World Scripts (Background Paper) John Clews
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Section 14.4, Phags-Pa
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
The Ogham-Runes and El-Mushajjar
c L ite atu e Vo l x a t n t r n o . o R So . u P R e i t ed m he T a s . 1 1 87 " p r f ro y f r r , , r , THE OGHAM - RUNES AND EL - MUSHAJJAR A D STU Y . BY RICH A R D B URTO N F . , e ad J an uar 22 (R y , PART I . The O ham-Run es g . e n u IN tr ating this first portio of my s bj ect, the - I of i Ogham Runes , have made free use the mater als r John collected by Dr . Cha les Graves , Prof. Rhys , and other students, ending it with my own work in the Orkney Islands . i The Ogham character, the fair wr ting of ' Babel - loth ancient Irish literature , is called the , ’ Bethluis Bethlm snion e or , from its initial lett rs, like “ ” Gree co- oe Al hab e t a an d the Ph nician p , the Arabo “ ” Ab ad fl d H ebrew j . It may brie y be describe as f b ormed y straight or curved strokes , of various lengths , disposed either perpendicularly or obliquely to an angle of the substa nce upon which the letters n . were i cised , punched, or rubbed In monuments supposed to be more modern , the letters were traced , b T - N E E - A HE OGHAM RU S AND L M USH JJ A R . n not on the edge , but upon the face of the recipie t f n l o t sur ace ; the latter was origi al y wo d , s aves and tablets ; then stone, rude or worked ; and , lastly, metal , Th . -
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. -
Early-Alphabets-3.Pdf
Early Alphabets Alphabetic characteristics 1 Cretan Pictographs 11 Hieroglyphics 16 The Phoenician Alphabet 24 The Greek Alphabet 31 The Latin Alphabet 39 Summary 53 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS 1 / 53 Alphabetic characteristics 3,000 BCE Basic building blocks of written language GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 2 / 53 Early visual language systems were disparate and decentralized 3,000 BCE Protowriting, Cuneiform, Heiroglyphs and far Eastern writing all functioned differently Rebuses, ideographs, logograms, and syllabaries · GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 3 / 53 HIEROGLYPHICS REPRESENTING THE REBUS PRINCIPAL · BEE & LEAF · SEA & SUN · BELIEF AND SEASON GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 4 / 53 PETROGLYPHIC PICTOGRAMS AND IDEOGRAPHS · CIRCA 200 BCE · UTAH, UNITED STATES GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 5 / 53 LUWIAN LOGOGRAMS · CIRCA 1400 AND 1200 BCE · TURKEY GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 6 / 53 OLD PERSIAN SYLLABARY · 600 BCE GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 7 / 53 Alphabetic structure marked an enormous societal leap 3,000 BCE Power was reserved for those who could read and write · GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 8 / 53 What is an alphabet? Definition An alphabet is a set of visual symbols or characters used to represent the elementary sounds of a spoken language. –PM · GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 9 / 53 What is an alphabet? Definition They can be connected and combined to make visual configurations signifying sounds, syllables, and words uttered by the human mouth. -
Two Letter English Abbreviations
Two Letter English Abbreviations Zealous Andrzej palpate, his shandy forefeeling enrobe wittingly. Lathy Pail sometimes rebuffs any figureheadsmangonel regulated soothsays negatively. unsparingly, Tawdriest he validate Ole dumfounds so counter. lawlessly while Xever always obnubilate his Clearly identify mistakes to be regarded as well as part of style is where as ngo and english letter Past simple or more, germans found what causes confusion with a validation rule that. Another principle is to minimize confusion with other words or abbreviations. This got it obligatory to clearly, two letter word becomes shorter terms may apply to rsvp you add two strokes coming from the second letter. Thank you want to the end with other journals require periods in english equivalent which are two letter english abbreviations: when only one long, embedding an affinity for. Definition of english, just one name, just for market activity from opposite directions in contrast, two letter english abbreviations are. Speaking letters or for bilingual use this list of the. Neither one word has worked with. It is not forget to win me the cow does anyone have you to use the like defusing a currency in. Learning the nuances of English makes it a difficult language But specify that's keep true has many languages There is also two-letter transfer in. When people in some packaging since he pursued with friends in a ad free! If they are so you use details from the client or abbreviation of english letter abbreviations! Abbreviations in the world war ii to language as an acronym abbreviated cu, such as a question, monovalent and scientific research institute of. -
Exploring the Linguistic Influence of Tibet in Ladakh(La-Dwags)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kobe City University of Foreign Studies Institutional Repository 神戸市外国語大学 学術情報リポジトリ Exploring the linguistic influence of Tibet in Ladakh(La-dwags) 著者 Namgyal Tsetan journal or Journal of Research Institute : Historical publication title Development of the Tibetan Languages volume 49 page range 115-147 year 2013-03-01 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1085/00001408/ Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.ja -RXUQDORI5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH9RO ([SORULQJ WKH /LQJXLVWLF ,QIOXHQFH RI 7LEHW LQ /DGDNK /DGZDJV 7VHWDQ1DPJ\DO -DZDKDUODO1HKUX8QLYHUVLW\ ,QWURGXFWLRQ /DQJXDJH LVWKHHVVHQFHRINQRZOHGJHDQGWKHOLIHIRUFHRIKXPDQNLQG ,W VHUYHVDVWKHPHGLXP RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQVRFLHW\DQGRWKHUVRFLDOGRPDLQV DQG GHWHUPLQHVRQH¶VFXOWXUHLQUHODWLRQ WRWKH ZRUOG$VWKH QRWHG7LEHWDQVFKRODU=KDQJWRQ7HQSD*\DWVR ± VWDWHG³,WLV JRRG WR OHDUQ DOO ODQJXDJHV EXW IRUJHWWLQJ DQG LJQRULQJ RQH¶V RZQ ODQJXDJH LV D VKDPH´ 5HJDUGLQJ WKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHIRUWXQDWHO\WKHDJHROGLQGLJHQRXV7LEHWDQVFULSW LQZKLFKWKH HQWLUH %XGGKLVW VFULSWXUHV DQG RWKHU UHODWHG OLWHUDWXUH DUH ZULWWHQ KDV EHHQ SUHVHUYHG 7KLV ODQJXDJH LQWURGXFHGGXULQJWKHUHLJQRI(PSHURU6RQJWVHQ*DPSR ± $' LV EDVHG RQWKH,QGLFVFULSW ,QVSLWHRID GHFOLQHLQLWVJUDPPDWLFDOXVDJHRYHU WKHODVWVL[GHFDGHV RZLQJ WRSROLWLFDOXSKHDYDOWKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHDOVRNQRZQDV%KRWL RU%RGKL UHPDLQV RQHRIWKH PRVWLPSRUWDQWODQJXDJHV RI&HQWUDO$VLD,QDGGLWLRQWKHODQJXDJHKDVEHFRPHZHOO NQRZQIRU LWVVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUG WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIKXPDQVRFLHW\ -
Learning to Serve and to Roam You Could Ask Almost Any Tibetan
CHAPTER FIVE LEARNING TO SERVE AND TO ROAM You could ask almost any Tibetan secondary student in Tibet or the diaspora where the writing system for Tibetan came from and they would tell you the story of King Songtsen Gampo and his seven ministers. While it is unclear if this story recounts actual events, it is the most well known account regarding the origins of the Tibetan writing system and as such is part of Tibetans’ collective memory. Through its retelling to successive generations of Tibetan children, it has helped to shape ideologies of lit- eracy by linking the writing system to Tibetan religion and the Tibetan nation-state. In this version of the origination story, King Songtsen Gampo, the sixth century ruler of Tibet, is credited with having sent seven government min- isters to India with the mission of bringing back a writing system that could be used to translate Buddhist texts into Tibetan. These ministers, however, met with many hardships while in India. Six of the ministers succumbed to illness or disease, leaving Thonmi Sambhota the sole minis- ter to return to Tibet with the writing system they had developed from the Indian Devanagari script. So famous is the story of this perilous journey and successful return that a statue of Thonmi Sambhota today stands in the main courtyard at the Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences in Lhasa. Outside the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in McLeod Ganj, there is a mural depicting him sitting cross-legged writing the Tibetan alphasyllabary1 on parchment. The story of the Tibetan script, King Songtsen Gampo, and Thonmi Sambhota, however, is more than just a tale of adventure and adversity. -
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading Brett Kessler and Rebecca Treiman doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.1 Draft of a chapter to appear in: The Oxford Handbook of Reading, ed. by Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman. ISBN 9780199324576. Abstract An understanding of the nature of writing is an important foundation for studies of how people read and how they learn to read. This chapter discusses the characteristics of modern writing systems with a view toward providing that foundation. We consider both the appearance of writing systems and how they function. All writing represents the words of a language according to a set of rules. However, important properties of a language often go unrepresented in writing. Change and variation in the spoken language result in complex links to speech. Redundancies in language and writing mean that readers can often get by without taking in all of the visual information. These redundancies also mean that readers must often supplement the visual information that they do take in with knowledge about the language and about the world. Keywords: writing systems, script, alphabet, syllabary, logography, semasiography, glottography, underrepresentation, conservatism, graphotactics The goal of this chapter is to examine the characteristics of writing systems that are in use today and to consider the implications of these characteristics for how people read. As we will see, a broad understanding of writing systems and how they work can place some important constraints on our conceptualization of the nature of the reading process. It can also constrain our theories about how children learn to read and about how they should be taught to do so. -
Computers and the Thai Language
[3B2-6] man2009010046.3d 12/2/09 13:47 Page 46 Computers and the Thai Language Hugh Thaweesak Koanantakool National Science and Technology Development Agency Theppitak Karoonboonyanan Thai Linux Working Group Chai Wutiwiwatchai National Electronics and Computer Technology Center This article explains the history of Thai language development for computers, examining such factors as the language, script, and writing system, among others. The article also analyzes characteristics of Thai characters and I/O methods, and addresses key issues involved in Thai text processing. Finally, the article reports on language processing research and provides detailed information on Thai language resources. Thai is the official language of Thailand. Certain vowels, all tone marks, and diacritics The Thai script system has been used are written above and below the main for Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages in Bud- character. dhist texts all over the country. Standard Pronunciation of Thai words does not Thai is used in all schools in Thailand, and change with their usage, as each word has a most dialects of Thai use the same script. fixed tone. Changing the tone of a syllable Thai is the language of 65 million people, may lead to a totally different meaning. and has a number of regional dialects, such Thai verbs do not change their forms as as Northeastern Thai (or Isan; 15 million with tense, gender, and singular or plural people), Northern Thai (or Kam Meuang or form,asisthecaseinEuropeanlanguages.In- Lanna; 6 million people), Southern Thai stead, there are other additional words to help (5 million people), Khorat Thai (400,000 with the meaning for tense, gender, and sin- people), and many more variations (http:// gular or plural. -
A New Database for Online Handwritten Mongolian Word Recognition
2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) Cancún Center, Cancún, México, December 4-8, 2016 A New Database for Online Handwritten Mongolian Word Recognition Long-Long Ma, Ji Liu, Jian Wu National Engineering Research Center of Fundamental Software Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, P. R. China {longlong, wujian}@iscas.ac.cn Abstract—A new online handwritten Mongolian word studied lately field. Researchers from only several institutes are database, MRG-OHMW, is introduced in this paper. This devoted to related work. Gao et al. [1] presented a statistical database contains 946 Mongolian words produced by 300 persons and structural recognition method for printed Mongolian from Mongolian ethnic minority. These Mongolian words are character recognition. Batsaikhan et al. [2] used multilayer composed of one to fourteen Mongolian characters, and selected perceptron classifier to recognize noisy Mongolian characters from large-scale Mongolian text corpus according to the with single font. Two-stage classification method based on frequencies of usage. The current version of this database is glyph segmentation was used to enhance Mongolian character collected using Anoto pen on paper. The database is further recognition performance [3]. A segmentation-based approach annotated using Mongolian word-level string alignment strategy. segments classical Mongolian words into several GUs (Glyph We partition the samples into training and test sets, and evaluate Unites) and then recognizes the GUs [4]. These GUs are the database using the CNN-based recognizer as a baseline. Experimental results reveal a big challenge to higher recognition combined to form word recognition results. Multi-font printed performance. To our knowledge, MRG-OHMW is the first Mongolian documents are recognized by integrating character publicly available database for online handwritten Mongolian segmentation and character recognition with support mixed research. -
The Origin of the Alphabet: an Examination of the Goldwasser Hypothesis
Colless, Brian E. The origin of the alphabet: an examination of the Goldwasser hypothesis Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente Vol. 12, 2014 Este documento está disponible en la Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina, repositorio institucional desarrollado por la Biblioteca Central “San Benito Abad”. Su objetivo es difundir y preservar la producción intelectual de la Institución. La Biblioteca posee la autorización del autor para su divulgación en línea. Cómo citar el documento: Colless, Brian E. “The origin of the alphabet : an examination of the Goldwasser hypothesis” [en línea], Antiguo Oriente : Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 12 (2014). Disponible en: http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/revistas/origin-alphabet-goldwasser-hypothesis.pdf [Fecha de consulta:..........] . 03 Colless - Alphabet_Antiguo Oriente 09/06/2015 10:22 a.m. Página 71 THE ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET: AN EXAMINATION OF THE GOLDWASSER HYPOTHESIS BRIAN E. COLLESS [email protected] Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand Summary: The Origin of the Alphabet Since 2006 the discussion of the origin of the Semitic alphabet has been given an impetus through a hypothesis propagated by Orly Goldwasser: the alphabet was allegedly invented in the 19th century BCE by illiterate Semitic workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines of Sinai; they saw the picturesque Egyptian inscriptions on the site and borrowed a number of the hieroglyphs to write their own language, using a supposedly new method which is now known by the technical term acrophony. The main weakness of the theory is that it ignores the West Semitic acrophonic syllabary, which already existed, and contained most of the letters of the alphabet. -
On the History of Thai Scripts Hans Penth
Dr. Hans Penth giving his address to the audience or the Oriental Dr. Navavan Bandhumedha talking about the different Tai Hotel on 10 July 1986. Languages at the Oriental Hotel on 10 July 1986. On the History of Thai scripts Hans Penth (From lecture delivered during a meeting of groups were living scattered over a vast area, that the Siam Society, held at the Oriental Hotel, on borrowing of local Man letters by local Thai groups Thursday, 10 July 1986) had the effect to produce, right from the outset, a number of slightly different local proto-Thai scripts Dr. Pe nth pointed out in his introductory which were spread out over a large geographical remarks that the history of the alphabets used by area. the Thais throughout Southeast Asia was still insufficiently known but there were many theories. (3) In the decades around 1300 A.D., efforts He hoped he would be excused if he too come up to reform the old proto-Thai script were made in with certain ideas concerning the origin and both Sukhothai and Chiang Mai. These efforts mark development of the scripts used by tlie Thais, from the turning point from proto-Thai script to modern Assam in the west to Tongking in the east, and from Thai script. Yunnan in the north to Thailand in the south, and (4) Also during the decades before or around referred listeners for further information to his article 1300 A.D., the Thais of Sukhothai and the Thais included in H.R.H. Galyani Vadhana's book on of Chiang Mai did something else that was identical: Yunnan.