Eastern Australia Tropical Rainforests

Home , Broad Sound (Queensland), Furina, Upstart Bay

Conservation Management Zones of Australia

Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands

Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

Image Credits Front Cover: Wanggoolba Creek, Fraser Island – Peter Lik Page 4: Glass House Mountains National Park – Peter Lik Page 10: Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) – Dan Lunney Page 15: Kenilworth State Forest – Peter Lik Page 18: Up Hill Inlet, Whitsunday Island – Ben Southall, Tourism and Events Queensland Page 20: Nangur spiny skink (Nangura spinosa) – Steve Wilson Page 21: Proserpine Rock-Wallaby (Petrogale persephone) – Briony Masters, Copyright The State of QLD (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection) Page 23: Mary River Turtle (Elusor macrurus) – Chris Van Wyk Page 24: Forest Kingfisher Todiramphus( macleayii) – JJ Harrison Page 27: Green Turtle Hatchlings (Chelonia mydas), Heron Island – Darren Jew Page 33: Kondalilla National Park, Blackall Range – Peter Lik Page 34: Eucalyptus woodlands with tussock grass (Eucalyptus platyphylla) – J. Wrigley Page 35: Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey – Annie Kelly, QLD Herbarium Page 36: Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey – Tim Ryan, QLD Herbarium Page 37: Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey (Eucalyptus hallii) – Tim Ryan, QLD Herbarium Page 38: Tropical or sub-tropical rainforest, Mary Cairncross Reserve – Bidgee Page 39: Melaleuca open forests and woodlands, broad leaf tea-tree (Melaleuca viridiflora) woodlands – Neisha Burton Back Cover: Wanggoolba Creek, Fraser Island – Peter Lik

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Contents

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ��2 Introduction ��2 Zone at a glance ��3 Population characteristics ��6 Employment, volunteering and incomes ��9 Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ��11 Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas �� 13 Zone vegetation characteristics �� 14 Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands �� 16 World and National Heritage �� 18 Major National Reserve System properties �� 19 EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities �� 20 EPBC Act (1999) threatened species �� 21 EPBC Act (1999) migratory species �� 26 Threatened endemic species �� 28 Invasive species ��30 Vegetation profiles and management recommendations �� 33

Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Zone at a glance

Area of zone: Population density: 8,206,132 hectares

% of Australia: 25.68 people 1.07% per square kilometre

Zone population characteristics Zone employment characteristics 2,000,000 1,851,036 5.1%

1,500,000

1,000,000 Number of people

500,000

0 otal T er 65 Ov a second language English as

ndigenous 94.9% I outh (15–24) Y

Employed Unemployed

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Major cities and towns Population Top five agricultural commodities Value (millions) Other broadacre crops Bundaberg 69,805 $593 Gladstone 44,355 (including sugar cane) Vegetables for consumption $425 Hervey Bay 50,431 Mackay 81,594 Beef $233 Maryborough 21,801 Fruit $233 Rockhampton 77,704 Poultry $169 Sunshine Coast 285,169 Total value of agricultural commodities (including other $1,882 Townsville 171,971 commodities not listed here)

Regional centres Population Climate characteristics* Airlie Beach – Cannonvale 7,869 Mean annual temperature 21.3 Celsius Ayr 8,392 Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 30.4 Celsius Bangara – Innes Park 10,048 Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 9.7 Celsius Beerwah 4,336 Mean Annual Rainfall 1083.4 mm Bongaree-Woorim 17,068 Bowen 8,599 Dominant rainfall season Summer Gympie 17,283 * The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Nambour 16,251 Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? Palmwoods 4,091 International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), Sandstone Point – Ningi 8,038 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package). Yeppoon 15,124 For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/

Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions South East Queensland Catchments QLD Burnett Mary Regional Group QLD for Natural Resource Management Fitzroy Basin Association Inc QLD Reef Catchments QLD NQ Dry Tropics Inc QLD

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Native Title area National Reserve System area

11%

0.5%

89% 99.5%

Native Title area Other area NRS area Other area

Native vegetation clearance level Number of threatened species by class

6 5 7 1 15 1 37.4%

62.6% 111

Cleared (ha) Uncleared (ha) Plants Birds Mammals Reptiles Frogs Fish Sharks Insects Other

Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species

Vulnerable species 114

Endangered species 73

Critically endangered species 8

Conservation dependent 2

Migratory species 83

Threatened ecological communities 8

01938577695 114

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Population characteristics

Population

Population by age group Indigenous population by age group

2% 15% 20% 20%

39%

13%

19% 33%

19% 20%

0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Farmer and farm managers by age group Gender of farmers and farm managers

14% 23% 2% 2,097

5,278

61%

15–24 years 25–39 years Male Female 40–64 years 65 years and over

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Languages spoken at home English 88.61% Other languages 5.84% Not stated 5.39%

Non-English languages spoken at home* Indigenous languages spoken at home**

6.26% 17.25%

0.91% 1.81% 0.48% 15.37% 1.62% 0.48% 0.02% 0.77% 42.93%

18.73% 51.27%

14.54% 0.48% 2.54%

8.40% 12.35% 3.80%

Northern European Arnhem Land and Daly River Region Languages (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch) Yolngu Matha Southern European Cape York Peninsula Languages Eastern European Torres Strait Island Languages Central Asian, Turkic, Iranic and Semitic Western Desert Language Southern Asian, Dravidan and Indo-Ayran Kimberley Area Languages South-East Asian Other Australian Indigenous Languages East Asian Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ** Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census American (Indigenous) that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. African Paci c / Oceanic Sign language * Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Education

Highest level of educational attainment Highest level of educational attainment – total population – Indigenous community

50% 45%

40%

40% 35%

30% 30% 25%

20% 20% 15%

10% 10% 5%

0% 0% l l e e e e w w ve ve Le Le ti cat ti cat /Not stated /Not stated ti cate ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 ears 11 and 12 Y Y Cer Cer ears 10 or belo ears 10 or belo Y Y Diploma and Diploma and School School nadequately described nadequately described I I School School No Educational Attainment No Educational Attainment Bachelor Degr Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer Diploma & Graduate Cer P P 15–24 years 25–39 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Highest level of educational attainment Post-school qualication types* – farmers and farm managers 80,000 70% 70,000

60% 60,000

50% 50,000

40% 40,000

30,000 30% 20,000 20% 10,000 10% 0 0% l e e w ve 65 years Le ti cat and above /Not stated 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 Y Cer ears 10 or belo Y Natural and Physical Sciences Diploma and School

nadequately described Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies I School

No Educational Attainment Health and education Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer

P Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts 15–24 years 25–39 years Information Technology, Management 40–64 years 65 years and over and Commerce and service industries

* Please note, this table omits quali cations of mixed eld, quali cations that are not adequately described, and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali cation or are not applicable (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali cation). Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Employment status of general population* Employment by industry

100%

9% 9% 80% 3% 2% 60% 2% 18% 17% 40%

20%

0% 15% 19% 65 years

and above 6% 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old

Employed Agriculture, forestry and sheries Unemployed Mining Not in labour force or not stated Manufacturing Utilities, construction and transport Employment* Please note the %status gures are of relative general to each population* of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are Employmentaggregates of the following status Au ofstra Indigenouslian Bureau of Statis population*tics categories: Employed = Employed full-time;Health, Employed Social par Assistance,t-time; Education and training and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time 100%100% Public administration and safety work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the populationWholesale that is not and of r etail trade 80% working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for Serthisvices report, 80%as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population. Food, accommodation, arts and recreation Unknown/not stated 60%60%

40%40%

20%20%

0% 0% 65 years 65 years and above and above ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous I I I I 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old 15–24 years old 40–64 years old 25–39 years old

EmployeEmployed d UnemployeUnemployed d Not Notin labour in labour force fo orrce not or statednot stated * Please note the % gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Volunteering Income

Volunteering rates Total household income (% of households)*

80%

70% 11.4%

60% 20.7% 4.2% 50%

40% 13.5% 30%

20%

10%

65 years 50.3% and above 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

Not a volunteer Under $20,800 $20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999 Volunteer Over $104,000 Not Stated/Partially Stated Not stated or not applicable * Please note these gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome. nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430 In the 2011–12 nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax Oset. Human Services applied the following de nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Number of people employed in agriculture, shing, forestry and downstream industries

Agricultural industries (production) 13,138

Agriculture downstream industries – including services, 19,696 food and beverage)

Fishing industry, including production and downstream seafood processing 1,241 and wholesaling Forestry industry, including production, logging, sawmilling 6,103 and downstream wood and paper product manufacturing

Agricultural commodity values

Value of agricultural commodities^ $600

$500

$400

$300 illions M

$200

$100

$0 y y rk ool ruit ops Ha Po F Beef Nuts Eggs W Dair Lamb e cr or seed or grain Oilseeds oadacr Cereals for grain egume f or consumption L egetables f V ther br O Nurseries and cut owers egetables f V

^ Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced. The value estimates in this publication are derived by the multiplication of price and quantity estimates of agricultural commodities. Price information is estimated based on the average unit value of a given commodity realised in the market place. For more information please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/7503.0Explanatory%20Notes12010-11?OpenDocument

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

Feral animal control* Native vegetation protection and regeneration* (% of agricultural holdings) (% of agricultural holdings) 100% 9%

90% 8% 80% 7% 70% 6% 60% 5% 50% 4% 40% 30% 3% 20% 2% 10% 1%

0% 0% e ol tio n ther O essur ral goats Fe eral animals cluding stock of f No management ther (unspeci ed ) Managing weeds eral animal contr f O Stopping mechanical or chemical destruc Reducing grazing pr encing o /ex F

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

Sought advice when adopting Sources of advice**^ native vegetation management**

24.59% s s s s s s s No No No No No No No Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye 75.41% oup oup gion nment ch and ver tion gr e or farmer rmer gr Go Resear Fa A/NRM re tension o cer oduc ex CM pr ivate consultant or agribusiness agent eers or neighbours Landcar employed facilitator P Pr

Yes No elopment Corporation Dev

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only. ^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice. For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf

12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Land tenure Land use

4% 3% 18% 16.9% 5% 1% 6% 2%

14.6% 0.8% 2% 20% 59%

47.8%

Crown Land – Private – Leased Grazing Native Vegetation Crown Land – Public Conservation and Natural Environments Crown Land – Public – Leased Production Forestry (native vegetation) Crown Land – Unknown – Leased Production from Irrigated Agriculture and Plantations Freehold – Unknown Water (natural) No Data/Unknown Industry, Residential, Services and Mining Plantation Forestry Other Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx

Indigenous Land Councils North Queensland Aboriginal Land Council: www.nqlc.com.au

Native Title and Traditional Owners Traditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of zone Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee The Quandamooka People 20,829 0.25 Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC Juru (Cape Upstart) People Kyburra Munda Yalga Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 8,572 0.1 The Jinibara People Jinibara People Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC 6,274 0.08 Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee The Quandamooka People 4,506 0.05 Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC Source: The Native Title Tribunal Register, October 2013. For more information please refer to: http://www.nntt.gov.au/Pages/Searchportal.aspx

13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Local Government Areas Local Government Areas Banana Shire QLD Mackay Regional QLD Bundaberg Regional QLD Moreton Bay Regional QLD Burdekin Shire QLD Noosa Shire QLD Central Highlands Regional QLD North Burnett Regional QLD Charters Towers Regional QLD Redland City QLD Fraser Coast Regional QLD Rockhampton Regional QLD Gladstone Regional QLD Somerset Regional QLD Gympie Regional QLD Sunshine Coast Regional QLD Isaac Regional QLD Townsville City QLD Livingstone Shire QLD Whitsunday Regional QLD

Zone vegetation characteristics

Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone 40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% , s ey ey ey ey ey est ests or or e, sand ests with ests with or or Mang rove and woodlands opical rainf est or tall closed , claypan, mudat -tr or ck Naturally bar a grassy understor ro a shrubby understor a shrubby understor Melaleuca open f Melaleuca and Banksia) with a grassy understor a tussock grass understor Eucalyptus woodlands with Eucalyptus woodlands with w closed f Eucalyptus open woodlands Eucalyptus open f Eucalyptus open f shrublands (including Acacia, Lo opical or sub Tr

Pre 1750 percentage of CMZ area Present day percentage of CMZ area

14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands

Ramsar wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Bowling Green Bay QLD 33,913 Great Sandy Strait (including Great Sandy Strait, Tin Can Bay QLD 24,893 and Tin Can Inlet). Moreton Bay QLD 51,003 Shoalwater and Corio Bays Area QLD (Shoalwater Bay Training Area, (Australian 57,249 For more information on Ramsar please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our- in part – Corio Bay) Government) environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands

Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Abbot Point – Caley Valley QLD 4,911 1, 2, 3, 5 Barrattas Channels Aggregation QLD 7,118 1, 2, 3, 5 Bowen River: Birralee – Pelican Creek QLD 1,186 1, 2, 3, 5 Bowling Green Bay QLD 30,547 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Bribie Island QLD 9,924 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Broad Sound QLD 106,759 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Broken River, Urannah Creek QLD 6,046 1, 2, 3, 5 and Massey Creek Aggregation Burdekin-Bowen Junction and QLD 3,196 1, 2, 3, 5 Blue Valley Weir Aggregation Burdekin – Townsville Coastal Aggregation QLD 43,143 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Burdekin Delta QLD 27,341 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Burrum Coast QLD 10,688 1, 2, 3 Bustard Bay Wetlands QLD 10,887 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Colosseum Inlet – Rodds Bay QLD 13,121 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Coolum Creek and Lower Maroochy River QLD 1,872 1, 3, 5, 6 Corio Bay Wetlands QLD 4,890 1, 2, 3, 5 Deepwater Creek QLD 6,441 1, 2, 3, 5 Dismal Swamp – Water Park Creek QLD 11,694 1, 2, 3, 5 Edgecumbe Bay QLD 3,487 1, 3, 5 Eungella Dam QLD 797 1, 2, 3 Fitzroy River Delta QLD 60,919 1, 2, 3, 6 Fitzroy River Floodplain QLD 19,483 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Four Mile Beach QLD 1,888 1, 3 Fraser Island QLD 162,494 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Granite Creek QLD 2,806 1, 2, 3, 5 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park QLD 53,137 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Great Sandy Strait QLD 28,318 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Hedlow Wetlands QLD 11,093 1, 2, 3 Island Head Creek – Port Clinton Area QLD 17,749 1, 2, 3, 5 Jerona Aggregation QLD 2,371 1, 2, 3, 5 Lake Coombabah QLD 1,821 2, 3, 5 Lake Weyba QLD 2,701 1, 2, 3,5 Lower Mooloolah River QLD 1,410 1, 3, 5 Moreton Bay QLD 33,435 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Noosa River Wetlands QLD 9,909 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 North Stradbroke Island QLD 27,008 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Northeast Curtis Island QLD 7,186 1, 2, 3, 5 Pine River and Hayes Inlet QLD 2,003 1, 2, 3, 6 Port Curtis QLD 14,158 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Proserpine – Goorganga Plain QLD 14,161 1, 2, 3, 5 Pumicestone Passage QLD 2,412 1, 2, 4, 5 Ross River Reservoir QLD 2,784 1, 2, 3 Sand Bay QLD 3,387 1, 2, 3, 5 Sandringham Bay – Bakers Creek Aggregation QLD 3,285 1, 2, 3, 5 Sarina Inlet – Ince Bay Aggregation QLD 13,470 1, 2, 3, 5 Shoalwater Bay QLD 41,304 1, 2, 3, 4 Shoalwater Bay Training Area Overview C QLD 219,841 1, 2, 3, 5 Southern Upstart Bay QLD 10,978 1, 2, 3, 5 St Helens Bay Area QLD 7,146 1, 2, 3, 5 The Narrows QLD 16,396 1, 2, 3, 6 Upper Pumicestone Coastal Plain QLD 2,583 2, 3, 5, 6 Wide Bay Military Training Area C QLD 19,596 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Wongaloo Swamps Aggregation QLD 1,510 1, 2, 3 Yeppoon – Keppel Sands Tidal Wetlands QLD 8,418 1, 3, 5

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria: 1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia. 2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex. 3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail. 4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa. 5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level. 6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands World and National Heritage

Heritage Heritage values World or National type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone Great Barrier Reef World and National Natural QLD 195,482 2.38 Fraser Island World and National Natural QLD 166,811 2.03 Glass House Mountains National Natural QLD 1,866 0.02 National Landscape Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Major National Reserve System properties

Major National Reserve System properties IUCN Name Property type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone category Great Sandy National Park II QLD 223,099 2.72 Eungella National Park II QLD 60,027 0.73 Bowling Green Bay National Park II QLD 57,230 0.70 K roombit Tops National Park II QLD 33,232 0.40 Bulburin National Park II QLD 32,601 0.40 Bania National Park II QLD 32,531 0.40 Conway National Park II QLD 32,058 0.39 Burrum Coast National Park II QLD 25,899 0.32 Eurimbula National Park II QLD 23,216 0.28 Whitsunday Islands National Park II QLD 17,048 0.21 Wrattens National Park II QLD 17,036 0.21 Moreton Island National Park II QLD 16,610 0.20 Homevale National Park II QLD 15,683 0.19 Byfield National Park II QLD 14,847 0.18 Homevale Resources Reserve VI QLD 13,067 0.16 Dryander National Park II QLD 11,669 0.14 Wongi National Park II QLD 10,995 0.13 Bribie Island National Park II QLD 8,967 0.11 Castle Tower National Park II QLD 8,744 0.11 Cape Upstart National Park II QLD 8,578 0.10

The IUCN categories are as follows: Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories Ib Wilderness Area classify protected areas according to their II National Park management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as III Natural Monument or Feature the United Nations and are utilised by many IV Habitat/Species Management Area national governments, including the Australian V Protected Landscape/ Seascape Government, as the global standard for VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources defining and recording protected areas.

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/ For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities

Threatened ecological communities Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone** Broad leaf tea-tree (Melaleuca viridiflora) woodlands in high rainfall coastal Endangered 42.13 1.32 north Queensland Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia Critically Endangered 29.37 32.42 Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Critically Endangered 28.76 0.13 Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia Natural Grasslands of the Queensland Central Endangered 5.33 5.47 Highlands and the northern Fitzroy Basin Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) Endangered 4.79 0.16 and Nandewar Bioregions Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla Endangered 0.96 0.15 dominant and co-dominant) Weeping Myall Woodlands Endangered 0.56 4.64 White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Critically Endangered 0.21 0.60 Derived Native Grassland * % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed underThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened species

Threatened mammals % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Proserpine Rock-wallaby Petrogale persephone Endangered 99.81 0.48 Water Mouse, False Water Rat, Yirrkoo Xeromys myoides Vulnerable 26.61 9.66 Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable 11.38 23.93 Koala (QLD, NSW and QLD) Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable 8.16 41.54 Spotted-tailed Quoll or Yarri (Nth QLD) Dasyurus maculatus gracilis Endangered 4.97 0.90 Northern Quoll Dasyurus hallucatus Endangered 3.96 29.35 Spectacled Flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus Vulnerable 2.66 2.21 Saccolaimus saccolaimus Critically Bare-rumped Sheathtail Bat 2.04 8.17 nudicluniatus Endangered Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus philippinensis Endangered 1.62 0.68 Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Quoll, Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Endangered 0.33 0.70 Tiger Quoll (SE mainland) Northern Bettong Bettongia tropica Endangered 0.09 0.01 Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat, Hipposideros semoni Endangered May be May be Greater Wart-nosed Horseshoe-bat present present May be May be Large-eared Pied Bat, Large Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri Vulnerable present present May be May be Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland) Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Vulnerable present present May be May be South-eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus corbeni Vulnerable present present May be May be New Holland Mouse, Pookila Pseudomys novaehollandiae Vulnerable present present May be May be Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata Vulnerable present present Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Endangered n/a n/a Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Vulnerable n/a n/a Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis Endangered n/a n/a

21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Threatened birds % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Critically Yellow Chat (Dawson) Epthianura crocea macgregori 100 0.21 Endangered Black-breasted Button-quail Turnix melanogaster Vulnerable 26.32 45.17 Black-throated Finch (southern) Poephila cincta cincta Endangered 25.11 19.76 Squatter Pigeon (southern) Geophaps scripta scripta Vulnerable 17.36 75.76 Coxen’s Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni Endangered 13.95 0.41 Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus Vulnerable 7.95 99.53 Star Finch Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda Endangered 6.48 32.06 Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 5.76 13.70 Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus Endangered 2.97 1.74 Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 2.32 10.46 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 1.51 3.30 Masked Owl (northern) Tyto novaehollandiae kimberli Vulnerable 1.23 5.49 Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered 1.12 3.25 Australian Fairy Tern Sternula nereis nereis Vulnerable 0.27 0.19 White-capped Albatross Thalassarche cauta steadi Vulnerable 0.01 0.64 Southern Cassowary (Australian) Casuarius casuarius johnsonii Endangered 0.01 0.001 Tristan Albatross Diomedea exulans exulans Endangered n/a n/a Kermadec Petrel (western) Pterodroma neglecta neglecta Vulnerable n/a n/a Gibson’s Albatross Diomedea exulans gibsoni Vulnerable n/a n/a Antipodean Albatross Diomedea exulans antipodensis Vulnerable n/a n/a Salvin’s Albatross Thalassarche cauta salvini Vulnerable n/a n/a Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta cauta Vulnerable n/a n/a Thalassarche Campbell Albatross Vulnerable n/a n/a melanophris impavida Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Vulnerable n/a n/a White-bellied Storm-Petrel Fregetta grallaria grallaria Vulnerable n/a n/a Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita Endangered n/a n/a Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Endangered n/a n/a Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli Vulnerable n/a n/a Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Vulnerable n/a n/a Diomedea Southern Royal Albatross Vulnerable n/a n/a epomophora epomophora Critically Herald Petrel Pterodroma heraldica n/a n/a Endangered * % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Threatened reptiles % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink Coeranoscincus reticulatus Vulnerable 100 0.04 Mary River Turtle, Mary River Tortoise Elusor macrurus Endangered 93.62 0.65 Critically Nangur Spiny Skink Nangura spinosa 75.97 0.07 Endangered Dunmall’s Snake Furina dunmalli Vulnerable 11.97 1.33 Collared Delma Delma torquata Vulnerable 8.35 1.02 Ornamental Snake Denisonia maculata Vulnerable 5.28 4.63 Yakka Skink Egernia rugosa Vulnerable 3.01 2.97 Olive Ridley Turtle, Pacific Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Endangered 0.07 1.69 Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Vulnerable 0.04 1.76 Flatback Turtle Natator depressus Vulnerable 0.04 1.80 Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Vulnerable 0.03 1.80 Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Endangered 0.03 1.77 Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Endangered 0.03 1.70

23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Other threatened fauna % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Eungella Day Frog Taudactylus eungellensis Endangered 100 3.62 Kroombit Tinker Frog, Critically Taudactylus pleione 99.21 0.25 Pleione’s Torrent Frog Endangered Honey Blue-eye Pseudomugil mellis Vulnerable 99.01 0.23 Wallum Sedge Frog Litoria olongburensis Vulnerable 82.22 3.44 Oxleyan Pygmy Perch Nannoperca oxleyana Endangered 67.32 0.38 Mary River Cod Maccullochella mariensis Endangered 56.4 1.08 Australian Lungfish, Queensland Lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri Vulnerable 38.6 1.92 Pink Underwing Moth Phyllodes imperialis smithersi Endangered 12.18 0.33 Giant Barred Frog, Southern Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus Endangered 10.7 1.24 Critically Mitchell’s Rainforest Snail Thersites mitchellae 1.46 0.01 Endangered Lace-eyed Tree Frog, Australian Lacelid Nyctimystes dayi Endangered 0.19 0.04 Fleay’s Frog Mixophyes fleayi Endangered 0.05 0.00 May be May be Common Mistfrog Litoria rheocola Endangered present present Green Sawfish, Dindagubba, May be May be Pristis zijsron Vulnerable Narrowsnout Sawfish present present School Shark, Eastern School Shark, Conservation Galeorhinus galeus n/a n/a Snapper Shark, Tope, Soupfin Shark Dependent Conservation Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii n/a n/a Dependent Black Rockcod, Black Cod, Epinephelus daemelii Vulnerable n/a n/a Saddled Rockcod Whale Shark Rhincodon typus Vulnerable n/a n/a Carcharias taurus Critically Grey Nurse Shark (east coast population) n/a n/a (east coast population) Endangered Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Vulnerable n/a n/a

24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** None Alectryon ramiflorus Endangered 100 0.19 Bulberin Nut, Bulburin Nut Tree Macadamia jansenii Endangered 100 0.04 Holly-leaved Graptophyllum, Graptophyllum ilicifolium Vulnerable 100 0.13 Mt Blackwood Holly Penda, Southern Penda, Luya’s Hardwood Xanthostemon oppositifolius Vulnerable 100 0.77 Velvet Hopbush Dodonaea rupicola Vulnerable 100 0.08 Bacon Wood, Tulip Siris Archidendron lovelliae Vulnerable 100 0.35 None Ozothamnus eriocephalus Vulnerable 100 2.16 Mount Beerwah Mallee Eucalyptus kabiana Vulnerable 100 0.02 None Neoroepera buxifolia Vulnerable 100 0.75 None Medicosma obovata Vulnerable 100 0.12 Key’s Boronia Boronia keysii Vulnerable 100 0.10 None Capparis thozetiana Vulnerable 100 0.61 None Allocasuarina thalassoscopica Endangered 100 0.04 None Fontainea rostrata Vulnerable 100 1.76 Glen Geddes Bloodwood Corymbia xanthope Vulnerable 100 0.92 None Medicosma elliptica Vulnerable 100 0.13 Goodwood Gum Eucalyptus hallii Vulnerable 100 0.91 None Aristida granitica Endangered 100 0.01 None Neisosperma kilneri Vulnerable 100 0.53 Byfield Matchstick Comesperma oblongatum Vulnerable 99.99 0.06 Swamp Daisy, Water Daisy Olearia hygrophila Endangered 99.95 0.05 Swamp Stringybark Eucalyptus conglomerata Endangered 99.91 0.31 Emu Mountain Sheoak Allocasuarina emuina Endangered 99.9 0.29 Three-veined Hakea Hakea trineura Vulnerable 99.85 0.76 Wallum Leek-orchid Prasophyllum wallum Vulnerable 99.73 0.12 None Acacia attenuata Vulnerable 98.83 1.94 None Germainia capitata Vulnerable 98.76 3.71 None Pimelea leptospermoides Vulnerable 98.56 1.03 Wedge-leaf Tuckeroo Cupaniopsis shirleyana Vulnerable 96.8 20.14 None Phaius bernaysii Endangered 95.41 0.32 None Pultenaea setulosa Vulnerable 94.98 0.89 None Omphalea celata Vulnerable 92.53 15.94 Mt Larcom Silk Pod Parsonsia larcomensis Vulnerable 92.42 0.89 None Plectranthus omissus Endangered 85.08 0.28 Veiny Graptophyllum Graptophyllum reticulatum Endangered 84.99 0.22 None Apatophyllum olsenii Vulnerable 80.98 0.24

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone. The above species are listed under TheEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species

Migratory birds Migratory birds Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Spectacled Monarch Monarcha trivirgatus Marsh Sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis Cyclopsitta diophthalma Little Greenshank Coxen’s Fig-Parrot coxeni Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Latham’s Snipe, Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Gallinago hardwickii Japanese Snipe Wedge-tailed Puffinus pacificus Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Shearwater Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Great Egret, Ardea alba White-throated White Egret Hirundapus caudacutus Needletail Flesh-footed Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Shearwater, Fleshy- Puffinus carneipes White-bellied footed Shearwater Haliaeetus leucogaster Sea-Eagle Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Rostratula benghalensis White-capped Painted Snipe Thalassarche steadi (sensu lato) Albatross Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Little Curlew, Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Numenius minutus Little Whimbrel Tristan Albatross Diomedea dabbenena Oriental Plover, Charadrius veredus Streaked Shearwater Puffinus leucomelas Oriental Dotterel Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Lesser Sand Plover, Charadrius mongolus Little Tern Sterna albifrons Mongolian Plover Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Greater Sand Plover, Charadrius leschenaultii Large Sand Plover Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida Red Knot, Knot Calidris canutus Salvin’s Albatross Thalassarche salvini Sanderling Calidris alba Brown Booby Sula leucogaster Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Southern Diomedea epomophora Royal Albatross (sensu stricto) Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Diomedea exulans Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Wandering Albatross (sensu lato) Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta Sarus Crane Grus antigone Tasmanian Shy Albatross (sensu stricto) Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Gibson’s Albatross Diomedea gibsoni

26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Other migratory species Common name Scientific name Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni Dugong Dugong dugon Dusky Dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus Flatback Turtle Natator depressus Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella brevirostris Killer Whale, Orca Orcinus orca Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth Dermochelys coriacea Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Olive Ridley Turtle, Pacific Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark Lamna nasus Salt-water Crocodile, Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis Whale Shark Rhincodon typus

For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/migratory-species

27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Threatened endemic species

Threatened endemic species Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Crabs, Yabbies, Critically Euastacus bindal Recorded in reserves n/a Isopods and Allies Endangered Crabs, Yabbies, Critically Euastacus eungella Recorded in reserves n/a Isopods and Allies Endangered Crabs, Yabbies, Tenuibranchiurus glypticus Recorded in reserves n/a Endangered Isopods and Allies Frogs Cophixalus macdonaldi Recorded in reserves n/a Endangered Mammals Petrogale persephone Recorded in reserves Endangered Endangered Molluscs Signepupina coxeni Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Molluscs Bentosites macleayi Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Molluscs Offachloritis dryanderensis Recorded in reserves n/a Vulnerable Molluscs Setomedea nudicostata Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Plants Acianthus ledwardii Recorded in reserves Extinct n/a Not recorded Plants Phaius bernaysii Endangered n/a in reserves Plants Prasophyllum wallum Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Olearia hygrophila Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Macrozamia lomandroides Recorded in reserves Endangered Endangered Plants Macrozamia longispina Recorded in reserves n/a Near Threatened Plants Macrozamia parcifolia Recorded in reserves Vulnerable Vulnerable Plants Acacia attenuata Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Archidendron lovelliae Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Allocasuarina thalassoscopica Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Omphalea celata Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Neoroepera buxifolia Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Corymbia xanthope Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Xanthostemon oppositifolius Recorded in reserves Vulnerable Endangered Not recorded Plants Aristida granitica Endangered n/a in reserves Plants Macadamia jansenii Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Triunia robusta Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Boronia keysii Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Plants Medicosma obovata Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Not recorded Plants Zieria bifida Endangered n/a in reserves Plants Alectryon ramiflorus Recorded in reserves Endangered Endangered Plants Dodonaea rupicola Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a

28 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Concentrations of unreserved endemic species

0 50 100 200 Kilometres

Data Sources: - All biodiversity data have been derived from the Australian Natura l Heritage Assessment Tool, which includes species location records from Australian museums, Australian herbaria, Birds Australia, CSIRO, state and territory governments and other sources. Concentration of endemics - Weighted endemism / richness scores are calculated for all species within a specified group with the exception of vascular plants (includes Australian Natural Heritage 1 only 75 families) and vertebrates (does not include fish species). Assessment Tool For a full list of taxa included in ANHAT see 2 www.environment.gov.au/heritage/index.html Eastern Australia Tropical 3 - 4 - Drainage and waterbodies have been derived from the Geoscience Rainforests CMZ Australia GEODATA TOPO 10M 2002 5 - 6 - Locality data have been derived from the Geoscience Australia GEODATA TOPO 10M 2002 data layer Concentrations of unreserved 7 - 8 endemic species 9 - 30 Caveat: While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and completeness, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken by the Eastern Australia tropical rainforests Commonwealth for errors or omissions and the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility in respect of any information or advice given CMZ Boundaries in relation to, or as a consequence of, anything contained herein. Parks and Reserves Produced by: The Department of the Environment. © Commonwealth of Australia 2008

The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts. Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-natural-heritage-assessment-tool

29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Invasive species

Invasive mammals Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 1.06 98.8 Pig Sus scrofa 2.3 98.4 Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 1.26 94.8 Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 1.4 93.7 House Mouse Mus musculus 2.02 87.5 Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 2.26 68.6 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 3.07 63.7 Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 3.6 48.9 Brown Hare Lepus capensis 3.92 47.5 Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 5.92 13.7 Feral deer species in Australia Feral deer 2.77 12.9 Horse Equus caballus 0.69 12.4 Goat Capra hircus 0.25 6.6

Other invasive fauna Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cane Toad Rhinella marina 4.2 98.8 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 2.55 91.9 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata 25.23 81.7 Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 2.5 77.6 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 7.11 72.2 Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 2.29 60.3 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 4.68 40.4 Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 5.54 34.9 Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus 10.4 28.5 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 0.56 6.1 Mourning Gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris 20.76 4.7 Flowerpot Blind Snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus 3.79 2.6 Brahminy Blind Snake, Cacing Besi Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 0.2 2.2 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 1.94 1.9 Red Junglefowl, Domestic Fowl Gallus gallus 4.04 0.02

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

30 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana camara 16.69 99.14 Lantana, Red Flowered Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage Parthenium Weed, Bitter Weed, Parthenium hysterophorus 12.46 93.24 Carrot Grass, False Ragweed Rubber Vine, Rubbervine, India Rubber Vine, India Rubbervine, Palay Rubbervine, Cryptostegia grandiflora 10.2 84.53 Purple Allamanda Hymenachne, Olive Hymenachne, Water Stargrass, West Indian Grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis 25.89 71.19 West Indian Marsh Grass Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Salvinia molesta 18.77 70.88 Watermoss, Kariba Weed Cotton-leaved Physic-Nut, Bellyache Bush, Cotton-leaf Physic Nut, Jatropha gossypifolia 8.3 40.53 Cotton-leaf Jatropha, Black Physic Nut Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn, Parkinsonia aculeata 2.08 40.18 Jelly Bean Tree, Horse Bean Chrysanthemoides Bitou Bush, Boneseed 5.74 39.47 monilifera Prickly Acacia, Blackthorn, Vachellia nilotica 5.4 36.72 Prickly Mimosa, Black Piquant, Babul Prickly Acacia Acacia nilotica subsp. indica 2.53 35.47 Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 4.27 19.77 Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Watershield, Fish Grass, Washington Grass, Watershield, Cabomba caroliniana 15.46 19.31 Carolina Fanwort, Common Cabomba Cat’s Claw Vine, Yellow Trumpet Vine, Dolichandra unguis-cati 27.08 18.74 Cat’s Claw Creeper, Funnel Creeper Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily Eichhornia crassipes 11.64 13.33 Chrysanthemoides Bitou Bush 15.86 12.97 monilifera subsp. rotundata Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera cordifolia 11.36 12.90 Anredera, Gulf Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine Mesquite, Algaroba Prosopis spp. 1.6 11.77 Climbing Asparagus-fern Asparagus plumosus 18.88 7.48 Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus Protasparagus plumosus 18.88 7.48 Pond Apple, Pond-apple Tree, Alligator Apple, Bullock’s Heart, Cherimoya, Annona glabra 17.12 7.34 Monkey Apple, Bobwood, Corkwood

31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Senecio madagascariensis 3.96 7.08 Madagascar Groundsel Salix spp. except Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy S.babylonica, 0.76 6.08 Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow S.x calodendron & S.x reichardtii Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 0.56 5.68 Delta Arrowhead, Arrowhead, Sagittaria platyphylla 4.1 4.22 Slender Arrowhead Asparagus Fern, Ground Asparagus, Basket Fern, Sprengi’s Fern, Bushy Asparagus aethiopicus 11.04 4.16 Asparagus, Emerald Asparagus Climbing Asparagus, Asparagus africanus 26.66 4.02 Climbing Asparagus Fern Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides 3.62 3.55 Mimosa, Giant Mimosa, Giant Sensitive Plant, ThornySensitive Plant, Black Mimosa, Mimosa pigra 2.58 3.08 Catclaw Mimosa, Bashful Plant Gamba Grass Andropogon gayanus 2.25 2.54 African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 0.07 0.46 Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides 0.04 0.39 Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato Weed, White Nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium 0.06 0.11 Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry, Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple, Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo Asparagus Fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern Asparagus scandens 0.26 0.06 Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 0 0.05 Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Pinus radiata 0.01 0.04 Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine Genista sp. X Broom 0.01 0.04 Genista monspessulana

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone. For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

38.4%

61.18% 23.5% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus platyphylla; Eucalyptus drepanophylla; Eucalyptus crebra; Corymbia clarksoniana; Eucalyptus melanophloia; Corymbia citriodora; Corymbia tessellaris; y

Corymbia dallachiana; Acacia flavescens; Melaleuca -1750 Pre viridiflora; Heteropogon triticeus; Mnesithea rottboellioides; esent da Themeda triandra; tussock grass. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase high Limit and exclude Do not plant Maintain and protect Mow/slash quality remnants grazing during trees/shrubs into paddock trees, sporadically and in a into reservation and drought or when good condition as they provide mosaic pattern after sites, which should encourage uptake native ground linkages within the native understorey be capable of of conservation cover is in flower natural regeneration. landscape for wildlife. has set seed. agreements or seed. Planting disturbs and covenants on compositional If few mature Hand pulling, private land. Maintain 80% balance and trees with hollows spot spraying and groundcover; natural succession are present, weed wiping Maintain buffers of 10cm sward patterns. provide both are appropriate native vegetation height minimum at bird and arboreal weed control Plant native, around remnants. all times. indigenous species mammal nesting measures. only if the site shows boxes. Monitor Prevent firewood Fence outside no signs of natural these regularly Prevent weed collection and bush canopy dripline regeneration. Plant for pest species. introduction through rock removal. of paddock trees and shrubs at adopting good trees to allow the same density If fallen timber has hygiene measures Retain standing regeneration. evident in local, been removed and minimising soil dead trees and good quality grassy from remnant sites, disturbance. woodland sites. fallen timber. Avoid cultivation, add coarse woody ripping, excavation, Don’t stockpile Use high quality seed, debris (e.g. recycled and herbicide of local provenance untreated timbers) to topsoil within and pesticide if possible. provide habitat. remnant areas. application in, or near, remnants. Don’t allow the Monitor and manage remnant to become densities of Eastern overly shrubby. Avoid soil Grey Kangaroos. compaction from vehicles/machinery or stock camps.

34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

21.6%

56.01% 12.1% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Corymbia citriodora; Corymbia intermedia; Eucalyptus pilularis; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Eucalyptus crebra; Acacia aulacocarpa; Lophostemon confertus; Jacksonia scoparia; y

Imperata cylindrica; Enteropogon unispiceus; Themeda -1750 Pre triandra; Bothriochloa decipiens; tussock grass. esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect remnants from clearing.

Protect hollow-bearing trees.

Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.

35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

8.1%

5.8% 71.96% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus siderophloia; Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus portuensis; Lophostemon confertus; Corymbia tessellaris;

Corymbia intermedia; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Eucalyptus y

racemosa; Eucalyptus propinqua; Eucalyptus microcorys; -1750 Pre

Allocasuarina torulosa; Acacia aulacocarpa; Alphitonia esent da excelsa; Maytenus silvestris; Themeda triandra; Imperata Pr cylindrica; Lepidosperma laterale; tussock grass; sedge.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect remnants from clearing.

Protect hollow-bearing trees.

Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.

36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey

Change in extent

6.4%

58.54% 3.8% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus drepanophylla; Eucalyptus crebra; Corymbia tessellaris; Eucalyptus racemosa; Eucalyptus moluccana;

Eucalyptus latisinensis; Corymbia gummifera; Melaleuca y

viridiflora; Allocasuarina torulosa; Acacia leiocalyx; -1750 Pre

Banksia integrifolia; Daviesia umbellulata; Banksia robur; esent da Micromyrtus littoralis; Themeda triandra;heath shrub; Pr cycad; grass-tree; tussock grass.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Manage grazing Allow natural of conservation practices, regeneration agreements including through and covenants avoiding fencing and on private land. high-intensity stock exclusion. set stocking. Protect from Replant where firewood Avoid fertiliser appropriate, harvesting. drift from using adjacent crops locally-sourced Protect and pastures. seed. paddock trees.

37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Tropical or sub-tropical rainforest vegetation profile

Change in extent

5.1%

67.62% 3.5% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Argyrodendron polyandrum; Araucaria cunninghamii; Croton arnhemicus; Terminalia sericocarpa; Waterhousea floribunda;

Paraserianthes toona; Cryptocarya hypospodia; Alyxia ruscifolia; y

Eugenia reinwardtiana; Cryptocarya triplinervis; Diospyros geminata; -1750 Pre

Cryptocarya laevigata; Cleistanthus cunninghamii; Carissa ovata; esent da Asplenium attenuatum; Gahnia aspera; tree; fern; vine. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Ensure that Increase Exclude fire. Implement of conservation livestock are connectivity staged removal agreements excluded from between Discourage of camphor laurel and covenants. remnants, remnants. the use of fire (Cinnamomum through exclusion as a means to camphora). Create buffer fencing or Patches of the control lantana zones around other barriers. Lowland or other Avoid clearing remnants near Rainforest weeds in or camphor development and Manage any ecological near to rainforest laurel using agricultural areas. adverse effects community remnants. heavy machinery. on groundwater should be Fence off and altered considered Ensure that Manage weeds. remnants adjacent managed fires fire potential a priority Monitor for early to residential due to nearby for conservation and, where areas and limit possible, wildfires weed detection eucalypt funding. and eradication. access for plantations. do not enter vehicles and pets. Plant local buffer zones indigenous around remnants. Protect rainforest species, fallen timber, especially key paddock trees canopy and large trees. tree species. Purchase important areas that link patches into reservation.

38 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Melaleuca open forests and woodlands vegetation profile

Change in extent

4.8%

57.6% 2.8% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Melaleuca quinquenervia; Melaleuca viridiflora; Melaleuca leucadendra; Melaleuca bracteata; Eucalyptus bancroftii;

Eucalyptus latisinensis; Melastoma affine; Banksia robur; Baccharis y

halimifolia; Pteridium esculentum; Blechnum indicum; Schoenus -1750 Pre brevifolius; Fimbristylis ferruginea; tussock grass; fern; sedge. esent da Pr Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Maintain a Do not place Identify Protect from Avoid soil Control exotic Develop and 40 metre artificial watering appropriate illegal wildlife disturbance pests (such implement minimum buffer or feeding points intensity and harvesting and increased as goats, pigs suitable hygiene zone around within remnants interval of from orchid and soil fertility. and feral horses). protocols to remnants fire to promote butterfly protect sites zone around Manage vegetation collectors. Manage weeds Manage the from potential vegetation. forestry practices regeneration. including coastal brown outbreaks of (especially pine) Epiphytes on snakeweed, ant, which is myrtle rust Purchase to minimise Fires that occur Broad leaf rat’s tail, sensitive displacing native remnants too early or too (Uredo rangelii). potential invasion tea-tree weed (Mimosa ants, particularly of Broad leaf frequently impact tea-tree of remnants from on the diverse trunks including pudica), urena the native (Melaleuca neighbouring ground layer, the tea-tree burr, Chinese golden ant that viridiflora) plantations. simplifying the orchid and burr, spiny sida, plays a vital role woodlands into structure. button orchid thatch grass, in survival of Manage grazing reservation. are targeted Guinea grass and the ant plant practices and Absence of fire is as well as the Sida rhombifolia. and the Apollo Encourage uptake stocking detrimental and ant plant which jewel butterfly. of conservation rates. leads to is also cut open Avoid adverse agreements vegetation impacts from Protect from in order to and covenants. becoming take the larvae chemicals or other chemical dominated by of the Apollo mechanisms Monitor spray drift. rainforest jewel butterfly. to manage weeds. and protect from species and run-off, salinity shrubby species. and pollution. Provide maps Protect from of known small-scale occurrences clearing and to local fragmentation and state Rural of remnants. Fire Services.

39 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Notes

40 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands Notes

41 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Eastern Australia Tropical Forests and Woodlands ALC100.0915