude. The total land area is 29,785 sq. km. with an estimated population of 248,000 in 1982. Rainfall averages between 3,000 to 3,500mm per annum, and the temperature, 26°C. Coconut and oil palms, forests, fisheries and minerals are the main resources {Carter, 1984).

Rattan

The rattan industry in the Solomon Islands is not fully developed and the resources are under-utilized. It is exporting an average of 10 container-loads of rattan per week (Anon. 1988e).

Kaemile {1983) wrote that a few species of the genus Calamus are found in the Solomon Islands.

Bamboo

Bambusa solomonensis, Nastus obtatus Holttum, and N. productus are found {Kaemile, 1983).

New Caledonia is located between 19° and 23°S latitude and 163° and 168aE longitude. The land

1,000mm in the West. Iron, chrome, cobalt, nickel, coffee and copra are the main resources (Carter, 1984).

Cherrier (1983) informed me the existence of the bamboos Greslania circinnata, G. montana, G. multiflora and G. rivularis in New Caledonia.

WES'l'KRN SAMOA

The records available in the Department of Agriculture (with correspondence dating back to mid-1950s with the U.S. Department of Agriculture; the South Pacific Commission, Noumea) provide a list of species introduced to Western and American Samoas. Some technical papers on bamboos by Dr. Floyd Alonzo McClure are also available. The botanical names of bamboos recorded in the two Samoas are: Bambusa textilis, ~ tuldoides, ~ ventricosa, Gigantochloa verticillata, ~ apus are recorded. However, Faga Ofe, Ofe Fiti, Ofe Fagota, Ofe Vai (common names) are yet to be identified (Dept. of Agriculture, Apia). Small bamboos are used as fishing rods, and bigger ones as props for banana and yam.

AMERICAN SAMOA

Bambusa polymoryha, B. tulda, Dendrocalamus aspera, D. giganteus, Gigantochloa apus, ~ levis, G. verticillata, Guadua angustifolia, Melocanna baccifera, and Phyllostachys bambusoides are recorded (Dept. of Agriculture, Apia).

NIUE

Correspondence with Mr Tafatu resulted in the supply of botanical names of bamboos for this tiny island nation situated south of the Samoas.

Bambusa malingensis McClure, ~ multiplex, ~ vulgaris var. Aureo variegata are recorded (Tafatu, 1979). It is not known in what ways the people in Niue use bamboos.

COOK ISLANDS

Dr Sykes from New Zealand kindly supplied me the name of the Cook Island bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris: recorded by Sykes, 1983). I was informed that the bamboo is used as a prop for banana and yam. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 14 August, 1989

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anon. Rattans of Papuasia. Spp. Anon. 1982. First Five Year Plan. National Planning and Statistics Office, Vila, Vanuatu. Anon. 1985. Philippine Exports of Rattan Furniture. RIC Bulletin 4 (3) : 8 - 9. Anon. 1986. Singapore Imports and Exports Of Rattan: January - August 1986. RIC Bulletin 5(3) : 11. Anon. 1987. Singapore Imports Of Rattan. RIC Bulletin 6 (3/4) : 18. Anon. 1987. Singapore Exports of Rattan. RIC Bulletin 6 (3/4) : 19. Anon. 1988a. List of Registered Rattan Companies {in Papua New Guinea). Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Anon. 1988b. Rattan Exporters. Department of Trade and Industry, Port Moresby. Anon. 1988c. Rattan (Research Project Proposal), IDRC. Anon. 1988d. Export of Rattan Furniture By Malaysia. RIC Bulletin 7 (1/2) : 12. Anon. 1988e. Brief Notes. RIC Bulletin 7(1/2) : 12. Anon. 1989. SPREP Makes Considerable Progress With Implementation of Action Strategy For Protected Areas. Tiger Paper 16(1) : 26 - 30. Bennett, Martin 1983. Former Principal Forest Officer, Vila, Vanuatu. Personal communication. Blanco, Tony. 1988. Manager, Malalaua Rattan Basketry Industry. Conversation. Carter, John (Editor). 1984. Pacific Islands Year Book. 15th Edition. Pacific Publications, Sydney: New York. 557 pp. Cherrier, J.F. 1983. Le Chef du Service des Forets et du Patrimoine Naturel, Noumea, New Caledonia. Personal communication. Dransfield, Dr John. 1983. Rattan Taxonomist, Kew, U.K. Personal communication. Essig, Frederick B. The Palm Flora of New Guinea: A Preliminary Analysis. Botany Bulletin No. 9. Office of Forests, Division of Botany, Lae, PNG. 10-13 p. Holttum, R.E. 1967. Bamboos of New Guinea, Kew Bulletin 21 (2) : 267- 292. Johns, R.J. and S. Zibe. 1988. Checklist of the Species of Calamus and Korthalsia in Papuasia. Unpublished paper submitted to IDRC, Singapore. 14 pp. Johns, R.J. and A.J.M. Hay. 1984. A Guide to the Monocotyledons of Papua New Guinea. Part 3. 195 - 318 p. Jeppessen, B. 1988/1989. Manager, Dopto Kamula Business Group, Lae, PNG. Conversation. Kaemile, Philip 1983. Ministry of Home Affairs, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Personal communication. IDRC B/R Newsletter No. 9 15 August, 1989

Kumagai, Joe. 1989. Manager, Koei Trading Co., Lae, PNG. Conversation. Murray. 1988. Manager, PNG Rattan Pty Ltd, Port Moresby. Personal communication. Naidu, N. 1983. Botanist, Nausori, Fiji. Personal communication. Poudyal, Punya. 1983. Rattans in the Pentecost Island, Vanuatu. RIC Bulletin 2(3) : 1-2. Quek, C.T. 1988/1989. Manager, LAESIN International, Lae, PNG. Personal communication. Rosales, Pedro. 1988. Manager, Badili Vocational Centre, Port Moresby. Conversation. Sabi, James Aus. 1987. Rattans in Papua New Guinea. RIC Bulletin 6 ( 2) : 4. Sabi, James Aus. 1987. A Study of the Basic Biology and Propagation of Rattans. Final Year Project. PNG University of Technology, Lae, PNG. 28 pp. Shibaleo. Andrew. 1988. Instructor, Rattan Project, Santo, Vanuatu. Personal communication. Strologo, Della. 1980. Senior Industrial Development Field Advisor, UNIDO. Conversation. Sykes, Dr W.R. 1983. DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand. Personal communication. Tafatu, Morris H. 1979. Director, Department of Agriculture, Alofi, Niue. Personal communication. Tjeong, Robert. 1989. Manager, Moniwok Co., Wewak, PNG. Conversation. Watanabe, Dr Masatoshi. 1988. Kyoto University, Japan. Personal communication.

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