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The Effect of Target Demographics and Emotional Intelligence on Workplace Bullying

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The Effect of Target Demographics and Emotional Intelligence on Workplace Bullying Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2016 The ffecE t of Target Demographics and Emotional Intelligence on Workplace Bullying Richard P. Himmer Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Richard P. Himmer has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. John Schmidt, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Vincent Fortunato, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Thomas Edman, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Abstract The Effect of Target Demographics and Emotional Intelligence on Workplace Bullying by Richard P. Himmer MS, Walden University, 2013 MBA, City University, 1992 BA, Brigham Young University, 1983 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Organizational Psychology Walden University May 2016 Abstract Workplace bullying has escalated among U.S. workers, and aside from its mental and physical toll, it can affect productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. Researchers have identified the primary causes of workplace bullying as envy, leadership disregard, a permissive climate, organizational culture, and personality traits. This non experimental, quantitative study investigated the predictors of workplace bullying at the target level, and specifically examined if target EI, age, gender, and/or race/ethnicity predicts experienced workplace bullying. Participants (N = 151) 18 years or older with one year of work experience were recruited from the WBI database, a newspaper column, public presentations, and a blog. Participants completed the Negative Acts Questionnaire to assess experienced workplace bullying, the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Short Form) to assess EI, and a demographic questionnaire. A Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses. Global trait EI and the 4 trait EI factors of well-being, self-control, emotionality, and sociability were not statistically significantly related to workplace bullying. Further, EI, age, gender, and race/ethnicity were also not related to workplace bullying. Further research is suggested, to include examining organizational effects on workplace bullying. The implications for social change it that resources currently allocated for target can be more appropriately directed toward supervisors and the organization’s culture. The Effect of Target Demographics and Emotional Intelligence on Workplace Bullying by Richard P. Himmer MS, Walden University, 2013 MBA, City University, 1992 BA, Brigham Young University, 1983 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Organizational Psychology Walden University May 2016 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Cheri, for enduring the past years with few date nights and a husband constantly occupied with schoolwork, research, and a dissertation. I am grateful to my boys, Abram and Samuel, for being patient with their father’s constant focus on schoolwork while they were watching movies, playing games, doing homework, and wishing that I would come out and play. I extend my gratitude to my three older sons, Charles, Andrew, and Stuart, for being great examples and supporting me in the process. I’m grateful to my mother, Sharon L. Himmer, for raising me. Emotional intelligence is not a construct that a 10-year-old boy contemplates, but as a father of five boys, I stand in awe of my father, the late Captain Lawrence Himmer, for exemplifying the qualities of leadership and emotional intelligence. I wish to acknowledge Dr. Christopher Slaughter for his constant support and the many hours of study that we shared, especially his insightful comments as my dissertation came to an end. I am grateful to Dr. John Schmidt for his direction and guidance. Thank you to Dr. Fortunato and Dr. Edman for being on my committee. Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................... 2 Workplace Bullying Defined ........................................................................................ 4 Effects of Bullying ........................................................................................................ 6 Target Characteristics ............................................................................................. 7 Bully Characteristics ............................................................................................... 9 Emotional Intelligence .......................................................................................... 10 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 12 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 12 Nature of the Study ..................................................................................................... 13 Research Questions and Hypotheses .......................................................................... 14 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................... 15 Workplace Bullying .............................................................................................. 15 Emotional Intelligence Theory ............................................................................. 16 Definitions................................................................................................................... 17 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 18 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................... 19 Assumptions ................................................................................................................ 19 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 20 i Summary ..................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 2: Review of Literature ....................................................................................... 24 Literature Search Strategy and Focus ......................................................................... 25 Workplace Bullying Defined ...................................................................................... 26 History of Bullying Research ...................................................................................... 28 Prevalence of Workplace Bullying ............................................................................. 30 Consequences of Bullying .......................................................................................... 32 Theoretical Foundation of Workplace Bullying ......................................................... 35 Targets ......................................................................................................................... 38 Demographic Characteristics of Targets ............................................................... 38 Personality Characteristics of Targets .................................................................. 40 Other Characteristics of Targets ........................................................................... 42 Bullies ......................................................................................................................... 42 Bully Profiles ........................................................................................................ 44 Process of Bullying ............................................................................................... 46 History and Definition of EI ....................................................................................... 50 Ability Model ........................................................................................................ 52 Trait Model ........................................................................................................... 53 Mixed Model ......................................................................................................... 54 EI Theory .............................................................................................................
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