United States In cooperation with Department of Louisiana Agricultural Agriculture Experiment Station

Soil Conservation Service Parish, Louisiana

Summary of Tables

Temperature and precipitation (table 1) ...... 110

Freeze dates in spring and fall (table 2)...... 11 1 Probability. Temperature.

Growing season (table 3)...... 11 1

Suitability and limitations of map units on the general soil map for major land uses (table 4) ...... 1 12 Percent of area. Cultivated crops. Pasture. Woodland. Urban uses. Intensive recreation uses.

Acreage and proportionate extent of the soils (table 5) ...... 116 Acres. Percent.

Prime farmland (table 6)...... 117

Land capability classes and yields per acre of crops and pasture (table 7). .. 118 Land capability. Corn. Soybeans. Common bermudagrass. Improved bermudagrass. Bahiagrass.

Woodland management and productivity (table 8)...... 120 Ordination symbol. Management concerns. Potential productivity. Trees to plant.

Recreational development (table 9)...... 124 Camp areas. Picnic areas. Playgrounds. Paths and trails. Golf fairways.

Wildlife habitat (table 10) ...... 127 Potential for habitat elements. Potential as habitat for- Openland wildlife, Woodland wildlife, Wetland wildlife.

Building site development (table 11) ...... 129 Shallow excavations. Dwellings without basements. Small commercial buildings. Local roads and streets. Lawns and landscaping.

Sanitary facilities (table 12) ...... 132 Septic tank absorption fields. Sewage lagoon areas. Trench sanitary landfill. Area sanitary landfill. Daily cover for landfill. Construction materials (table 13) ...... 135 Roadfill. Sand. Gravel. Topsoil.

Water management (table 14)...... 137 Limitations for-Embankments, dikes, and levees; Aquifer- fed excavated ponds. Features affecting-Drainage, Irrigation, Terraces and diversions, Grassed waterways.

Engineering index properties (table 15) ...... 140 Depth. USDA texture. Classification-Unified, AASHTO. Percentage passing sieve number-4, 10, 40, 200. Liquid limit. Plasticity index.

Physical and chemical properties of the soils (table 16)...... 144 Depth. Clay. Moist bulk density. Permeability. Available water capacity. Soil reaction. Shrink-swell potential. Erosion factors. Organic matter.

Soil and water features (table 17) ...... 147 Hydrologic group. Flooding. High water table. Subsidence. Risk of corrosion.

Fertility test data for selected soils (table 18) ...... 149 Depth. Horizon. pH. Organic matter content. Extractable phosphorus. Exchangeable cations. Total acidity. Effective cation-exchange capacity. Cation-exchange capacity. Base saturation. Saturation.

Physical test data for selected soils (table 19) ...... 154 Horizon. Depth. Particle-size distribution. Water content. Bulk density.

Chemical test data for selected soils (table 20) ...... 156 Horizon. Depth. Extractable cations. Extractable acidity. Cation-exchange capacity. Base saturation. Organic matter. pH. Extractable iron. Extractable aluminum. Extractable hydrogen. Extractable phosphorus.

Classification of the soils (table 21)...... 159 Family or higher taxonomic class. Foreword

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in Livingston Parish. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil,. improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. I Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Soil Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

State ~ogervationist Soil conservation Service

Soil Survey of Livingston Parish, Louisiana

By Donald McDaniel, Soil Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Donald McDaniel, Dennis Daugereaux, Wilton Stephens, Cynthia Corkern, and Betty McQuaid, Soil Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station

LIVINGSTONPARISH is in the southeastern part of Louisiana (fig. 1). It has a total area of 458,204 acres, 32,604 acres of which consists of lakes, bayous, and rivers. St. Helena Parish borders this parish on the north, and Lake Maurepas, Ascension, and St. John Parishes are on the south. To the east is Tangipahoa Parish, and to the west is East Baton Rouge Parish. According to the 1980 census, the population of the parish was 58,806. About 79 percent of the population lives in rural areas. Land use is primarily woodland and pasture. About 81 percent of the land area in the parish is woodland, and 3 percent is pasture. Currently, rapid urban expansion, particularly in the central and western parts of the parish, is a trend. The parish consists of three Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA's). The Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands MLRA is used mainly as woodland, as pasture, and for truck crops. This MLRA consists dominantly of poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained, loamy soils in the northern part and poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained, loamy over clayey soils in the southern part. The Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods MLRA Figure 1.-Location of Livingston Parish in Louisiana. is used mainly as woodland. The Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium MLRA is used mainly as habitat for wetland wildlife and as a recreation area. This MLRA consists dominantly of poorly drained and somewhat swamps of the Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium poorly drained, loamy soils. This MLRA consists mainly MLRA. of ponded, mucky soils in swamps. Elevation is about Descriptions and names of soils in this survey do not 100 feet above sea level in the Southern Mississippi fully agree with those on soil maps for adjacent Valley Silty Uplands MLRA and at sea level in the parishes. Differences are the result of better information Soil Survey on soils, modifications in series concepts, and variations The average relative humidity in midafternoon is in the intensity of mapping or the extent of soils within about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the the survey area. average at dawn is about 90 percent. The sun shines The first soil survey of Livingston Parish was 70 percent of the time possible in summer and 50 published in 1936 (4). This survey updates the earlier percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the survey and provides additional information. southeast. Average windspeed is highest, 10 miles per hour, in spring.

General Nature of the Parish Agriculture This section discusses climate, agriculture, history, In Livingston Parish, farming has been important transportation facilities, and water resources in the since the earliest settlers arrived in 1750. At first, survey area. products were grown strictly for home use. Later, some farm products were shipped by river to New Orleans. In Climate 1880, 561 farms were in the county and the average farm was 179 acres. About 21 acres on a farm was Prepared by the National Climatic Data Center, Asheville. North Carolina. improved for cultivation. Corn, cotton, sweet potatoes, rice, sugarcane, and oats were grown on the better Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation drained soils, especially those along the Amite River for the survey area as recorded at Amite, Louisiana, in and along the other rivers. the period 1951 to 1979. Table 2 shows probable dates In 1930, the county's 2,193 farms averaged about of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. 210 acres in size. About 13.5 acres on each farm was Table 3 provides data on length of the growing season. improved for use as cropland and pasture. The main In winter, the average temperature is 51 degrees F crops grown were corn, strawberries, sweet potatoes, and the average daily minimum temperature is 40 cotton, and Irish potatoes. Truck crops, mainly degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which strawberries, were important cash crops. In 1930, about occurred at Amite on January 12, 1962, is 9 degrees. In 4,471 acres was planted to strawberries. Most of the summer, the average temperature is 81 degrees and virgin timber had been cut, and a new growth of trees the average daily maximum temperature is 92 degrees. covered at least 70 percent of the land. Most of the The highest recorded temperature, which occurred at livestock in the parish found forage in the woods (25). Amite on July 1, 1954, is 104 degrees. Most of Livingston Parish is woodland. In 1986, Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are however, the total value of timber produced in the equivalent to "heat units." During the month, growing parish was less than that of poultry. In 1986, broilers degree days accumulate by the amount that the and edible eggs produced on 27 farms were valued at a average temperature each day exceeds a base total of $1 1,896,125. Also in that year, timber products temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly sold were valued at $1 0,900,852. Christmas trees were accumulation is used to schedule single or successive grown on 20 farms on 120 acres and had a value of plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring $120,000. In 1986, 7,000 cow-calf units were in the and the first freeze in fall. parish and ten swine producers had 130 sows. Five The total annual precipitation is about 64 inches. Of dairies produced 4,120,000 pounds of milk for a total this, nearly 34 inches, or about 53 percent, usually falls value of $484,100. in April through September. The growing season for In 1986, about 40 producers grew, on 100 acres, most crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, strawberries that had a total value of $1,120,000 the rainfall in April through September is less than 27 (fig. 2). About 30 producers produced 12,000 bushels inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of each of cucumbers and bell peppers for a total value of record'was 8.55 inches at Amite on September 6, 1977. $168,000 (25). Also, crawfish and catfish were Thunderstorms occur on about 70 days each year. commercially produded on a small acreage. Snowfall is rare. In 90 percent of the winters, there is no measurable snowfall. In 10 percent, the snowfall, History usually of short duration, is more than 2 inches. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on record was more than 3 Livingston Parish was established as a political unit inches. in 1832. The parish seat was originally at Van Buren on Livingston Parish, Louisiana 3

Figure 2.-Strawberries on Cahaba fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes.

the "right bank of the Tickfaw River." Later, the parish River, became the next parish seat and remained so for seat was moved to Springfield. an important commercial 61 years. Today, the parish seat is in Livingston. center and shipping point and the largest settlement Settlers of French, Spanish, and English descent between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The parish established the early permanent settlements in seat was later moved to Port Vincent, where the parish Livingston Parish. The French and Spanish settled records were lost when the courthouse burned down. mainly in the southern part of the parish, and the The town of Centerville, or Springville, on the Tickfaw English settled in the northern part. Soil Survey

From the 1750's to the early 1800's, settlements the main agricultural products. However, fewer and were established at Denson, French Settlement, larger holdings have replaced the small subsistence Maurepas, Port Vincent, and Whitehall. Prior to 1800, farms. Most workers in the parish commute daily to jobs Bookter's Landing, now known as Springfield, was a in cities in neighboring parishes. trading post on the Natalbany River. In 1827, William Denham discovered mineral springs on his property, Transportation Facilities near the Amite River, and developed a health resort at the site of present-day Denham Springs. The resort Interstate 12, U.S. Highway 190, and many paved remained until the Civil War, when occupying Federal state and parish highways serve the parish. An east- troops destroyed it. In 1861, Michael Milton blazed a west mainline of the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad also trail from the Amite River and established a settlement, runs through the parish. originally called Milton Oldfield and later called Walker. In the southern part of the parish, the Natalbany, In September 1810, the Springfield Grenadiers Tickfaw, Amite, and Blind Rivers and the Amite River played an important role in the conflict known as the Diversion Canal provide water transportation. "Florida Rebellion." The Grenadiers attacked the occupying Spanish forces at Baton Rouge and won the Water Resources independence of West Florida. In December, the flag of Darrell D. Carlson and Robert 8. Fendick, Jr., U.S. Geological the United States was raised over the area now referred Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, helped prepare this section. to as the "Florida Parishes." Most of the early residents of the parish lived on Surface Water subsistence farms, seldom making purchases. They The major sources of surface water in the parish are raised poultry, swine, and cows as well as food and the Natalbany, Tickfaw, and Amite Rivers, which flow feed crops. Hunting, trapping, and fishing were also south-southeastward across Livingston Parish, and their important to their livelihood. To the settlers along the tributaries (Hog Branch, Blood River, Colyell Creek, and banks of the Amite, Tickfaw, and Natalbany Rivers, the Little Natalbany River). The Tickfaw River has an native timber was a source of income. The timber was average annual discharge, near Holden, of 268,100 shipped on waterways. acre-feet per year (1940-85). The Natalbany River, a With the coming of the railroad, many miles of track major tributary of the Tickfaw River, drains the eastern were laid and many sawmills were built in the parish. In part of the parish. It has an average annual discharge, 1908, a railroad was built from Hammond to Baton near Albany, of 83,300 acre-feet per year (1943-85). Rouge. The communities of Doyle, Holden, and The Amite River forms the western boundary of the Livingston were established along the rail line and parish and is the major source of streamflow. Its thrived as logging and sawmill towns. Springfield average annual discharge, near Denham Springs, is became an important lumber shipping point. 1,460,700 acre-feet per year (1 938-85). In the late 1890's, many lumberjacks bought cutover Flooding is a major problem in Livingston Parish; land near the crossroads community of Albany and extreme flooding occurred in 1983. On April 7 of that began to farm it. These settlers named their settlement year, the three rivers had maximum rates of discharge. Arpadon, after Arped, the legendary hero of Hungary. On the Tickfaw River at Holden, the maximum They farmed successfully, and many of their discharge was 22,470 cubic feet per second, the descendants still farm in this area. A sign on Louisiana volume of a 40-year flood. On the Amite River near Highway 43, near the eastern border of the parish, Denham Springs, the maximum discharge was 112,000 marks the site of the original settlement. cubic feet per second, the volume of a 50-year flood. Many of the early communities and towns either On the Natalbany River at Baptist, the maximum disappeared or dwindled in size as the sawmills closed discharge of 9,810 cubic feet per second was equal to a and people moved to nearby New Orleans or Baton 35-year flood. Rouge. Springfield, the first town established in the The water in the Amite River periodically contains parish, has become a small community of about 600 high concentrations of coliform bacteria. It also contains people. The old courthouse and hotel stand as relatively high concentrations of copper, iron, zinc, and reminders of the community of some 2,400 people. manganese. These results were shown from water- Farming is a major factor in the economy of the quality samples collected in 1985 at the 4-H camp near parish. Livestock, poultry, cash crops, and lumber are Denham Springs. Livingston Parish, Louisiana 5

Ground Water observing the soils in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the landscape, a soil Fresh ground water lies in aquifers as deep as 3,200 scientist develops a concept, or model, of how the soils feet below mean sea level in the southeastern part of were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables Livingston Parish. The aquifer system in the parish has the soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree four zones: the shallow zone and zones 1-3. Each zone of accuracy the kind of soil at a specific location on the consists of two to four aquifers ranging in age from landscape. Holocene to Miocene. Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge Wells screened in the shallow zone provide water into one another as their characteristics gradually mainly for irrigation, livestock, and public use. In recent change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, years water levels have shown little change and soil scientists must determine the boundaries between fluctuate seasonally. Water from the shallow zone is the soils. They can observe only a limited number of rated predominantly soft and contains sodium soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, bicarbonate. supplemented by an understanding of the soil- Most wells screened in the zone 1 aquifers are used landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify for public supply or domestic use. Water levels in these predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to aquifers have slightly declined in the past 9 years. Zone determine the boundaries. 1 water contains sodium bicarbonate. In zone 2 Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil aquifers, declines in the water level date to the early profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, 1950's. Well yields in zone 2 generally range from 150 size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of to 750 gallons per minute. The Li-149 well, however, rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and yields 1,900 gallons per minute. The water in zone 2, other features that enable them to identify soils. After like that in the shallow zone, is rated soft and contains describing the soils in the survey area and determining sodium bicarbonate. their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to Wells screened in the zone 3 aquifers are used taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are mostly for public supply and have yields of about 800 concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil gallons per minute. Water levels have slightly declined characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes during the last few years. Water in this zone contains are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils sodium bicarbonate. systematically. The system of taxonomic classification used in the United States is based mainly on the kind How This Survey Was Made and character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists This survey was made to provide information about classified and named the soils in the survey area, they the soils in the survey area. The information includes a compared the individual soils with similar soils in the description of the soils and their location and a same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could discussion of the suitability, limitations, and confirm data and assemble additional data based on management of the soils for specified uses. Soil experience and research. scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of of the soils in the area generally are collected for crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface the soil properties to determine the expected behavior down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots the soils are field tested through observation of the soils and other living organisms and has not been changed in different uses under different levels of management. by other biological activity. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, The soils in the survey area occur in an orderly and some new interpretations are developed to meet pattern that is related to the geology, the landforms, local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, relief, climate, and the natural vegetation of the area. such as research information, production records, and Each kind of soil is associated with a particular kind of field experience of specialists. For example, data on landscape or with a segment of the landscape. By crop yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and from field or plot class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including experiments on the same kinds of soil. areas of soils of other taxonomic classes. Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soil or soil properties but also on such variables as climate soils for which it is named and some soils that belong to and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable other taxonomic classes. These latter soils afekalled over long periods of time, but they are not predictable inclusions or included soils. from year to year. For example, soil scientists can Most inclusions have properties and behavioral predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in soil will have a high water table within certain depths in the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and most years, but they cannot assure that a high water management. These are called noncontrasting (similar) table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a inclusions. They may or may not be mentioned in the specific date. map unit descriptions. Other inclusions, however, have After soil scientists located and identified the properties and behavior divergent enough to affect use significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they or require different management. These are contrasting drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial (dissimilar) inclusions. They generally occupy small photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. areas and cannot be shown separately on the soil maps Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, because of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries of contrasting soils are identified in the map unit accurately. descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been observed and consequently are not mentioned in the Map Unit Composition descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an observations to identify all of the kinds of soil on the area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area landscape. dominated by several kinds of soil. A map unit is The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way identified and named according to the taxonomic diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data. classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, landscape into segments that have similar use and the soils are natural objects. In common with other management requirements. The delineation of such natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in landscape segments on the map provides sufficient their properties. Thus, the range of some observed information for the development of resource plans, but properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive uses taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic in small areas. General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication Livingston Parish were matched, where possible, with shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of those of the previously completed surveys of soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general Ascension, East Baton Rouge, St. John the Baptist, and soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it Tangipahoa Parishes. In a few places, however, the consists of one or more major soils and some minor lines do not join and the names of the map units differ. soils. It is named for the major soils. The soils making These differences resulted mainly from changes in soil up one unit can occur in another but in a different series concepts, differences in map unit design, and pattern. changes in soil patterns near survey area boundaries. The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of Soil Descriptions suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Soils on Uplands Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for These are mainly level and gently sloping, poorly planning the management of a farm or field or for drained, moderately well drained, and somewhat poorly selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. drained, loamy soils. They are on flats, in depressions, The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place along drainageways, and on ridgetops in the uplands. in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. affect management. These soils make up about 4 percent of the land The soils in the survey area vary widely in their area in the parish. Most of the acreage is woodland or potential for major land uses. Table 4 shows the extent pasture. Wetness and flooding are the main problems of the map units shown on the general soil map. It lists affecting woodland management and most agricultural the potential of each, in relation to that of the other map uses. Low fertility and the hazard of erosion are units, for major land uses and shows soil properties that additional problems in areas used for pasture. Wetness, limit use. Soil potential ratings are based on the slope, slow permeability, and the hazards of flooding practices commonly used in the survey area to and erosion limit most urban uses and intensive overcome soil limitations. These ratings reflect the ease recreation uses. of overcoming the limitations. They also reflect the problems that will persist even if such practices are 1. Calhoun-Toula-Bude used. Each map unit is rated for cultivated crops, pasture, Level and gently sloping, poorly drained, moderately well woodland, urban uses, and recreation uses. Cultivated drained, and somewhat poorly drained soils that are crops are those grown extensively in the survey area. loamy throughout Pasture refers to pastures of native and improved The soils in this map unit are on broad flats, along grasses for livestock. Woodland refers to areas of drainageways, in depressions, and on ridgetops. native or introduced trees. Urban uses include Elevations range fro? about 45 to 100 feet above sea residential, commercial, and industrial developments. level. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Intensive recreation uses are campsites, picnic areas, This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the land ballfields, and other areas that are subject to heavy foot area in the parish. It is about 47 percent Calhoun soils, traffic. Extensive recreation areas are those used for 20 percent Toula soils, 14 percent Bude soils, and 19 nature study and as wilderness. percent soils of minor extent. The boundaries of the general soil map units in The Calhoun soils are level and poorly drained. They Soil Survey are on broad flats, in depressions, and along small stream or marine terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 3 drainageways. Typically, the surface layer is dark percent. grayish brown and grayish brown silt loam. The These soils make up about 73 percent of the land subsurface layer is light brownish gray silt loam. The area in the parish. Most of the acreage is used as subsoil is light brownish gray silt loam and silty clay woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for loam. cultivated crops. Wetness and flooding are the main The Toula soils are gently sloping and moderately problems affecting woodland management and most well drained. They are on ridgetops. Typically, the agricultural uses. Low or medium fertility, excess surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam. The sodium, potentially toxic levels of aluminum, and the subsoil is yellowish brown and strong brown silt loam hazard of erosion are additional problems in areas used and silty clay loam in the upper part and a very firm and for pasture or cultivated crops. Wetness, low strength brittle fragipan of brownish yellow, strong brown, and on sites for roads, moderately slow or very slow yellowish brown silt loam in the lower part. permeability, a moderate or high shrink-swell potential, The Bude soils are gently sloping and somewhat and the hazards of flooding and erosion limit most poorly drained. They are on ridgetops. Typically, the urban uses and intensive recreation uses. surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is light yellowish brown and yellowish 2. Abita-Myatt brown silt loam. The subsoil is yellowish brown silt loam in the upper part and a fragipan of light brownish gray, Gently sloping and level, somewhat poorly drained and yellowish brown, brownish yellow, and light yellowish poorly drained soils that are loamy throughout brown silt loam in the lower part. The soils in this map unit are mainly on slightly Of minor extent in this map unit are the Guyton, convex ridges, on side slopes, in broad depressional Ochlockonee, and Ouachita soils. All of these soils are areas, and along small drainageways on stream or on flood plains along the major streams. marine terraces. Elevations range from 35 to 90 feet Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as above sea level. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent in the woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for depressional areas and 1 to 3 percent on the ridges. cultivated crops. This map unit makes up about 1 percent of the land The Calhoun soils are moderately well suited to area in the parish. It is about 49 percent Abita soils, 34 woodland, and the Bude and Toula soils are well suited. percent Myatt soils, and 17 percent soils of minor The main concerns in producing and harvesting timber extent. are soil compaction and the equipment limitation The Abita soils are gently sloping and somewhat caused by the wetness. Competition from understory poorly drained. They are on slightly convex ridges and plants is an additional concern. In some areas of the on side slopes along drainageways. Typically, the Calhoun soils, flooding also is a hazard. surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam. The The Toula and Bude soils are well suited to pasture subsurface layer is pale brown silt loam. The subsoil is and moderately well suited to crops. The Calhoun soils yellowish brown and light brownish gray silt loam and are moderately well suited to crops and pasture. Low silty clay loam. fertility, wetness, potentially toxic levels of The Myatt soils are level and poorly drained. They exchangeable aluminum, and the hazard of erosion are are in depressions and along small drainageways. the main problems affecting these uses. The Calhoun Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine soils that are occasionally flooded are poorly suited to sandy loam. The subsurface layer is light brownish gray crops. fine sandy loam. The subsoil is grayish brown loam and The soils in this map unit generally are poorly suited gray and light brownish gray sandy clay loam. to urban uses and most intensive recreation uses. The Of minor extent in this map unit are the Cahaba, Toula soils are moderately well suited. Low strength on Guyton, Satsuma, and Stough soils. Cahaba soils are sites for roads, slow permeability, wetness, and the on ridges. Guyton soils are on flood plains and in hazards of flooding and erosion limit most urban and landscape positions similar to those of the Myatt soils. recreation uses. Satsuma and Stough soils are slightly higher on the landscape than the Myatt soils. Solls on Stream or Marine Terraces Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as These are mainly level and gently sloping, poorly woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for truck drained and somewhat poorly drained, loamy soils on crops. Livirlgston Parish, Louisiana

The Abita soils are well suited to woodland, and the The subsurface layer is light brownish gray silt loam. Myatt soils are moderately well suited. The main The next layer is light brownish gray silt loam and gray concerns in producing and harvesting timber are soil silty clay loam. The subsoil is dark gray silty clay in the compaction, the equipment limitation, and the seedling upper part and gray, light brownish gray, and light olive mortality caused by the wetness and flooding. gray silty clay loam in the lower part. Competition from understory plants is an additional Of minor extent in this map unit are the Deerford, concern. Natalbany, and Verdun soils. Deerford and Verdun soils Most of the soils in this map unit are moderately well are slightly higher on the landscape than most of the suited to crops and well suited to pasture. The Abita other soils in this map unit and are somewhat poorly soils are well suited to crops. Low fertility, potentially drained. They have high levels of sodium in the subsoil. toxic levels of exchangeable aluminum, wetness, and Natalbany soils are on flood plains. the hazard of erosion are the main limitations. The Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as Myatt soils that are occasionally flooded are poorly woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for suited to crops. cultivated crops or for building site development. The Abita soils are moderately well suited to urban The soils in this map unit generally are moderately and intensive recreation uses, and the Myatt soils are well suited to woodland. The Colyell soils that are poorly suited. Wetness, flooding, low strength on sites subject to only rare flooding, however, are well suited. for roads, moderately slow or slow permeability, and a The main concerns in producing and harvesting timber moderate shrink-swell potential are the main limitations are soil compaction, the equipment limitation, and the affecting these uses. seedling mortality caused by wetness and flooding. Competition from understory plants is an additional 3. Colyell-Springfield-Encrow concern. These soils generally are poorly suited to urban and Gently sloping and level, somewhat poorly drained and intensive recreation uses. The Colyell and Springfield poorly drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and soils that are frequently flooded are generally not suited a loamy and clayey subsoil to these uses because of flooding and the The soils in this map unit are on broad ridges, on inaccessibil~tyof the individual tracts of land. The side slopes, in swales, in broad depressional areas, and Encrow soils are occasionally flooded and thus are along small drainageways. Elevations range from 3 to generally not suited to homesite development. Flooding, 35 feet above sea level. Slopes range from 0 to 3 wetness, low strength on sites for roads, slow percent. permeability, and a high shrink-swell potential are the This map unit makes up about 28 percent of the land main limitations. area in the parish. It is about 30 percent Colyell soils, The Colyell and Springfield soils generally are 25 percent Springfield soils, 21 percent Encrow soils, moderately well suited to crops. Colyell soils are well and 24 percent soils of minor extent. suited to pasture, and Springfield soils are moderately The Colyell soils are somewhat poorly drained and well suited. Wetness, low fertility, potentially toxic levels are level or gently sloping. They are on broad, slightly of exchangeable aluminum, and the hazards of flooding convex ridges and on side slopes along drainageways. and erosion are the main limitations. The Encrow soils Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt are occasionally flooded and are poorly suited to crops loam. The subsurface layer is yellowish brown silt loam. and moderately well suited to pasture. The Colyell and The subsoil is mottled and multicolored. It is silty clay in Springfield soils that are frequently flooded generally the upper part and silty clay loam in the lower part. are not suited to crops and pasture because of the The Springfield soils are level and poorly drained. flooding and the inaccessibility of the individual tracts of They are in swales and depressional areas and on land. broad ridges. Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is light brownish 4. Deerford-Verdun-Gilbert gray and light gray silt loam. The subsoil is grayish brown silty clay in the upper part and yellowish brown Level, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils silty clay loam in the lower part. that are loamy throughout and have high levels of The Encrow soils are level and poorly drained. They sodium in the subsoil are in depressions and along small drainageways. The soils in this map unit are mainly on broad flats, Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown silt loam. in depressions, and along small drainageways. Soil Survey

Elevations range from 10 to 65 feet above sea level. levels of sodium, and the hazard of flooding are the Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. main management concerns. This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the land area in the parish. It is about 36 percent Deerford soils, 5. Gilbert-Satsuma 36 percent Verdun soils, 18 percent Gilbert soils, and 10 percent soils of minor extent. Level and gently sloping, poorly drained and somewhat The Deerford soils are somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils that are loamy throughout are on broad flats. They have high levels of sodium in The soils in this map unit are on broad flats, in the lower part of the subsoil. Typically, the surface layer depressions, along small drainageways, on slightly is dark grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is convex ridges, and on side slopes along drainageways. brown silt loam. The subsoil is brown and yellowish Elevations range from 10 to 90 feet above sea level. brown silty clay loam in the upper part and light olive Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. brown silty clay loam and silt loam in the lower part. This map unit makes up about 21 percent of the land The Verdun soils are somewhat poorly drained and area in the parish. It is about 40 percent Gilbert soils, are on broad flats. They have high levels of sodium 39 percent Satsuma soils, and 21 percent soils of minor throughout the subsoil. Typically, the surface layer is extent. dark grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is The Gilbert soils are level and poorly drained and are light brownish gray silt loam. The subsoil is grayish on broad flats, in depressions, and along small brown silty clay loam in the upper part, yellowish brown drainageways. They have high levels of sodium in the silty clay loam in the next part, and yellowish brown silt lower part of the subsoil. Typically, the surface layer is loam in the lower part. grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is light The Gilbert soils are poorly drained. They are on brownish gray silt loam. The subsoil is grayish brown broad flats, in depressions, and along small and light brownish gray silty clay loam. drainageways. They have high levels of sodium in the The Satsuma soils are gently sloping and somewhat lower part of the subsoil. Typically, the surface layer is poorly drained. They are on slightly convex ridges and grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is light on side slopes along drainageways. Typically, the brownish gray silt loam. The subsoil is grayish brown surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam. The next and light brownish gray silty clay loam. layer is light yellowish brown silt loam. Below this is a Of minor extent in this map unit are the Colyell, layer of yellowish brown silty clay loam and light gray Satsuma, and Springfield soils. Colyell and Satsuma silt loam. The subsoil is strong brown silty clay loam in soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on low the upper part, yellowish brown clay loam in the next ridges. Springfield soils are in landscape positions part, and strong brown loam in the lower part. similar to those of the Gilbert soils. Of minor extent in this map unit are the Cahaba, The soils in this map unit are used mainly as Dexter, and Olivier soils. Cahaba and Dexter soils are woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for truck on ridges. Olivier soils are in landscape positions similar crops or for homesite development. to those of the Satsuma soils. The Deerford and Verdun soils are poorly suited to The soils in this map unit are used mainly as woodland, and the Gilbert soils are moderately well woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for crops suited. The main concerns in producing and harvesting or for homesite development. timber are soil compaction, the equipment limitation, The Gilbert soils are moderately well suited to plant competition, and the seedling mortality caused by woodland, and the Satsuma soils are well suited. The wetness. High concentrations of sodium in the subsoil main concerns in producing and harvesting timber are limit tree growth. soil compaction, the equipment limitation, and the These soils are poorly suited to crops and poorly seedling mortality caused by wetness and flooding. suited or moderately well suited to pasture. Low fertility, Competition from understory plants is an additional wetness, and the high levels of sodium are the main concern. limitations. Flooding is a hazard in some areas of the The Gilbert soils generally are moderately well suited Gilbert soils. to crops and pasture, and the Satsuma soils are These soils are poorly suited to urban and intensive moderately well suited to crops and are well suited to recreation uses. Wetness, slow or very slow pasture. Wetness, low fertility, potentially toxic levels of permeability, low strength on sites for roads, the high exchangeable aluminum, excess sodium, and the Livingston Parish, Louisiana hazard of erosion are the main limitations. The Gilbert main concerns in producing and harvesting timber are soils that are occasionally flooded are poorly suited to soil compaction, the equipment limitation, and the crops. seedling mortality caused by wetness. Competition from These soils are poorly suited to urban and intensive understory plants also can be a concern. Occasional recreation uses. Wetness, slow or very slow flooding is a hazard in some areas of the Myatt soils. permeability, a moderate shrink-swell potential, low The Myatt soils generally are moderately well suited strength on sites for roads, and the hazard of flooding to pasture and crops. The Satsuma soils are well suited are the main management concerns. The hazard of to pasture and moderately well suited to crops. Low erosion is an additional concern in areas of the fertility, potentially toxic levels of exchangeable Satsuma soil. aluminum, wetness, and the hazard of erosion are the main limitations. Occasional flooding is an additional 6. Myatt-Satsuma hazard in some areas of the Myatt soils. The Myatt soils that are occasionally flooded are poorly suited to Level and gently sloping, poorly drained and somewhat cultivated crops. poorly drained soils that are loamy throughout The soils in this map unit generally are poorly suited The soils in this map unit are in broad depressional to urban and intensive recreation uses. Wetness, low areas, along small drainageways, on broad ridges, and strength on sites for roads, moderately slow or slow on side slopes along drainageways. Elevations range permeability, a moderate shrink-swell potential, and the from 10 to 95 feet above sea level. Slopes range from 0 hazards of flooding and erosion are the main limitations. to 3 percent. The Myatt soils that are occasionally flooded generally This map unit makes up about 6 percent of the land are not suited to homesite development. area in the parish. It is about 65 percent Myatt soils, 30 percent Satsuma soils, and 5 percent soils of minor 7. Myatt-Stough extent. The Myatt soils are level and poorly drained. They Level, poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained soils are in broad depressional areas and along small that are loamy throughout drainageways. Typically, the surface layer is dark The soils in this map unit are in broad depressional grayish brown fine sandy loam. The subsurface layer is areas, along small drainageways, and on ridges. light brownish gray fine sandy loam. The subsoil is Elevations range from 10 to 90 feet above sea level. grayish brown loam and gray and light brownish gray Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. sandy clay loam. This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the land The Satsurna soils are gently sloping and somewhat area in the parish. It is about 64 percent Myatt soils, 18 poorly drained. They are on broad, slightly convex percent Stough soils, and 18 percent soils of minor ridges and on side slopes along drainageways. extent. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt The Myatt soils are in broad depressional areas and loam. The subsurface layer is light yellowish brown silt along small drainageways. They are poorly drained. loam. The subsoil is strong brown and yellowish brown Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine silty clay loam, clay loam, and loam. sandy loam. The subsurface layer is light brownish gray Of minor extent in this map unit are the Cahaba, fine sandy loam. The subsoil is grayish brown loam and Deerford, Dexter, Olivier, Stough, and Verdun soils. gray and light brownish gray sandy clay loam. Cahaba and Dexter soils are on ridges and are well The Stough soils are somewhat poorly drained. They drained. Deerford, Olivier, Stough, and Verdun soils are are on broad, slightly convex ridges. Typically, the in landscape positions similar to those of the Satsurna surface layer is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam. soils. Deerford and Verdun soils have high levels of The subsurface layer is light yellowish brown fine sandy sodium in the subsoil. Part of the subsoil in the Olivier loam. The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown and Stough soils is compact and brittle. loam. The next pqrl is yellowish brown clay loam and Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as loam. The lower part is yellowish brown and light woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for truck brownish gray sandy clay loam and mottled yellowish crops, homesites, or extensive recreation areas. brown, light yellowish brown, light brownish gray, and The Myatt soils are moderately well suited to strong brown sandy clay loam. woodland, and the Satsuma soils are well suited. The Of minor extent in this map unit are the Cahaba, Soil Survey

Guyton, and Satsurna soils. Cahaba soils are on ridges side slopes along drainageways. Typically, the surface and are well drained. Guyton soils are in landscape layer is dark brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is positions similar to those of the Myatt soils. They are light yellowish brown silt loam. The upper part of the poorly drained. Satsurna soils are in landscape subsoil is yellowish brown silt loam. The lower part is a positions similar to those of the Stough soils. They are fragipan of yellowish brown silty clay loam. somewhat poorly drained. The Gilbert soils are level and poorly drained and are Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as on broad flats, in depressions, and along small woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used for truck drainageways. They have high levels of sodium in the crops or for homesite development or is developed for lower part of the subsoil. Typically, the surface layer is intensive recreation uses. grayish brown silt loam. The subsurface layer is light The Myatt soils are moderately well suited to brownish gray silt loam. The subsoil is grayish brown woodland, and the Stough soils are well suited. The and light brownish gray silty clay loam. main concerns in producing and harvesting timber are Of minor extent in this map unit are the Brimstone, soil compaction, the equipment limitation, and the Deerford, Satsuma, and Verdun soils. Brimstone soils seedling mortality caused by wetness. Competition from are in landscape positions similar to those of the Gilbert understory plants also can be a concern. Occasional soils. They have high levels of sodium in the lower part flooding is a hazard in some areas of the Myatt soils. of the subsoil. Satsuma soils are in landscape positions The Myatt soils generally are moderately well suited similar to those of the Olivier soil. They do not have a to pasture and crops. The Stough soils are moderately fragipan or high levels of sodium in the subsoil. well suited to crops and well suited to pasture. Low Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as fertility, wetness, flooding, and potentially toxic levels of pasture or woodland. A small acreage is used for truck exchangeable aluminum are the main limitations. The crops or for homesite development. Myatt soils that are occasionally flooded are poorly The Olivier soils are well suited to woodland, and the suited to crops. Gilbert soils are moderately well suited. The main The soils in this map unit generally are poorly suited concerns in producing and harvesting timber are soil to urban and intensive recreation uses. The Stough compaction, the equipment limitation, and the seedling soils are moderately well suited to intensive recreation mortality caused by wetness. Competition from uses. Wetness, moderately slow permeability, low understory plants also can be a concern. Flooding is a strength on sites for roads, and the hazard of flooding hazard in some areas of the Gilbert soils. are the main management concerns. Also, the Stough The Olivier soils are well suited to pasture and soils can be somewhat droughty. The droughtiness moderately well suited to crops. The Gilbert soils affects lawn grasses and ornamentals in late summer generally are moderately well suited to pasture and and fall during most years. The Myatt soils that are crops. Low fertility, wetness, and the hazard of erosion occasionally flooded are generally not suited to are the main limitations. The Gilbert soils that are homesite development. occasionally flooded are poorly suited to cultivated crops. 8. Olivier-Gilbert The Olivier soils are poorly suited to urban uses and moderately well suited to intensive recreation uses. The Gently sloping and level, somewhat poorly drained and Gilbert soils generally are poorly suited to these uses. poorly drained soils that are loamy throughout The occasionally flooded Gilbert soils are generally not The soils in this map unit are on ridges, on side suited to homesite development. Wetness, slow or very slopes along drainageways, on broad flats, in slow permeability, a moderate shrink-swell potential, low depressions, and along small drainageways. Elevations strength on sites for roads, and the hazard of flooding range from 10 to 50 feet above sea level. Slopes range are the main management concerns. The hazard of from 0 to 3 percent. erosion also is a concern in gently sloping areas of the This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the land Olivier soils. area in the parish. It is about 60 percent Olivier soils, 30 percent Gilbert soils, and 10 percent soils of minor Soils on Flood Plains extent. These are mainly gently sloping and level, well The Olivier soils are level or gently sloping and are drained and poorly drained, loamy, frequently flooded somewhat poorly drained. They are on ridges and on soils on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

These soils make up about 9 percent of the land squirrels, rabbits, ducks, turkeys, and numerous other area in the parish. Most of the acreage is used as small birds and animals. woodland. A small acreage is used for pasture. Wetness and the hazard of flooding are the main Soils in Swamps management concerns. Low fertility also is a limitation These are mainly level, very poorly drained, very in pastured areas. fluid, clayey and mucky soils in swamps. These soils are ponded most of the time. 9. Ouachita-Ochlockonee-Guyton These soils make up about 14 percent of the land area in the parish. Most of the acreage supports native Gently sloping and level, well drained and poorly drained vegetation and is used as extensive recreation areas or soils that have a loamy surface layer and subsoil and as habitat for wetland wildlife. The soils generally are loamy and sandy underlying material not suited to cropland, pasture, urban uses, or intensive The soils in this map unit are on flood plains along recreation uses. streams. They are frequently flooded. Elevations range from about 5 to 80 feet above sea level. Slopes range 10. Barbary from 0 to 3 percent. This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the land Level, very poorly drained soils that have a mucky area in the parish. It is about 35 percent Ouachita soils, surface layer and very fluid, clayey underlying material 30 percent Ochlockonee soils, 20 percent Guyton soils, The soils in this map unit are in swamps that are and 15 percent soils of minor extent. ponded most of the time. Elevations range from 1.0 to The Ouachita soils are gently sloping and well about 2.5 feet above sea level. Slopes are less than 1 drained. They are on low ridges. Typically, the surface percent. layer is brown silt loam. The subsoil is yellowish brown This map unit makes up about 10 percent of the land and dark yellowish brown silt loam and silty clay loam. area in the parish. It is about 90 percent Barbary soils The Ochlockonee soils are gently sloping and well and 10 percent soils of minor extent. drained. They are on low ridges. Typically, the surface Typically, the Barbary soils have a surface layer of layer is brown sandy loam. The underlying material is very dark grayish brown muck. The underlying material yellowish brown sandy loam and loamy sand. is gray, very fluid clay. The Guyton soils are level and poorly drained. They Of minor extent in this map unit are the Colyell, are in low areas between the ridges. Typically, the Maurepas, and Springfield soils. Colyell and Springfield surface layer is dark grayish brown silt loam. The soils are on islands within the swamps and around the subsurface layer is grayish brown and light brownish edges of the swamps. They are firm, mineral soils. gray silt loam. The subsoil is mottled silty clay loam. It Maurepas soils are in landscape positions similar to is grayish brown in the upper part and gray in the lower those of the Barbary soils. They are very fluid and part. mucky throughout. Of minor extent in this map unit are the Cahaba soils Most of the acreage in this map unit supports native and soils that are similar to the Guyton soils but contain trees and aquatic vegetation. It is used as recreation more sand throughout. Cahaba soils are on ridges on areas and as habitat for wetland wildlife. The soils stream terraces. They are well drained. provide habitat for waterfowl, furbearers, alligators, Most of the acreage in this map unit is used as swamp rabbits, and nongame birds. They are part of an woodland. A small acreage is used as pasture or estuary that contributes to the support of marine fishes recreation areas. and crustaceans. Hunting and other outdoor activities The soils in this map unit are moderately well suited are popular in areas of this map unit. to woodland. The main concerns in producing and Because of ponding and low strength, these soils are harvesting timber are seedling mortality and the not suited to crops, pasture, urban uses, or intensive equipment limitation caused by wetness and flooding. recreation uses. They are poorly suited to woodland. The soils are poorly suited to pasture and generally are Seedling mortality is severe, and special harvesting unsuited to cultivated crops. Wetness, low fertility, and equipment is needed because of low strength. If the the hazard of flooding are the main management soils are drained, a medium subsidence potential and a concerns. Because of the wetness and flooding, the very high shrink-swell potential are severe limitations soils generally are not suited to urban or intensive affecting urban and intensive recreation uses. recreation uses. They are well suited to habitat for deer, 11. Maurepas landscape positions similar to those of the Maurepas soils. They generally are very fluid and clayey Level, very poorly drained soils that are mucky throughout. throughout Most of the acreage in this map unit supports native The soils in this map unit are in swamps. They are trees and aquatic vegetation. It is used as recreation ponded most of the time. Elevations range from sea areas and as habitat for wetland wildlife. The soils level to about 1 foot above sea level. Slopes are less provide habitat for waterfowl, furbearers, alligators, than 1 percent. swamp rabbits, and nongame birds. They are part of an This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the land estuary that contributes to the support of marine fishes area in the parish. It is about 90 percent Maurepas soils and crustaceans. Hunting and outdoor activities are and 10 percent soils of minor extent. popular in areas of this map unit. Typically, the Maurepas soils have a surface layer of Because of ponding, subsidence, and low strength, very dark grayish brown muck. Below this is dark these soils generally are not suited to crops, pasture, yellowish brown and very dark grayish brown muck. woodland, or urban uses. If the soils are drained, they Of minor extent in this map unit are the Barbary can subside as much as several feet below sea level. soils. These soils are very poorly drained. They are in Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units on the detailed soil maps at the back An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more of this survey represent the soils in the survey area. soils that could be mapped individually but are mapped The map unit descriptions in this section, along with the as one unit because similar interpretations can be made soil maps, can be used to determine the suitability and for use and management. The pattern and proportion of potential of a soil for specific uses. They also can be the soils in the mapped areas are not uniform. An area used to plan the management needed for those uses. can be made up of only one of the major soils, or it can More information on each map unit, or soil, is given be made up of all of them. Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and under "Use and Management of the Soils." Guyton soils, frequently flooded, is an undifferentiated Each map unit on the detailed soil maps represents group in this survey area. an area on the landscape and consists of one or more Most map units include small scattered areas of soils soils for which the unit is named. other than those for which the map unit is named. A symbol identifying the soil precedes the map unit Some of these included soils have properties that differ name in the soil descriptions. Each description includes substantially from those of the major soil or soils. Such general facts about the soil and gives the principal differences could significantly affect use and hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for management of the soils in the map unit. The included specific uses. soils are identified in each map unit description. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the areas have little or no soil material and support little or surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils no vegetation. The pits in Pits-Arents complex, 0 to 5 of a series have major horizons that are similar in percent slopes, is an example. Miscellaneous areas are composition, thickness, and arrangement. shown on the soil maps. Some that are too small to be Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface shown are identified by a special symbol on the soil layer or of the underlying material. They also can differ maps. in slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree of erosion, The boundaries of map units in Livingston Parish and other characteristics that affect their use. On the were matched, where possible, with those of the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into previously completed survey of Ascension, East Baton soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed Rouge, St. John the Baptist, and Tangipahoa Parishes. soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil In a few places, however, the lines do not join and the phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or names of the map units differ. These differences management. For example, Myatt fine sandy loam is a resulted mainly from changes in soil series concepts, phase of the Myatt series. differences in map unit design, and changes in soil Some map units are made up of two or more major patterns near survey area boundaries. soils. These map units are called soil complexes or All of the soils in Livingston Parish were mapped at undifferentiated groups. the same level of detail, except for those soils in A soil complex consists of two or more soils, or one swamps and those soils on bottom land that are subject or more soils and a miscellaneous area, in such an to frequent flooding Dr ponding. In areas where flooding intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot and ponding limit the use and management of the soils, be shown separately on the soil maps. The pattern and separating soils in mapping is of little importance to the proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all areas. land user. Gilbert-Brimstone silt loams, occasionally flooded, is an Table 5 gives the acreage and proportionate extent example. of each map unit. Other tables (see "Summary of Soil Survey

Tables") give properties of the soils and the limitations, which can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary Using low-pressure ground equipment can keep the defines many of the terms used in describing the soils. formation of ruts and soil compaction to a minimum. This soil is well suited to pasture. Suitable pasture Soil Descriptions plants are bahiagrass, common bermudagrass, white clover, southern winterpeas, vetch, tall fescue, and Ab-Abita silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This soil ryegrass. Erosion is a moderate hazard until the plants is gently sloping and somewhat poorly drained. It is on are established. A seedbed should be prepared on the ridges and side slopes along drainageways on stream contour or across the slope if possible. Wetness can or marine terraces. Areas range from about 30 to 200 limit the period of grazing in some years. Proper acres in size. stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is pale condition. Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum brown silt loam about 5 inches thick. The upper part of growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. the subsoil is yellowish brown and light brownish gray This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, silt loam. The next part is yellowish brown, mottled silty mainly vegetables. The main limitations are a moderate clay loam. The lower part to a depth of about 60 inches hazard of erosion, low fertility, and potentially toxic is light brownish gray, mottled silty clay loam. levels of exchangeable aluminum within the root zone. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The soil is friable and can be easily kept in good tilth. It areas of Cahaba, Guyton, Myatt, and Satsuma soils. can be worked throughout a wide range in moisture Cahaba soils are well drained and are on ridges. They content. A seedbed should be prepared on the contour have a subsoil that is reddish in the upper part. Guyton or across the slope if possible. Runoff and erosion can and Myatt soils are poorly drained and are on the flood be controlled by plowing in the fall, by applying fertilizer, plains along drainageways. They are grayish and by seeding a cover crop. Crops respond well to throughout. Satsuma soils are in landscape positions applications of lime and fertilizer, which overcome the similar to those of the Abita soil. The part of their low fertility and high levels of exchangeable aluminum. subsoil in which clay has accumulated is not so thick as This soil is moderately well suited to urban that of the Abita soil. Included soils make up about 10 development. The main limitations are the wetness, the percent of the map unit. moderately slow or slow permeability, low strength on The Abita soil is characterized by low fertility and sites for roads, and the moderate shrink-swell potential. high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are Also, the hazard of erosion is moderate. The soil has potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move moderate or severe limitations as a building site and through the upper part of the subsoil at a moderately severe limitations as a site for local roads and streets slow rate and through the lower part at a slow rate. and most sanitary facilities. The moderately slow or Water runs off the surface at a medium rate. A slow permeability and the high water table increase the seasonal high water table is at a depth of about 1.5 to possibility that septic tank systems will fail. Sewage 3.0 feet from December to April. The shrink-swell lagoons or self-contained disposal units can be used to potential is low in the upper part of the subsoil and dispose of sewage properly. The design of roads and moderate in the lower part. streets can offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. In most areas this soil is used as woodland or Constructing buildings on earthen mounds increases pasture. A few areas are used for crops or for urban or the depth to the water table. Strengthening the recreational development. foundations of buildings helps to prevent the structural This soil is well suited to loblolly pine, slash pine, and damage caused by shrinking and swelling of the sweetgum. The main concerns in producing and subsoil. A drainage system is needed in areas used for harvesting timber are soil compaction and a moderate most lawn grasses, shade trees, ornamental trees, equipment limitation caused by wetness. Plant shrubs, vines, and vegetable gardens. Revegetating competition also is a concern. After the trees are disturbed areas around construction sites as soon as harvested, carefully managed reforestation can control possible helps to control erosion. competition from undesirable understory plants. This soil is moderately well suited to recreational Competing vegetation also can be controlled by proper development. The main management concerns are the site preparation and by spraying, cutting, or girdling, wetness, the moderately slow or slow permeability, and Livingston Parish, Louisiana a moderate hazard of erosion. A drainage system is BA-Barbary muck. This soil is level and very poorly needed in most recreation areas. Erosion and drained. It is a very fluid, mineral soil in swamps. It is sedimentation can be controlled by maintaining an ponded most of the time. Areas range from about 100 adequate plant cover. The plant cover can be to several thousand acres in size. Slopes are less than maintained by controlling traffic and applying fertilizer. 1 percent. The number of observations made in these This soil is well suited to habitat for ducks, deer, areas was fewer than the number in most other areas rabbit, quail, turkey, dove, and numerous small of the parish. The detail of mapping, however, is furbearers. The habitat can be improved by planting adequate for the expected use of the soil. appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish cover, or by propagating the natural plants. brown muck about 6 inches thick. The underlying The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland material to a depth of about 65 inches is gray, very fluid ordination symbol is 11W. clay. It is mottled in the upper part. Included with this soil in mapping are a few areas of At-Aquents, dredged. These soils formed in spoil Maurepas soils. These soils are in landscape positions material dredged from nearby swamps during the similar to those of the Barbary soil. They are muck construction and maintenance of waterways. The soils throughout. They make up about 15 percent of the map are level or gently sloping and are poorly drained. They unit. are subject to rare flooding. The flooding occurs less The Barbary soil has a water table that fluctuates often than once in 10 years during any part of the year. between 0.5 foot below and 1.0 foot above the surface. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. It has low strength. Permeability is very slow. The total These soils are stratified throughout with mucky, subsidence potential is medium. The shrink-swell clayey, loamy, and sandy layers. Typically, the soils are potential generally is low. It is very high, however, if the firm in the upper part and slightly fluid or very fluid in soil is drained. the lower part. The surface layer is very strongly acid to Most of the acreage supports native vegetation. It is moderately alkaline. used as habitat for wetland wildlife and as extensive Included with these soils in mapping are a few small recreation areas, such as hunting grounds. areas of Barbary and Maurepas soils. These included This soil is poorly suited to woodland. Wetness and soils are in areas that have not been covered by fill poor trafficability are the main limitations. Seedling material. They make up about 10 percent of the map mortality is severe because of the wetness. Few areas unit. are used as commercial woodland because trees grow The Aquents have a seasonal high water table near slowly and special harvesting equipment is needed. The the surface during wet periods. Permeability is slow. soil is too soft and boggy to support the weight of most The soils have low strength. The total subsidence types of harvesting equipment. potential is low or medium. The natural vegetation on this soil consists of water- Most areas are used as woodland or as campsites. tolerant trees and aquatic understory plants. The main Extensive recreation uses are common in areas of trees are baldcypress, water tupelo, and black willow. these soils. The understory and aquatic vegetation consists mainly These soils have severe limitations as sites for urban of alligatorweed, buttonbush, bulltongue, duckweed, uses. The wetness, the flooding, the slow permeability, pickerelweed, and water hyacinth. low strength, and the subsidence potential are the main This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. limitations. It provides habitat for turkey, crawfish, ducks, squirrels, These soils are poorly suited to crops and pasture alligators, wading birds, and furbearers, such as because of the wetness and inaccessibility. They are raccoon, mink, and otter. White-tailed deer and swamp well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. The habitat rabbits frequent areas of this soil during periods when can be improved by constructing shallow ponds for use the soil is dry or is not covered by deep water. Trapping by waterfowl and furbearers, such as muskrat, raccoon, of alligators and furbearers is an important enterprise. otter, and nutria. Food and roosting areas are available Constructing shallow ponds can improve the habitat for for ducks, geese, and other waterfowl. The soils also waterfowl. provide habitat for alligators and furbearers, such as This soil is not suited to pasture or cropland. It is too mink, otter, raccoon, and muskrat. wet for these uses. Generally, it is too soft and boggy The capability subclass is Illw. No woodland for grazing by livestock. ordination symbol is assigned. This soil is not suited to recreational or urban uses. Soil Survey

The wetness, the hazard of flooding, low strength, and are competition from understory plants and a moderate the potential for subsidence are too severe for these equipment limitation caused by wetness. When the soil uses. Also, excavation is difficult because of buried is moist, the use of logging equipment can result in the stumps and logs. The soil can be drained and protected formation of ruts and in compaction. After the trees are from flooding, but only by levees and water pumps. harvested, carefully managed reforestation can control Afler the soil is drained, the shrink-swell potential is competition from undesirable understory plants. very high. This is a severe limitation on sites for Competing vegetation also can be controlled by proper dwellings. Specially designing building foundations site preparation and by spraying, cutting, or girdling, helps to prevent the structural damage caused by which can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. shrinking and swelling. Conventional methods of hawesting timber cannot be The capability subclass is Vllw. The woodland used during rainy periods, generally from January to ordination symbol is 4W. April. This soil is well suited to pasture. The main Bd-Bude silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This soil management concerns are low fertility and the hazard is gently sloping and somewhat poorly drained. It is on of erosion. Suitable pasture plants are bahiagrass, slightly convex ridgetops in the uplands. Areas range common bermudagrass, improved bermudagrass, white from about 20.to 200 acres in size. clover, southern winterpeas, vetch, tall fescue, and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt ryegrass. A seedbed should be prepared on the contour loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer or across the slope if possible. Proper stocking rates, extends to a depth of 15 inches. It is light yellowish pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet brown and yellowish brown, mottled silt loam. The periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown, mottled silt Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum growth of loam about 3 inches thick. The lower part to a depth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. about 60 inches is a fragipan of light brownish gray and This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, yellowish brown, mottled silt loam and yellowish brown, mainly vegetables, corn, and grain sorghum. The main brownish yellow, and light yellowish brown, mottled silt management concerns are a moderate hazard of loam. erosion, low fertility, and potentially toxic levels of Included with this soil in mapping are a few small exchangeable aluminum within the root zone. The soil is areas of Calhoun and Toula soils. Calhoun soils are friable and can be easily kept in good tilth. It can be poorly drained and are in slightly depressional areas worked throughout a wide range in moisture content. A and along drainageways. They are grayish throughout. seedbed should be prepared on the contour or across Toula soils are moderately well drained and are higher the slope if possible. Runoff and erosion can be on the landscape than the Bude soil. They do not have controlled by returning all crop residue to the soil or by gray mottles in the upper part of the subsoil. Included seeding a cover crop in the fall. Crops respond well to soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit. applications of lime and fertilizer, which help to The Bude soil is characterized by low fertility and overcome the low fertility and high levels of high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are exchangeable aluminum. potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move Mainly because of the wetness, the slow through the fragipan at a slow rate. Water runs off the permeability, and low strength on sites for roads, this surface at a slow or medium rate. A water table is soil is poorly suited to urban development. The hazard perched on the fragipan. It is at a depth of about 0.5 of erosion is moderate. The soil has severe limitations foot to 1.5 feet from January through April. The soil as a site for buildings, local roads and streets, and most dries quickly after heavy rains. The effective rooting sanitary facilities. Excess water can be removed by depth is limited by the fragipan. Plants are damaged by shallow ditches. It also can be removed by providing the a shortage of water during dry periods in the summer proper grade for drainage. The design of roads can and fall of most years. The shrink-swell potential is offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. The slow moderate. permeability and the high water table increase the ~ostof the acreage of this soil is used as woodland possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. or pasture. A small acreage is used for crops, building Lagoons or self-contained sewage disposal units are site development, or recreational development. suitable systems of waste disposal. A drainage system This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. is needed in areas used for most lawn grasses, shade The main concerns in producing and harvesting timber trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, and vegetable Livingston Parish, Louisiana gardens. Revegetating disturbed areas around underlying sand and gravel are mined for road or construction sites as soon as possible helps to control building construction material. erosion. This soil is well suited to pasture. Few limitations Mainly because of the wetness, this soil is poorly affect pastured areas. Suitable pasture plants are suited to recreational development. Erosion can be a common bermudagrass, bermudagrass, bahiagrass, ball concern in areas where the surface is disturbed. A good clover, and crimson clover. Proper stocking rates and drainage system is needed in most recreation areas. pasture rotation help to keep the pasture in good Maintaining the plant cover helps to control runoff and condition. Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum erosion. growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. This soil is well suited to habitat for deer, rabbit, This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. quail, turkey, dove, and numerous nongame birds. The Few limitations affect the production of timber. After the habitat can be improved by planting appropriate trees are harvested, carefully managed reforestation vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or helps to control competition from undesirable understory by propagating desirable plants. plants. Conventional methods of harvesting timber The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland generally can be used throughout the year. ordination symbol is 10W. This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, mainly corn, grain sorghum, and vegetables. The main Ca-Cahaba fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent management concerns are the hazard of erosion, low slopes. This soil is gently sloping and well drained. It is fertility, and potentially toxic levels of exchangeable on slightly convex ridges on terraces along the major aluminum within the root zone. The soil is friable and streams. Areas range from about 5 to 100 acres in size. can be easily kept in good tilth. It can be worked Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam throughout a wide range in moisture content. Crops are about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 48 inches damaged by a shortage of moisture during dry periods thick. It is red and yellowish red sandy clay loam in the in some years. Irrigation can prevent crop damage upper part and strong brown sandy loam in the lower during these periods in areas where a suitable water part. The underlying material to a depth of about 60 supply is available. Returning all crop residue to the soil inches is strong brown loamy sand. and including grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume Included with this soil in mapping are a few small mixture in the cropping sequence help to maintain areas of Dexter, Gilbert, Guyton, Myatt, and Satsuma fertility and tilth. Contour farming and stripcropping can soils. Dexter soils are in landscape positions similar to help to control erosion. Most crops respond well to those of the Cahaba soil. They contain more silt and applications of fertilizer and lime, which help to less sand in the subsoil than the Cahaba soil. Gilbert, overcome the low fertility and high content of Guyton, and Myatt soils are in depressions and are exchangeable aluminum. poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. Satsuma This soil is well suited to homesite development and soils are slightly lower on the landscape than the other urban uses. Few limitations affect these uses. As Cahaba soil and are somewhat poorly drained. They many trees as possible should be preserved on the have a brownish, mottled subsoil. Also included are a building site. Mulching, applying fertilizer, and irrigating few small areas of Cahaba soils that are subject to rare help to establish lawn grasses and other small-seeded flooding. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the plants. Seepage is a problem if the soil is used for map unit. sewage lagoons. Sand and gravel are available in areas The Cahaba soil is characterized by low fertility and of this soil, but an excessive content of silt and clay is a high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are problem in places. potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move This soil is well suited to recreational development. through this soil at a moderate rate, and water runs off Erosion can be a problem in areas where the plant the surface at a medium rate. Plants generally are cover is not adequate. Maintaining the plant cover can adversely affected by a shortage of water during dry help to control runoff and erosion. periods in the summer and fall of most years. The soil This soil is well suited to habitat for rabbits, quail, dries quickly after rains. doves, deer, turkeys, and numerous nongame birds. Most of the acreage of this soil is used as pasture or The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate woodland. A small acreage is used for cultivated crops vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or or for building site development. In places the by propagating desirable plants. Soil Survey

The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland This soil is moderately well suited to crops, mainly ordination symbol is 9A. vegetables. The main management concerns are wetness, low fertility, and potentially toxic levels of Ch-Calhoun silt loam. This soil is level and poorly exchangeable aluminum within the root zone. The soil is drained. It is on broad flats and in slightly depressional friable and can be easily kept in good tilth, but a areas in the uplands. The soil is subject to rare surface crust can form during dry periods. Proper row flooding, which occurs for brief to long periods, mainly arrangement, field ditches, and suitable outlets help to in winter and spring. Areas are irregular in shape and remove excess surface water. Returning all crop 10 to 200 acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 percent. residue to the soil and including grasses, legumes, or a Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt grass-legume mixture in the cropping sequence help to loam about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light maintain fertility, the organic matter content, and tilth. brownish gray, mottled silt loam about 15 inches thick. Crops respond well to applications of lime and fertil~zer, The subsoil to a depth of about 60 inches is light which help to overcome the low fertility and high brownish gray, mottled silt loam and silty clay loam. content of exchangeable aluminum. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small Mainly because of the wetness, the flooding, the slow areas of Bude and Toula soils. These soils are higher permeability, and low strength on sites for roads, this on the landscape than the Calhoun soil. They have a soil is poorly suited to urban development. It has severe fragipan. They make up about 10 percent of the map limitations as a site for buildings, local roads and unit. streets, and most sanitary facilities. Excess water can The Calhoun soil is characterized by low fertility and be removed by shallow ditches. It also can be removed high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are by providing the proper grade for drainage. The soil can potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move be protected against flooding by dikes or levees. through this soil at a slow rate. Water runs off the Selection of adapted vegetation for planting is critical in surface at a slow rate and stands in low areas for short areas used for lawns, shrubs, trees, and vegetable periods after heavy rains. A seasonal high water table gardens. The design of local roads and streets can is within a depth of 1.5 feet from December through offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. The slow April. The shrink-swell potential is moderate. permeability and the high water table increase the Most of the acreage of this soil is used as woodland possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. If or pasture. A small acreage is used for vegetables or flooding is controlled, lagoons or self-contained sewage for urban or recreational development. disposal units can be used to dispose of sewage This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and properly. slash pine. The main concerns in producing and Mainly because of the wetness, this soil is poorly harvesting timber are soil compaction, a moderate suited to recreational development. A good drainage equipment limitation, and moderate seedling mortality system and flood-control measures are needed in caused by wetness. Plant competition also is a concern intensively used areas, such as playgrounds and After the trees are harvested, carefully managing campsites. The plant cover can be maintained by reforestation helps to control competition from controlling traffic and applying fertilizer. undesirable understory plants. Planting and harvesting This soil is well suited to habitat for ducks, deer, during dry periods can minimize the formation of ruts rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and small furbearers. The and soil compaction. Conventional methods of habitat can be improved by planting appropriate harvesting timber cannot be used during rainy periods, vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or mainly from December to April. by propagating desirable plants. This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The The capability subclass is Illw. The woodland main limitations are wetness and low fertility. The main ordination symbol is 9W. suitable pasture plants are common bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, and southern winterpeas. Cn-Calhoun silt loam, occasionally flooded. This Excess surface water can be removed by field ditches soil is level and poorly drained. It is in broad and suitable outlets. Proper stocking rates, pasture depressional areas and along small drainageways in the rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help uplands. It is occasionally flooded, mainly in winter and to keep the pasture in good condition. Fertilizer and spring. Areas are irregular in shape and 20 to several lime are needed if the optimum growth of grasses and hundred acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 percent. legumes is to be achieved. Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown silt loam Livingston Parish, Louisiana about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light exchangeable aluminum within the root zone. The soil is brownish gray, mottled silt loam about 11 inches thick. friable and can be easily kept in good tilth; however, the The upper part of the subsoil is mixed gray and light surface tends to crust during dry periods. Flooding can brownish gray, mottled silt loam. The lower part to a be controlled, but only by major flood-control structures, depth of about 60 inches is light brownish gray, mottled such as levees. Proper row arrangement, field ditches, silty clay loam. and vegetated outlets are needed to remove excess Included with this soil in mapping are a few small surface water. Returning all crop residue to the soil and areas of Bude and Toula soils. These soils have a including grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture fragipan. They are higher on the landscape than the in the cropping sequence help to maintain fertility and Calhoun soil. Bude soils are somewhat poorly drained, tilth. Crops respond well to applications of lime and and Toula soils are moderately well drained. Included fertilizer, which help to overcome the low fertility and soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit. high levels of exchangeable aluminum. The Calhoun soil is characterized by low fertility and This soil is poorly suited to urban development. It high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are generally is not suited to homesite development unless potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move it is protected from flooding. The main limitations are through this soil at a slow rate. Water runs off the the wetness, the slow permeability, low strength on surface at a slow rate and stands in low areas for long sites for roads, and the hazard of flooding. A drainage periods. A seasonal high water table is within a depth of system and flood control are needed if roads and 2 feet from December through April. The soil dries building foundations are constructed. Excess water can slowly after heavy rains. be removed by shallow ditches. It also can be removed Most areas are used as woodland or pasture. A small by providing the proper grade for drainage. Roads and acreage is used as cropland or for urban or recreational streets can be built above the level of flooding. Properly development. designing the roads and streets helps to offset the This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and limited traffic-supporting capacity. Selection of adapted slash pine. The main concerns in producing and vegetation for planting is critical in areas used for harvesting timber are soil compaction, a severe lawns, shrubs, trees, and vegetable gardens. The slow equipment limitation, and moderate seedling mortality permeability and the high water table increase the caused by flooding and wetness. Plant competition also possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. If is a concern. After the trees are harvested, carefully flooding is controlled, lagoons and self-contained managed reforestation helps to control competition from disposal units can be used to dispose of sewage undesirable understory plants. Planting and harvesting properly. during dry periods can minimize the formation of ruts Mainly because of the flooding and the wetness, this and soil compaction. Conventional methods of soil is poorly suited to recreational uses. A good harvesting timber cannot be used during rainy periods, drainage system is needed in most recreation areas. mainly from December to April. The plant cover can be maintained by controlling traffic. This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The This soil provides habitat for ducks, deer, rabbits, main management concerns are low fertility and the quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous small furbearers. hazard of flooding. Suitable pasture plants are common The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, and southern vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or winterpeas. Wetness limits the choice of plants and the by propagating desirable plants. period of grazing. Excess surface water can be The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland removed by field ditches and suitable outlets. Flooding ordination symbol is 9W. can be controlled only by levees and water pumps. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted Co-Colyell silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in soil is gently sloping and somewhat poorly drained. It is good condition. Fertilizer and lime are needed if the on broad, slightly convex ridges and on side slopes optimum growth of grasses and legumes is to be along drainageways on stream or marine terraces. The achieved. soil is subject to rare flooding, which occurs mainly in This soil is poorly suited to crops, although winter and spring. Areas are irregular in shape and vegetables are grown in some areas. The main range from 10 to 300 acres in size. management concerns are the hazard of flooding, Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt wetness, low fertility, and potentially toxic levels of loam about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is Soil Survey

yellowish brown, mottled silt about 5 inches thick. The This soil is well suited to pasture. The main next layer is yellowish brown, mottled silt loam about 4 limitations are the hazard of erosion, low fertility, and inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is mottled wetness. Suitable pasture plants are bahiagrass, light brownish gray, yellowish brown, and yellowish red improved bermudagrass, common bermudagrass, white silty clay and silt loam. The next part is yellowish clover, southern winterpeas, vetch, tall fescue, and brown, mottled silty clay loam. The lower part to a depth ryegrass. Grazing when the soil is wet causes puddling of about 60 inches is light olive brown, mottled silty clay and compaction, which reduce forage production. A loam. seedbed should be prepared on thi contour or across Included with this soil in mapping are a few small the slope if possible. Fertilizer and lime are needed if areas of Deerford, Encrow, Natalbany, Springfield, and the optimum production of forage is to be achieved. Verdun soils. Deerford and Verdun soils are slightly Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted higher on the landscape than the Colyell soil. They grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in have high levels of sodium salts in the subsoil. The good condition. poorly drained Encrow and Springfield soils are on This soil is moderately well suited to cropland. The broad flats and in depressions. Encrow soils are grayish main limitation is the hazard of erosion. Low fertility, throughout. Springfield soils are characterized by an potentially toxic levels of exchangeable aluminum, and abrupt change in texture between the subsurface layer wetness are additional limitations. The soil is friable and and the subsoil. Natalbany soils are on flood plains. can be easily kept in good tilth. It can be worked They are grayish throughout. Included soils make up throughout a wide range in moisture content. Excessive about 10 percent of the map unit. cultivation can result in the formation of a tillage pan. The Colyell soil is characterized by low fertility and This pan can be broken by subsoiling when the soil is moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum that dry. Minimizing tillage and returning all crop residue to are potentially toxic to some crops. Permeability is slow. the soil or regularly adding other organic material Plants can be adversely affected by a shortage of water improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and the during dry periods in the summer and fall of some content of organic matter. Proper row arrangement, field years. The concentrations of sodium in the lower part of ditches, and vegetated outlets help to remove excess the subsoil restrict root development and limit the surface water. Most crops respond well to applications amount of water available to plants. Water runs off the of fertilizer and lime, which improve fertility and reduce surface at a medium rate. The soil has a perched water the levels of exchangeable aluminum within the root table about 1.5 to 3.0 feet below the surface from zone. The hazard of erosion can be reduced if fall grain December through April. The shrink-swell potential is or winter pasture grasses are seeded early and tillage high in the subsoil. and seeding are on the contour or across the slope. Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or Also, waterways should be shaped and seeded to pasture. A few areas are used as cropland, homesites, perennial grasses. or extensive recreation areas, such as hunting grounds. Mainly because of the wetness, the slow This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. permeability, low strength on sites for roads, the high The main limitations in producing and harvesting timber shrink-swell potential, and the hazard of flooding, this are a moderate equipment limitation caused by soil is poorly suited to urban development. It has severe wetness. Competition from understory plants also is a limitations as a site for buildings, local roads and concern. Conventional methods of harvesting timber streets, and most sanitary facilities. Excess water can cannot be used during rainy periods, mainly from be removed by shallow ditches. It also can be removed December to April. Using standard wheeled and tracked by providing the proper grade for drainage. The hazard equipment when the soil is moist causes the formation of erosion is increased if the surface is exposed during of ruts and compaction. Puddling can occur when the site development. Revegetating disturbed areas around soil is wet. Using low-pressure ground equipment construction sites as soon as possible helps to control minimizes damage to the soil and helps to maintain erosion. The design of local roads and streets can productivity. After the trees are harvested, carefully offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. The slow managed reforestation can control competition from permeability and the high water table increase the undesirable understory plants. Competing vegetation possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. If also can be controlled by proper site preparation and by flooding is controlled, lagoons or self-contained disposal spraying, cutting, or girdling, which can eliminate units can be used to dispose of sewage properly. unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. Properly designing the foundations and footings of Livingston Parish, Louisiana buildings and diverting runoff away from the buildings gray, mottled silt loam about 15 inches thick. The upper help to prevent the structural damage caused by part of the subsoil is light brownish gray, mottled silty shrinking and swelling. clay, and the lower part to a depth of about 60 inches is Mainly because of the wetness, the slow light olive brown, mottled silty clay loam. permeability, and the hazard of flooding, this soil is The Springfield soil is characterized by low fertility poorly suited to recreational development. A good and high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are drainage system is needed in intensively used areas, potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move such as playgrounds and camp sites. Erosion and through this soil at a slow rate. Water runs off the sedimentation can be controlled and the beauty of the surface at a slow rate and stands in low areas for short area enhanced by maintaining an adequate plant cover. periods after heavy rains. A seasonal high water table This soil is well suited to habitat for deer, rabbits, is about 0.5 foot to 2.0 feet below the surface from quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous nongame birds. December through April. The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate Included with these soils in mapping are a few small vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or areas of Barbary, Encrow, and Natalbany soils. Barbary by propagating desirable plants. soils are in the adjacent swamps. They are very fluid, The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland clayey soils. Encrow soils are in landscape positions ordination symbol is 13W. similar to those of the Springfield soil. They have a subsurface layer that extends into the subsoil. Cy-Colyell-Springfield silt loams, frequently Natalbany soils are on flood plains along drainageways. flooded. These level, somewhat poorly drained and They have neither an abrupt change in texture from the poorly drained soils are on parallel ridges and in swales subsurface layer to the subsoil nor a subsurface layer on low stream or marine terraces adjacent to tidal that extends into the subsoil. Included soils make up swamps or surrounded by the swamps. The soils are about 15 percent of the map unit. frequently flooded, mainly in winter and spring. Most of the acreage of the Colyell and Springfield Elevations are 3 to 5 feet above sea level. The Colyell soils is used as woodland. A small acreage is used for soil is on low ridges that are 100 to 300 feet wide, and campsites. the Springfield soil is in swales and depressional areas These soils are moderately well suited to loblolly pine that are 50 to 200 feet wide. Slopes range from 0 to 2 and slash pine. The main concerns in producing and percent. The Colyell soil makes up about 60 percent of harvesting timber are soil compaction, a moderate the map unit and the Springfield soil about 25 percent. equipment limitation, and moderate seedling mortality The Colyell soil is somewhat poorly drained. caused by flooding and wetness. After the trees are Typically, it has a surface layer of dark grayish brown harvested, carefully managed reforestation can control silt loam about 4 inches thick. The next layer is competition from undesirable understory plants. Planting yellowish brown, mottled silt loam about 18 inches thick. or harvesting during dry periods minimizes the The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown, formation of ruts and compaction. Special site mottled silty clay, and the lower part to a depth of about preparation, such as harrowing and bedding, helps to 60 inches is light brownish gray, mottled silty clay loam establish seedlings, reduces the seedling mortality rate, and silt loam. and increases the early growth rate of the seedlings. The Colyell soil is characterized by low fertility and Conventional methods of harvesting timber cannot be moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum that used during rainy periods, mainly from December to are potentially toxic to some crops. Permeability is slow. April. Plants can be adversely affected by a shortage of water These soils generally are not suited to cropland or during dry periods in the summer and fall of some pasture. Inaccessibility and the hazard of flooding are years. The concentrations of sodium in the lower part of the main management concerns. the subsoil restrict root development and limit the Because of a severe hazard of flooding, these soils amount of water available to plants. Water runs off the generally are not suited to urban development or to surface at a medium rate. A perched water table is at a intensive recreation uses. Low strength on sites for depth of 1.5 and 3.0 feet from December through April. roads, the wetness, the high shrink-swell potential, the The shrink-swell potential is high in the subsoil. slow permeability, and inaccessibility are additional The Springfield soil is poorly drained. Typically, it has limitations. a surface layer of grayish brown silt loam about 3 These soils are well suited to habitat for deer, inches thick. The subsurface layer is light brownish rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous nongame Soil Survey birds. The habitat can be improved by planting heavy rains. A seasonal high water table is about 0.5 to appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant 1.0 foot below the surface from December through April. cover, or by propagating desirable plants. The shrink-swell potential is moderate. Both soils are in capability subclass Vw. The Included with these soils in mapping are a few small woodland ordination symbol assigned to the Colyell soil areas of Colyell, Gilbert, Olivier, and Springfield soils. is 13W, and that assigned to the Springfield soil is 10W. None of these soils has a high content of sodium in the upper or middle part of the subsoil. Colyell soils are Dv-Deerford-Verdun silt loams. These soils are slightly lower on the landscape than the Deerford and level, are somewhat poorly drained, and have high Verdun soils. They have a clayey subsoil. Olivier soils levels of sodium in the subsoil. They are on broad flats are slightly higher on the landscape than the Deerford on stream or marine terraces. They are subject to rare and Verdun soils. They have a fragipan. Gilbert soils flooding, which can occur after high-intensity rains of are on broad flats or in depressional areas and are long duration. Areas range from about 20 to 1,000 poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. Springfield acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 percent. The soils are lower on the landscape than the Deerford and Deerford and Verdun soils each make up about 45 Verdun soils. They have a clayey subsoil. Included soils percent of this map unit. make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Typically, the Deerford soil has a surface layer of The Deerford and Verdun soils are used mainly as dark grayish brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The woodland or pasture. A few small areas are used as subsurface layer is brown silt loam about 6 inches thick. homesites or recreation areas. The upper part of the subsoil is brown and yellowish These soils are poorly suited to most crops. They are brown, mottled silty clay loam. The next part is light limited mainly by wetness, low fertility, and excess olive brown, mottled silty clay loam. The lower part to a sodium. Also, potentially toxic levels of exchangeable depth of about 60 inches is light olive brown, mottled aluminum are in the root zone of the Deerford soil. The silt loam. sodium in both soils limits the number of suitable crops. The Deerford soil is characterized by low fertility and The best suited plants are shallow-rooted ones that moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum that grow in cool seasons. Traffic pans form easily, but are potentially toxic to some crops. Water and air move these can be broken up by deep plowing or chiseling. through this soil at a slow rate. Plants can be adversely The surface tends to crust. Surface crusting and affected by a shortage of water during dry periods in the compaction can be minimized by returning crop residue summer and fall of most years. The concentrations of to the soil. Proper row arrangement, field ditches, and sodium salts in the middle and lower parts of the vegetated outlets help to remove excess surface water. subsoil limit the effective rooting depth and the amount Minimizing tillage and including grasses, legumes, or a of water available to plants. Water runs off the surface grass-legume mixture in the cropping sequence help to at a slow rate and stands in low areas for short periods maintain fertility and tilth. Crops respond well to after heavy rains. A seasonal high water table is about applications of lime and fertilizer, which improve fertility 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet below the surface from December and help to offset the adverse effects of the sodium in through April. The shrink-swell potential is moderate. the subsoil and the high levels of aluminum. Typically, the Verdun soil has a surface layer of dark These soils are poorly suited to loblolly pine and grayish brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The slash pine. They are better suited to hardwoods, such subsurface layer is light brownish gray, mottled silt loam as sweetgum and water oak. Production of pine trees is about 8 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is only moderate. Seedling mortality is moderate or severe grayish brown, mottled silty clay loam. The lower part to because of the wetness and the high content of sodium a depth of about 70 inches is yellowish brown, mottled salts in the soils. Other concerns in producing and silt loam. hawesting timber are soil compaction and a moderate The Verdun soil is characterized by low fertility. The equipment limitation caused by wetness. High subsoil has high levels of sodium that restrict root concentrations of sodium near the surface may affect development and limit the amount of water available to plant growth. Soil compaction can be minimized by plants. Water and air move through this soil at a very using suitable logging systems, laying out skid trails in slow rate. Plants generally are adversely affected by a advance, and harvesting timber when the soil is least shortage of water during dry periods in the summer and susceptible to compaction. A drainage system and fall of most years. Water runs off the surface at a slow bedding of rows reduce the wetness and improve rate and stands in low areas for short periods after Livingston Parish, Louisiana seedling survival. Conventional methods of harvesting sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about timber cannot be used during rainy periods, generally 40 inches thick. It is reddish brown silty clay loam in the from December to April. upper part, yellowish red silty clay loam in the next part, These soils are moderately well suited to pasture. and yellowish red clay loam in the lower part. The The main limitations are the wetness, low fertility, and underlying material to a depth of about 60 inches is the high content of sodium. The concentrations of yellowish red fine sandy loam. sodium in the subsoil limit the choice of plants suitable Included with this soil in mapping are a few small for pasture. Common bermudagrass, white clover, and areas of Cahaba, Gilbert, Olivier, and Satsuma soils. vetch are suitable pasture plants. Excess surface water Cahaba soils are in landscape positions similar to those can be removed by field ditches and suitable outlets. of the Dexter soil. They contain more sand in the Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted subsoil than the Dexter soil. Gilbert soils are in grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in depressions and are poorly drained. They are grayish good condition. Fertilizer and lime are needed if throughout. Olivier and Satsuma soils are lower on the optimum production of grasses and legumes is to be landscape than the Dexter soil and are somewhat achieved. poorly drained. Olivier soils have a fragipan, and These soils are moderately well suited to habitat for Satsuma soils have a subsurface layer that extends into deer, rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and nongame birds. the subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate the map unit. vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or The Dexter soil is characterized by low fertility. Water by propagating desirable plants. and air move through this soil at a moderate rate, and Mainly because of the wetness, low strength on sites water runs off the surface at a medium rate. Roots for roads, the excess sodium, the slow or very slow penetrate the soil easily, and the effective rooting depth permeability, and the hazard of flooding, these soils are is 60 inches or more. Plants generally are adversely poorly suited to urban development. Excess water can affected by a shortage of water during dry periods in the be removed by shallow ditches. It also can be removed summer and fall of most years. The soil dries quickly by providing the proper grade for drainage. Selection of after rains. The shrink-swell potential is low. adapted vegetation for planting is critical in areas used Most of the acreage is pastured or used for homesite for lawns, shrubs, trees, and vegetable gardens. The development. A small acreage is used as cropland or design of local roads and streets can offset the limited woodland. In places sand and gravel are mined for use traffic-supporting capacity. The slow or very slow as construction material. permeability and the high water table increase the This soil is well suited to pasture. Erosion is a possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. If moderate hazard. Low fertility is the main limitation. The flooding is controlled, lagoons or self-contained disposal main suitable pasture plants are common units can be used to dispose of sewage properly. bermudagrass, improved bermudagrass, bahiagrass, Mainly because of the wetness, the flooding, the and crimson clover. A seedbed should be prepared on excess sodium, and the slow or very slow permeability, the contour or across the slope. Proper stocking rates these soils are poorly suited to recreational and pasture rotation help to keep the pasture in good development. A good drainage system and flood control condition. Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum are needed in intensively used areas, such as growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. playgrounds and campsites. The plant cover can be This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. maintained by applying fertilizer and controlling traffic. Few limitations affect the production of timber. After the In areas of the Deerford soil, the capability subclass trees are harvested, carefully managed reforestation is lllw and the woodland ordination symbol is 7W. In helps to control competition from undesirable understory areas of the Verdun soil, the capability subclass is Ills plants. Conventional methods of harvesting timber and the woodland ordination symbol is 7T. generally can be used throughout the year. This soil is moderately well suited to crops, mainly Dx-Dexter very fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent corn, grain sorghum, and vegetables. The hazard of slopes. This soil is gently sloping and well drained. It is erosion is moderate. The low fertility and moderately in convex areas on stream terraces along the major high levels of exchangeable aluminum within the root drainageways. Areas range from about 10 to 100 acres zone are limitations. The soil is friable and can be in size. easily kept in good tilth. It can be worked throughout a Typically, the surface layer is dark brown very fine wide range in moisture content. Crops can be adversely Soil Survey

affected by a shortage of moisture during dry periods in drainageways and are somewhat poorly drained. They some years. Returning all crop residue to the soil and are brownish throughout. Deerford and Verdun soils are including grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture higher on the landscape than the Encrow soil. They in the cropping sequence help to control erosion and have high levels of sodium in the subsoil. Natalbany maintain fertility and tilth. Contour farming and soils are on flood plains. They are clayey throughout. stripcropping also can help to control erosion. Most Springfield soils are slightly higher on the landscape crops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer, than the Encrow soil. They are characterizied by an which help to overcome the low fertility and the abrupt change in texture from the subsurface layer to moderateiy high levels of exchangeabie aluminum. the subsoil. Included soils make up about 15 percent of This soil is well suited to homesite development and the map unit. other urban uses. The main limitations are the slope The Encrow soil is characterized by low fertility and and the moderate permeability. Preserving as many high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are trees as possible on the building site helps to control potentially toxic to most crops. Permeability is slow. erosion. The sides of shallow excavations cave in easily Plants can be adversely affected by a shortage of water unless they are carefully supported. Seepage can be a during dry periods in the summer and fall of some problem if the soil is used as a site for sewage lagoons. years. Water runs off the surface at a very slow rate The soil is a source of sand and gravel, but excessive and stands in low areas for long periods after heavy silt and clay is a common problem. Enlarging septic rains. A seasonal high water table fluctuates between a tank absorption fields helps to overcome the moderate depth of about 1.5 feet and the surface from December permeability in the subsoil. through April. The shrink-swell potential is high in the This soil is well suited to recreational development. subsoil. The slope is the only limitation. Erosion and Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or sedimentation can be controlled by maintaining an pasture. A few areas are used for homesite or adequate plant cover. The plant cover can be recreational development. maintained by controlling traffic and applying fertilizer. This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and This soil is well suited to habitat for rabbits, quail, slash pine. The main limitations in producing- and doves, deer, turkeys, and numerous nongame birds. harvesting timber are soil compactibn, the equipment The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate limitation, and the seedling mortality caused by flooding vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or and wetness. Competition from understory plants is an by propagating desirable plants. additional concern. Conventional methods of harvesting The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland timber cannot be used during rainy periods or during ordination symbol is 12A. periods of flooding, generally from December to April. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when En-Encrow silt loam, occasionally flooded. This the soil is moist causes the formation of ruts and soil is level and poorly drained. It is in broad compaction. Puddling can occur when the soil is wet. depressional areas and along small drainageways on Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes stream or marine terraces. Flooding occurs about 5 to damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. 50 times in 100 years. Areas are irregular in shape and After the trees are harvested, carefully managed range from 20 to 1,000 acres in size. Slopes are 0 to 1 reforestation can control competition from undesirable percent. understory plants. Competing vegetation also can be Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown silt loam controlled by proper site preparation and by spraying, about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light cutting, or girdling, which can eliminate unwanted brownish gray, mottled silt loam about 8 inches thick. weeds, brush, or trees. Natural regeneration of pine is The next layer is light brownish gray, mottled silt loam difficult in wet years. Bedding and a surface drainage and gray, mottled silty clay loam. The upper part of the system help to ensure that pine seedlings survive. subsoil is dark gray, mottled silty clay; the next part is This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The gray, mottled silty clay and light brownish gray, mottled main limitations are the wetness, low fertility, and the silty clay loam; and the lower part to a depth of about hazard of flooding. Suitable pasture plants are common 60 inches is light olive gray, mottled silty clay loam. bermudagrass, bahiagrass, singletary peas, and vetch. Included with this soil in mapping are few small areas Grazing when the soil is wet causes puddling and of Colyell, Deerford, Natalbany, Springfield, and Verdun compaction of the surface layer, which reduce forage soils. Colyell soils are on ridges and side slopes along production. Excess surface water can be removed by Livingston Parish, Louisiana

field ditches and suitable outlets. Fertilizer and lime are depressional areas on stream or marine terraces. The needed if the optimum production of forage is to be soil is subject to rare flooding. The flooding occurs for achieved. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and brief to long periods, mainly in winter and spring. It can restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the occur during the cropping season. Areas are irregular in pasture in good condition. shape and are 10 to several hundred acres in size. Because of the wetness and the hazard of flooding, Slopes are less than 1 percent. this soil is poorly suited to cropland. It is best suited to Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown silt loam short-season crops that can be planted late in the about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light growing season. Flood control is possible, but major brownish gray silt loam about 8 inches thick. The upper flood-control structures, such as levees, are needed. part of the subsoil is grayish brown and light brownish Other limitations are low fertility and potentially toxic gray, mottled silty clay loam and silt loam. The lower levels of exchangeable aluminum within the root zone. part to a depth of about 60 inches is light brownish gray Field ditches and suitable outlets can remove excess silty clay loam. surface water; however, maintaining ditches is difficult Included with this soil in mapping are a few small unless flooding is controlled. Crops respond well to areas of Deerford, Myatt, Satsuma, and Verdun soils. fertilizer and lime, which help to overcome the low Deerford, Satsuma, and Verdun soils are slightly higher fertility and high levels of exchangeable aluminum. on the landscape than the Gilbert soil. Deerford and Mainly because of the wetness and the hazard of Verdun soils have high levels of sodium in the upper or flooding, this soil is poorly suited to recreational middle part of the subsoil. Satsuma soils do not have development. A good drainage system and flood-control high levels of sodium in any part of the subsoil. Myatt measures are needed in intensively used areas, such soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the as playgrounds and campsites. Gilbert soil. They contain more sand in the subsoil than This soil is poorly suited to urban development. the Gilbert soil. Also included are small areas of Gilbert Unless protected against flooding, it generally is not soils that are occasionally flooded. Included soils make suited to dwellings. The main limitations are the up about 15 percent of the map unit. wetness, the slow permeability, low strength on sites for The Gilbert soil is characterized by low fertility and roads, the high shrink-swell potential, and the hazard of moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum that flooding. Flooding can be controlled by major structures, are potentially toxic to some crops. Also, the high levels such as levees and pumps. Roads and streets should of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil restrict root be located above the level of flooding. The design of development and limit the amount of water available to the roads and streets can offset the limited traffic- plants. Water and air move through this soil at a very supporting capacity. Selection of adapted vegetation for slow rate. Water runs off the surface at a very slow rate planting is critical in areas used for lawns, shrubs, and stands in low areas for long periods after heavy trees, and vegetable gardens. The slow permeability rains. A seasonal high water table is within a depth of and the high water table increase the possibility that 1.5 feet from December through April. The shrink-swell septic tank absorption fields will fail. If flooding is potential is moderate. controlled, lagoons or self-contained disposal units can Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A small be used to dispose of sewage properly. Properly acreage is used as pasture or cropland or for urban or designing the foundations and footings of buildings and recreational development. diverting runoff away from the buildings help to prevent This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and the structural damage caused by shrinking and swelling. slash pine. The main concerns in producing and This soil is moderately well suited to habitat for deer, harvesting timber are soil compaction, a severe squirrels, rabbits, turkeys, and small furbearers. The equipment limitation, and moderate seedling mortality habitat can be improved by planting appropriate caused by wetness. Competition from understory plants vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or also can be a concern. After the trees are harvested, by propagating desirable plants. carefully managed reforestation can control competition The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland from undesirable understory plants. Planting or ordination symbol is 9W. harvesting only during dry periods minimizes compaction. Conventional methods of harvesting timber Gb-Gilbert silt loam. This soil is level, is poorly cannot be used during rainy periods, generally from drained, and has a high level of sodium in the lower December to April. part of the subsoil. It is on broad flats and in slightly This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The Soil Survey main management concerns are low fertility and furbearers. The habitat can be improved bv planting wetness. The main suitable pasture plants are common appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the-existing plant bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, and southern cover, or by propagating desirable plants. The habitat winterpeas. Excess surface water can be removed by for wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing field ditches and suitable outlets. Proper stocking rates, shallow ponds for use by waterfowl and furbearers. pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet The capability subclass is Illw. The woodland periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. ordination symbol is 6W. Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. Ge-Gilbert-Brimstone silt loams, occasionally This soil is moderately well suited to crops, mainly flooded. These soils are level, are poorly drained, and vegetables. The main management concerns are have high levels of sodium in the subsoil. They are in wetness, low fertility, potentially toxic levels of broad depressional areas and along drainageways on exchangeable aluminum in the root zone, and high stream or marine terraces. They are occasionally levels of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil. The flooded for brief to long periods, mainly in winter and soil is friable and can be easily worked; however, the spring. The flooding can occur during the cropping surface layer tends to crust during dry periods. Proper season. Areas are irregular in shape and range from 20 row arrangement, field ditches, and vegetated outlets to several hundred acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 are needed to remove excess surface water. Returning percent. The Gilbert soil makes up about 60 percent of all crop residue to the soil and including grasses, the map unit and the Brimstone soil about 25 percent. legumes, or a grass-legume mixture in the cropping Typically, the Gilbert soil has a surface layer of sequence help to maintain fertility and tilth. Crops grayish brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer, which subsurface layer is light brownish gray silt loam about 8 help to overcome the low fertility and potentially toxic inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is grayish levels of exchangeable aluminum. brown and light brownish gray, mottled silty clay loam. Mainly because of the wetness, the very slow The lower part to a depth of about 60 inches is light permeability, low strength on sites for roads, the brownish gray silty clay loam. moderate shrink-swell potential, and the hazard of The Gilbert soil is characterized by low fertility and flooding, this soil is poorly suited to urban development. moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum that It has severe limitations as a site for buildings, local are potentially toxic to some plants. Also, the high roads and streets, and most sanitary facilities. Flooding levels of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil restrict can be controlled by levees. Excess surface water can root development and limit the amount of water be removed by shallow ditches. It also can be removed available to plants. Water and air move through this soil by providing the proper grade for drainage. Selection of at a very slow rate. Water runs off the surface at a very adapted vegetation for planting is critical in areas used slow rate and stands in low areas for long periods. A for lawns, shrubs, trees, and vegetable gardens. The seasonal high water table is within a depth of 1.5 feet design of local roads and streets can offset the limited from December through April. The soil dries slowly after traffic-supporting capacity. Strengthening the heavy rains. The shrink-swell potential is moderate. foundations of buildings helps to prevent the structural Typically, the Brimstone soil has a surface layer of damage caused by shrinking and swelling of the grayish brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil. The very slow permeability and the high water subsurface layer is light brownish gray, mottled silt loam table increase the possibility that septic tank absorption about 14 inches thick. The next layer is light brownish fields will fail. If flooding is controlled, lagoons or self- gray, mottled silt loam about 6 inches thick. The upper contained disposal units can be used to dispose of part of the subsoil is light brownish gray, mottled silt sewage properly. loam and silty clay loam; the next part is light brownish This soil is poorly suited to recreational development. gray, mottled silty clay loam; and the lower part to a The main management concerns are the wetness, the depth of about 60 inches is light brownish gray silty clay very slow permeability, and the hazard of flooding. A loam. good drainage system and flood-control measures are The Brimstone soil is characterized by low fertility needed in intensively used areas, such as playgrounds and high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are and campsites. potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move This soil is moderately well suited to habitat for through this soil at a slow rate. Water runs off the ducks, deer, rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and small surface at a slow rate and stands in low areas for short Livingston Parish, Louisiana periods after heavy rains. A seasonal high water table surface layer tends to crust during dry periods. Proper is within a depth of about 1.5 feet from December row arrangement, field ditches, and vegetated outlets through April. The concentrations of sodium in the are needed to remove excess surface water. Returning middle and lower parts of the,subsoil restrict root all crop residue to the soil and including grasses, development and limit the amount of water available to legumes, or a grass-legume mixture in the cropping plants. The shrink-swell potential is moderate. sequence help to maintain fertility and tilth. Crops Included with these soils in mapping are a few small respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer, which areas of Deerford, Olivier, Satsuma, and Verdun soils. overcome the low fertility, the high levels of sodium, All of these soils are higher on the landscape than the and the moderately high or high levels of exchangeable Gilbert and Brimstone soils. Deerford, Olivier, Satsuma, aluminum. and Verdun soils are somewhat poorly drained. Because of the hazard of flooding and the wetness, Deerford and Verdun soils are brownish throughout. these soils are poorly suited to most urban uses. Unless Olivier soils have a fragipan. Also included are a few they are protected against flooding, they generally are small areas of Gilbert soils that are subject to only rare not suited to dwellings. Other limitations are the flooding. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the moderate shrink-swell potential, the very slow or slow map unit. permeability, and low strength on sites for roads. Major Most areas of the Gilbert and Brimstone soils are structures, such as levees, can control flooding. Excess used as woodland or pasture. A small acreage is used water can be removed by shallow ditches. It also can as cropland or for homesite or recreational be removed by providing the proper grade for drainage. development. Roads and streets can be built above the level of These soils are moderately well suited to loblolly pine flooding. The design of the roads and streets can offset and slash pine. The main concerns in producing and the limited traffic-supporting capacity. Strengthening the harvesting timber are soil compaction, a severe foundations of buildings helps to prevent the structural equipment limitation, and moderate seedling mortality damage caused by shrinking and swelling of the caused by wetness and flooding. Also, the excess subsoil. Selection of adapted vegetation for planting is sodium in the Brimstone soil somewhat limits tree critical in areas used for lawns, shrubs, trees, and growth, and competition from understory plants can be vegetable gardens because of the wetness and the high a concern. After the trees are harvested, carefully levels of sodium in the root zone. The slow or very slow managed reforestation can control competition from permeability and the high water table increase the undesirable understory plants. Planting or harvesting possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. only during dry periods minimizes compaction. Because of the hazard of flooding, the slow or very Conventional methods of harvesting timber cannot be slow permeability, and the wetness, these soils are used during rainy periods, generally from December to poorly suited to recreational development. A good April. drainage system and flood-control measures are These soils are moderately well suited to pasture. needed in most recreation areas. Controlling traffic The main limitations are the low fertility, the flooding, helps to maintain the plant cover. and the wetness. Suitable pasture plants are common These soils are well suited to habitat for wetland bermudagrass, bahiagrass, tall fescue, white clover, wildlife and moderately well suited to habitat for vetch, ryegrass, and southern winterpeas. Wetness woodland and openland wildlife. Suitable habitat can be limits the choice of plants and the period of grazing. provided for ducks, deer, rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, Excess surface water can be removed by field ditches and numerous small furbearers. The habitat can be and suitable outlets. Proper stocking rates, pasture improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help maintaining the existing plant cover, or by propagating to keep the pasture in good condition. Fertilizer and desirable plants. Oaks and other mast-producing trees lime are needed if the optimum growth of grasses and are especially important to such wildlife as deer and legumes is to be achieved. turkey. The habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved These soils are poorly suited to crops, mainly by constructing shallow ponds, which provide open vegetables. They are limited mainly by the flooding, water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. wetness, low fertility, and potentially toxic levels of Both soils are in capability subclass IVw. The sodium and aluminum within the root zone. The soils woodland ordination symbol assigned to the Gilbert soil are friable and can be easily worked; however, the is 6W, and that assigned to the Brimstone soil is 1 IT. Soil Survey

Gy-Guyton silt loam. This soil is level and poorly pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet drained. It is on broad flats and in slightly depressional periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. areas on stream or marine terraces. The soil is subject Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum growth of to rare flooding, which can occur during any part of the grasses and legumes is to be achieved. year but is most likely in winter and spring. Areas are This soil is moderately well suited to crops, mainly irregular in shape and are 10 to 200 acres in size. vegetables. The main management concerns are Slopes are less than 1 percent. wetness, low fertility, and potentially toxic levels of Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown silt loam exchangeable aluminum within the root zone. This soil about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light is friable and can be easily worked; however, the brownish gray, mottled silt loam about 19 inches thick. surface layer tends to crust during dry periods. Proper The upper part of the subsoil is gray, mottled silty clay row arrangement, field ditches, and vegetated outlets loam and light brownish gray, mottled silt loam. The are needed to remove excess surface water. Returning lower part to a depth of about 60 inches is gray, mottled all crop residue to the soil and including grasses, silty clay loam. legumes, or a grass-legume mixture in the cropping Included with this soil in mapping are a few small sequence help to maintain fertility and tilth. Crops areas of Abita, Myatt, and Stough soils. Abita and respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer, which Stough soils are slightly higher on the landscape than overcome the low fertility and the high levels of the Guyton soil and are somewhat poorly drained. They exchangeable aluminum. are brownish throughout. Myatt soils are in landscape Mainly because of the wetness, the slow positions similar to those of the Guyton soil. They permeability, low strength on sites for roads, and the contain more sand in the subsoil than the Guyton soil. hazard of flooding, the soil is poorly suited to buildings, Also included are a few small areas of Guyton soils that local roads and streets, and most sanitary facilities. are occasionally flooded. Included soils make up about Excess water can be removed by shallow ditches. It 15 percent of the map unit. also can be removed by providing the proper grade for The Guyton soil is characterized by low fertility and drainage. Selection of adapted vegetation for planting is high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are critical in areas used for lawns, shrubs, trees, and potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move vegetable gardens. The design of local roads and through this soil at a slow rate. Water runs off the streets can offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. surface at a slow rate and stands in low areas for short The slow permeability and the high water table increase periods after heavy rains. A seasonal high water table the possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. is within a depth of 1.5 feet from December through If flooding is controlled, lagoons or self-contained May. The shrink-swell potential is low. disposal units can be used to dispose of sewage Most of the acreage of this soil is used as woodland. properly. A small acreage is used as pasture or cropland or for Mainly because of the wetness and the hazard of urban or recreational development. flooding, this soil is poorly suited to recreational This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and development. A good drainage system and flood-control slash pine. The main concerns in producing and measures are needed in intensively used areas, such harvesting timber are soil compaction, a severe as playgrounds and campsites. Controlling traffic helps equipment limitation, and moderate seedling mortality to maintain the plant cover. caused by wetness. After the trees are harvested, This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife carefully managed reforestation can control competition and moderately well suited to habitat for openland and from undesirable understory plants. Planting or woodland wildlife. It can provide habitat for ducks, deer, harvesting only during dry periods minimizes the rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and small furbearers. The formation of ruts and compaction. Conventional habitat can be improved by planting appropriate methods of harvesting timber cannot be used during vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or rainy periods, generally from December to May. by propagating desirable plants. Oak, hickory, and other This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The mast-producing trees are especially important to deer main management concerns are low fertility and and turkeys. Constructing small ponds can improve the wetness. Suitable pasture plants are common habitat for waterfowl and furbearers. bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, and southern The capability subclass is Illw. The ordination symbol winterpeas. Excess surface water can be removed by is 9W. field ditches and suitable outlets. Proper stocking rates, Livingston Parish, Louisiana

MA-Maurepas muck. This soil is level, very poorly by deep water. Trapping of American alligator and drained, and very fluid. It is an organic soil that is in furbearers is an important enterprise in most areas. swamps. It is ponded most of the time. Areas range Management that favors oaks and other mast-producing from about 100 to several thousand acres in size. trees can improve the habitat for wood ducks, squirrels, Slopes are less than 1 percent. The number of deer, and nongame birds. Constructing shallow ponds observations made in these areas was fewer than the can improve the habitat for waterfowl. number in most other areas of the parish because of Because of wetness and low strength, this soil is not limited accessibility. The detail of mapping, however, is suited to pasture or cropland. It is generally too soft and adequate for the expected use of the soil. boggy for grazing by livestock. A drainage system can Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish be installed, but extensive water-control structures, such brown, very fluid muck about 12 inches thick. Below this as levees and water pumps, are required. to a depth of about 84 inches is dark yellowish brown This soil is not suited to intensive recreation uses or and very dark grayish brown, very fluid muck. to urban uses. Wetness, low strength, and the potential lncluded with this soil in mapping are a few large for subsidence are too severe for these uses. A areas of Barbary soils and soils having organic layers drainage system can be installed, but an extensive that are 16 to 51 inches deep over very fluid clay or system of levees and water pumps is needed. mucky clay. Both of these soils are in landscape Excavation is difficult because of buried logs and positions similar to those of the Maurepas soil. Barbary stumps. Subsidence is a continuing limitation after the soils are very fluid, mineral soils. Also included, along soil is drained. The soil material is poorly suited to use streams and around lakes, are a few narrow bands of in the construction of levees because it shrinks and soils that are grayish, are loamy, and are 2 to 3 feet cracks as it dries, causing the levees to fail. higher in elevation than the surrounding soils. lncluded The capability subclass is Vlllw. No woodland soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. ordination symbol is assigned. The Maurepas soil is ponded by several inches of freshwater most of the time. A seasonal high water Mt-Myatt fine sandy loam. This soil is level and table generally is at the surface or as much as 1 foot poorly drained. It is in broad depressional areas and above the surface. During dry periods, however, it is as along small drainageways on stream or marine terraces. much as 6 inches below the surface. The soil has low It is subject to rare flooding, which can occur during any strength. The total subsidence potential is very high. part of the year. Areas are irregular in shape and 20 to Permeability is rapid. The shrink-swell potential is low. 500 acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 percent. Most of the acreage of this soil supports native Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine vegetation. It is used as habitat for wetland wildlife or sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer as recreation areas, such as hunting grounds. is light brownish gray, mottled fine sandy loam about 6 This soil is generally unsuited to commercial inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 58 woodland. Wetness and poor trafficability are the main inches. It is grayish brown, mottled loam in the upper limitations. No areas are managed for timber production part and gray and light brownish gray, mottled sandy because natural regeneration of trees is poor and clay loam in the lower part. The underlying material to a special harvesting equipment is needed. The soil depth of about 60 inches is light gray, mottled sandy cannot support the weight of most types of harvesting clay loam. equipment. lncluded with this soil in mapping are a few small The natural vegetation on this soil consists of water- areas of Guyton, Satsuma, and Stough soils. Guyton tolerant trees and aquatic understory plants. The main soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the trees are baldcypress, water tupelo, and black willow. Myatt soil. They contain less sand in the subsoil than The understory and aquatic vegetation consists mainly the Myatt soil. Satsuma and Stough soils are higher on of alligatorweed, buttonbush, bulltongue, duckweed, the landscape than the Myatt soil. Also, they have a pickerelweed, and water hyacinth. browner subsoil. Also included are small areas of Myatt This soil is well suited to extensive recreation areas soils that are occasionally flooded. lncluded soils make and to habitat for wetland wildlife. It provides habitat for up about 10 percent of the map unit. crawfish, ducks, squirrels, alligators, wading birds, and The Myatt soil is characterized by low fertility and furbearers, such as raccoon, mink, and otter. White- high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are tailed deer and swamp rabbits frequent areas of this potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move soil during periods when the soil is dry or is not covered through this soil at a moderately slow rate. Water runs Soil Survey off the surface at a slow or very slow rate. The surface needed in areas used for lawns, shade trees, layer remains wet for long periods after heavy rains. A ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, and vegetable seasonal high water table is within a depth of about 1 gardens. Excess water can be removed by shallow foot from November through April. Plants can be ditches. It also can be removed by providing the proper adversely affected by a shortage of water during dry grade for drainage. In areas where levees are not periods in the summer and fall of some years. constructed to control flooding, buildings and roads can Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A small be raised to elevations above normal flood levels. The acreage is used for pasture, truck crops, or homesite or moderately slow permeability and the high water table recreational development. increase the possibility that septic tank absorption fields This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and will fail. If flooding is controlled, lagoons or self- slash pine. The productivity potential is high, but contained disposal units can be used to dispose of management problems are severe. The main concerns sewage properly. in producing and harvesting timber are the restricted Mainly because of the flooding and the wetness, this use of equipment and the seedling mortality caused by soil is poorly suited to recreational uses. A good wetness. Plant competition also is a concern. Planting drainage system is needed in most recreation areas. or harvesting only during dry periods minimizes soil Flood control is needed in areas used as campsites. compaction and the formation of ruts. Conventional Controlling traffic helps to maintain the plant cover. methods of harvesting timber generally can be used, This soil is well suited to habitat for deer, rabbits, but they cannot be used during some rainy periods, ducks, quail, squirrels, turkeys, doves, and numerous generally from November to April. After the trees are small furbearers. The habitat can be improved by harvested, carefully managed reforestation can control planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the competition from undesirable understory plants. existing plant cover, or by propagating desirable plants. Competing vegetation also can be controlled by proper Controlled burning in wooded areas can increase the site preparation and by spraying, cutting, or girdling, amount of browse palatable to deer and the number of which can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. seed-producing plants available to quail, turkey, and This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The other nongame birds. main management concerns are low fertility and The capability subclass is Illw. The woodland wetness. Suitable pasture plants are bahiagrass, ordination symbol is 9W. common bermudagrass, white clover, southern winterpeas, and vetch. Excess water can be removed My-Myatt fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded. by field ditches and suitable outlets. Proper stocking This soil is level and poorly drained. It is in broad rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet depressional areas and along small drainageways on periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. stream or marine terraces. It is occasionally flooded for Fertilizer and lime are generally needed if the optimum brief periods. The flooding usually occurs in winter and growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. spring, but it can occur during any part of the year. This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, Areas are irregular in shape and range from 20 to mainly vegetables. Wetness, low fertility, and potentially several hundred acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 toxic levels of exchangeable aluminum are the main percent. limitations. Proper row arrangement, field ditches, and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine suitable outlets are needed to remove excess surface sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer water. Returning all crop residue to the soil and is about 7 inches thick. It is light brownish gray, mottled including grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture fine sandy loam. The subsoil to a depth of about 60 in the cropping sequence help to maintain fertility and inches is light gray, mottled sandy clay loam and clay tilth. Crops respond well to applications of lime and loam. fertilizer, which help to overcome the low fertility and Included with this soil in mapping are a few small the high levels of aluminum in the root zone. areas of Gilbert, Satsuma, and Stough soils. Satsuma Mainly because of the wetness, the flooding, low and Stough soils are higher on the landscape than the strength on sites for roads, and the moderately slow Myatt soil and are somewhat poorly drained. They have permeability, this soil is poorly suited to buildings, local a brownish subsoil. Gilbert soils are in landscape roads and streets, and most sanitary facilities. A positions similar to those of the Myan soil. They contain drainage system is needed if roads and building less sand in the subsoil than the Myatt soil. Also foundations are constructed. A drainage system also is included are small areas of Myatt soils that are subject Livingston Parish, Louisiana to only rare flooding. Included soils make up about 15 fertilizer, which help to overcome the low fertility and percent of the map unit. the high levels of exchangeable aluminum in the root The Myatt soil is characterized by low fertility and zone. high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are This soil is poorly suited to most urban uses. It is potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move generally not suited to dwellings unless it is protected through this soil at a moderately slow rate. Water runs against flooding. It has severe limitations as a site for off the surface at a slow rate and stands in low areas buildings, local roads and streets, and most sanitary for long periods after heavy rains. The soil dries slowly facilities, mainly because of the flooding, the wetness, after heavy rains. A seasonal high water table is within low strength on sites for roads, and the moderately slow a depth of about 1 foot from November through April. permeability. Major flood-control structures are needed. The shrink-swell potential is low. Excess water can be removed by shallow ditches. It Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or also can removed by providing the proper grade for pasture. A small acreage is developed for intensive drainage. Roads and streets can be built above the recreation uses, such as playgrounds and campsites. level of flooding. The design of the roads and streets This soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine, can offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. slash pine, and sweetgum. The productivity potential is Selection of adapted vegetation for planting is critical in high, but management problems are severe. The main areas used for lawns, shrubs, trees, and vegetable concerns in producing and harvesting timber are a gardens. The moderately slow permeability and the high severe equipment limitation and severe seedling water table increase the possibility that septic tank mortality caused by flooding and wetness. Moderate absorption fields will fail. If flooding is controlled, plant competition also can be a concern. Planting or lagoons or self-contained disposal units can be used to harvesting only during dry periods minimizes the dispose of sewage properly. formation of ruts and compaction. Conventional This soil is poorly suited to recreational development, methods of harvesting timber generally can be used, mainly because of wetness. Flooding is a hazard in but they cannot be used during some rainy periods, areas used as campsites. A good drainage system is generally from November to April. After the trees are needed in most recreation areas. Controlling traffic harvested, carefully managed reforestation can control helps to maintain the plant cover. competition from undesirable understory plants. This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife Competing vegetation also can be controlled by proper and moderately well suited to habitat for openland site preparation and by spraying, cutting, or girdling, wildlife and woodland wildlife. It can provide habitat for which can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. ducks, deer, rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The numerous small furbearers. The habitat can be main management concerns are low fertility, the improved by planting appropriate vegetation, by wetness, and flooding. Suitable pasture plants are maintaining the existing plant cover, or by propagating common bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, and desirable plants. The habitat for waterfowl and southern winterpeas. Wetness limits the choice of furbearers can be improved by constructing shallow plants and the period of grazing. Excess surface water ponds. can be removed by field ditches and suitable outlets. The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland Flood control is possible, but only in areas where major ordination symbol is 9W. flood-control structures are constructed. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet Na-Natalbany silty clay loam, frequently flooded. periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. This soil is level and poorly drained. It is on the flood Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum growth of plains along streams near swamps. It is frequently grasses and legumes is to be achieved. flooded for long periods. The flooding can occur during Mainly because of low fertility, potentially toxic levels any part of the year but is most likely in winter and of exchangeable aluminum, wetness, and the hazard of spring. Areas are irregular in shape and range from 50 flooding, this soil is poorly suited to cultivated crops. A to several hundred acres in size. Slopes are less than 1 drainage system and flood control are needed if crops percent. are grown. Returning all crop residue to the soil and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silty including grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture clay loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a in the cropping sequence help to maintain fertility and depth of about 60 inches. It is dark gray, mottled silty tilth. Crops respond well to applications of lime and clay in the upper part; dark gray and grayish brown, Soil Survey mottled clay in the next part; and grayish brown, This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife mottled silty clay in the lower part. The underlying and moderately well suited to habitat for openland and material to a depth of about 80 inches is grayish brown, woodland wildlife. It provides habitat for deer, squirrels, mottled silty clay. rabbits, ducks, turkeys, and numerous small furbearers. lncluded with this soil in mapping are a few small The habitat for most kinds of wildlife can be improved areas of Barbary, Colyell, and Springfield soils. Barbary by planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the soils are in swamps and are very poorly drained. They existing plant cover, or by propagating desirable plants. are very fluid, mineral soils. Colyell and Springfield soils Oak, hickory, and other mast-producing trees are are higher on the landscape than the Natalbany soil. especially important to deer and turkeys. Constructing Colyell soils are somewhat poorly drained. They are shallow ponds can improve the habitat for waterfowl brownish throughout. Springfield soils are characterized and furbearers. by an abrupt change in texture between the subsurface The capability subclass is Vw. The woodland layer and the subsoil. Included soils make up about 15 ordination symbol is 4W. percent of the map unit. The Natalbany soil is characterized by low fertility Oe-Olivier silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This and high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are soil is level and somewhat poorly drained. It is on potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move broad, slightly convex ridges on stream terraces. Areas through this soil at a very slow rate. Water runs off the range from about 20 to 200 acres in size. surface at a slow rate. Plants can be adversely affected Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam by a shortage of water during dry periods in the about 5 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light summer and fall of some years. A seasonal high water yellowish brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The table is within a depth of 1 foot from December through upper part of the subsoil is yellowish brown, mottled silt April. The shrink-swell potential is very high. loam about 15 inches thick. The lower part to a depth of In most areas this soil is used as woodland. A small about 63 inches is a fragipan of yellowish brown, acreage is used as pasture or extensive recreation mottled silty clay loam. areas. lncluded with this soil in mapping are a few small This soil is poorly suited to water oak, willow oak, areas of Calhoun, Dexter, and Gilbert soils. None of water tupelo, American elm, eastern cottonwood, and these soils has a fragipan. Calhoun and Gilbert soils green ash. The potential productivity is only moderate, are in depressions and along drainageways and are and management is difficult. The main concerns in poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. Dexter producing and harvesting timber are soil compaction, a soils are in convex areas and are well drained. They severe equipment limitation, and moderate seedling have a subsoil that is reddish in the lower part. lncluded mortality caused by wetness and flooding. The only soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit. trees that should be selected for planting are those that The Olivier soil is characterized by medium fertility can withstand seasonal wetness. Planting and and high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are harvesting only during dry periods minimizes the potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move formation of ruts and compaction. Conventional through the fragipan at a slow rate. Water runs slowly methods of harvesting timber generally can be used, off the surface. A seasonal high water table is about 1.0 but they cannot be used during some rainy periods, to 2.5 feet below the surface from December through generally from December to April. April. The surface layer dries quickly after heavy rains. This soil is poorly suited to pasture, mainly because The effective rooting depth is limited by the fragipan. of the wetness, the low fertility, and the hazard of The shrink-swell potential is moderate in the subsoil. flooding. Suitable pasture plants are common Most of the acreage of this soil is used as woodland bermudagrass, singletary peas, and vetch. The use of or pasture. A small acreage is used for vegetables or equipment is limited by the wetness. Proper stocking for homesite or recreational development. rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. The potential productivity is high. The main concerns in Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum growth of producing and harvesting timber are a moderate grasses and legumes is to be achieved. equipment limitation and soil compaction caused by Because of the hazard of flooding and the wetness, wetness. Competition from understory plants is an this soil generally is not suited to cropland, to urban additional concern. After the trees are harvested, development, or to intensive recreation uses. carefully managed reforestation can control competition Livingston Parish, Louisiana from undesirable understory plants. Competing trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, and vegetable vegetation also can be controlled by proper site gardens. preparation and by spraying, cutting, or girdling, which This soil is moderately well suited to recreational can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. Planting development. The main management concerns are the or harvesting only during dry periods minimizes wetness and the slow permeability. A good drainage compaction and the formation of ruts. Conventional system is needed in intensively used areas, such as methods of harvesting timber cannot be used during playgrounds and campsites. rainy periods, generally from December to April. This soil is well suited to habitat for openland and This soil is well suited to pasture. The main woodland wildlife. It provides habitat for deer, rabbits, limitations are wetness and medium fertility. Suitable quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous nongame birds. pasture plants are bahiagrass, common bermudagrass, The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate improved bermudagrass, white clover, southern vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or winterpeas, vetch, tall fescue, and ryegrass. Proper by propagating desirable plants. Controlled burning in stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing wooded areas can increase the amount of browse during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good palatable to deer and the number of seed-producing condition. Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum plants available to quail, turkeys, and other nongame growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. birds. Excess surface water can be removed by field ditches The capability subclass is Ilw. The woodland and suitable outlets. ordination symbol is 9W. This soil is moderately well suited to crops, mainly vegetables, corn, and grain sorghum. Wetness, medium Or-Olivier silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This fertility, and potentially toxic levels of exchangeable soil is gently sloping and somewhat poorly drained. It is aluminum are the main limitations. The soil is friable on low ridges and side slopes along drainageways on and can be easily worked; however, crusts tend to form stream terraces. Areas range from about 10 to 100 on the surface. Also, traffic pans can form if the soil is acres in size. tilled when it is wet. The pan can be broken by Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam subsoiling when the soil is dry. Proper row about 4 inches thick. The upper part of the subsoil is arrangement, field ditches, and suitable outlets are yellowish brown, mottled silt loam about 26 inches thick. needed to remove excess surface water. Returning all The lower part to a depth of about 60 inches is a crop residue to the soil and including grasses, legumes, fragipan of yellowish brown, mottled silty clay loam. or a grass-legume mixture in the cropping sequence Included with this soil in mapping are a few small help to maintain fertility and tilth. Crops respond well to areas of Calhoun and Dexter soils. Neither of these applications of lime and fertilizer, which help to soils has a fragipan. Calhoun soils are in depressions overcome the medium fertility and the high levels of and along drainageways and are poorly drained. They exchangeable aluminum in the root zone. are grayish throughout. Dexter soils are higher on the This soil is poorly suited to urban development. It has landscape than the Olivier soil and are well drained. severe limitations as a site for buildings, local roads and They have a subsoil that is reddish in the lower part. streets, and most sanitary facilities because of the Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map wetness, low strength on sites for roads, the moderate unit. shrink-swell potential, and the slow permeability. Excess The Olivier soil is characterized by medium fertility water can be removed by shallow ditches. It also can and high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are be removed by providing the proper grade for drainage. potentially toxic to most crops. Permeability is slow in The design of roads and streets can offset the limited the fragipan. Water runs off the surface at a medium traffic-supporting capacity. The slow permeability and rate. A seasonal high water table is perched above the the high water table increase the possibility that septic fragipan. It is about 1.0 to 2.5 feet below the surface tank absorption fields will fail. Lagoons or self-contained from December thrpugh April. The surface layer dries disposal units can be used to dispose of sewage quickly after rains. The effective rooting depth is limited properly. Strengthening the foundations of buildings by the fragipan. The shrink-swell potential is moderate helps to prevent the structural damage caused by in the subsoil. shrinking and swelling of the subsoil. A drainage system Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or is needed in areas used for most lawn grasses, shade pasture. A few areas are used as cropland, homesites, or intensive recreation areas. Soil Survey

This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. the high water table increase the possibility that septic The potential productivity is high. The main concerns in tank absorption fields will fail. The design of foundations producing and harvesting timber are the equipment and roads can help to prevent the damage caused by limitation and soil compaction caused by wetness. shrinking and swelling of the subsoil. Competition from understory plants can be an additional This soil is moderately well suited to recreational concern. After the trees are harvested, carefully development. The main management concerns are the managed reforestation can control competition from wetness and the slow permeability. Erosion is a hazard undesirable understory plants. Competing vegetation in areas used as sites for playgrounds. A good drainage also can be controlled by proper site preparation and by system is needed in most recreation areas. Seeding or spraying, cutting, or girdling, which can eliminate mulching areas that have been cut and filled helps to unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. Planting and control erosion. Maintaining a good plant cover helps to harvesting only during dry periods minimize compaction control runoff and erosion. and the formation of ruts. This soil is well suited to habitat for openland and This soil is well suited to pasture. The main woodland wildlife. It provides habitat for deer, squirrels, limitations are the medium fertility and a moderate rabbits, turkeys, quail, doves, and numerous nongame hazard of erosion. Suitable pasture plants are birds. The habitat can be improved by planting bahiagrass, common bermudagrass, improved appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant bermudagrass, ball clover, crimson clover, arrowleaf cover, or by propagating desirable plants. clover, and ryegrass. A seedbed should be prepared on The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland the contour if possible. Proper stocking rates, pasture ordination symbol is 9W. rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. Fertilizer and OU-Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and Guyton soils, lime are needed if the optimum growth of grasses and frequently flooded. These soils are gently sloping or legumes is to be achieved. level. They are on flood plains along the major streams. This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, They are frequently flooded for very brief to long mainly corn, grain sorghum, and vegetables. Erosion is periods. The flooding can occur during any part of the the main hazard. Medium fertility, wetness, and year but is most likely in winter and spring. The potentially toxic levels of exchangeable aluminum are Ouachita and Ochlockonee soils are well drained and the main limitations. A seedbed should be prepared on are on low ridges. The Guyton soil is poorly drained and the contour or across the slope. The soil is friable and is in low positions on the landscape. Areas range from can be worked throughout a wide range in moisture 200 to several thousand acres in size. They are about content, but the surface layer tends to crust and tillage 35 percent Ouachita soil, 30 percent Ochlockonee soil, pans can form if the soil is worked when wet. Runoff and 20 percent Guyton soil. Most mapped areas contain and erosion can be controlled by plowing in the fall, by all three soils, but some areas contain only one or two. applying fertilizer, and by seeding a cover crop. Slopes range from 1 to 3 percent on the ridges and are Returning all crop residue to the soil and including less than 1 percent in the low positions between the grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture in the ridges. cropping sequence help to maintain fertility and tilth. Typically, the Ouachita soil has a surface layer of Excess surface water can be removed by shallow brown silt loam about 5 inches thick. The upper part of ditches. Crops respond well to applications of lime and the subsoil is yellowish brown silt loam, the next part is fertilizer, which help to overcome the medium fertility dark yellowish brown silty clay loam, and the lower part and the high levels of exchangeable aluminum in the to a depth of about 60 inches is yellowish brown silt root zone. loam. Mainly because of low strength on sites for roads, The Ouachita soil is characterized by low fertility and the slow permeability, and the wetness, this soil is high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are poorly suited to urban development. The hazard of potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move erosion and the moderate shrink-swell potential are through this soil at a moderately slow rate. Water runs additional limitations. A drainage system is needed if off the surface at a slow rate. The water table is 6 feet buildings are constructed. Preserving the existing plant or more below the surface throughout the year. Plants cover during construction helps to control erosion. The can be adversely affected by a shortage of water during design of local roads and streets can offset the limited dry periods in the summer and fall of some years. The traffic-supporting capacity. The slow permeability and shrink-swell potential is low. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

Typically, the Ochlockonee soil has a surface layer of Because of the flooding, these soils are poorly suited brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The upper part to pasture. Wetness is a limitation in the Guyton soil. of the underlying material is yellowish brown sandy Low fertility is a limitation in all of the soils. Suitable loam. The lower part to a depth of about 60 inches is pasture plants are common bermudagrass, bahiagrass, yellowish brown loamy sand. singletary peas, and vetch. The use of equipment is The Ochlockonee soil is characterized by low fertility limited by the wetness. Proper stocking rates, pasture and moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help that are potentially toxic to some crops. Water and air to keep the pasture in good condition. Fertilizer and move through this soil at a moderately rapid rate. Water lime are needed if the optimum growth of grasses and runs off the surface at a slow rate. The seasonal high legumes is to be achieved. water table is 3 to 5 feet below the surface from These soils generally are not suited to cultivated December through April. Plants can be adversely crops, urban uses, or intensive recreation uses, such as affected by a shortage of water during dry periods in the playgrounds and campsites. The hazard of flooding is summer and fall of some years. The shrink-swell too Severe for these uses. potential is low. These soils are well suited to habitat for deer, ducks, Typically, the Guyton soil has a surface layer of dark turkeys, squirrels, rabbits, and numerous other small grayish brown silt loam about 6 inches thick. The furbearers. The habitat can be improved by planting subsurface layer is grayish brown and light brownish appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant gray silt loam about 18 inches thick. The subsoil to a cover, or by propagating desirable plants. The habitat depth of about 66 inches is mottled silty clay loam. The for waterfowl can be improved by constructing shallow upper part is grayish brown, and the lower part is gray. ponds. The Guyton soil is characterized by low fertility and All three soils are in capability subclass Vw. The high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are woodland ordination symbol assigned to the Ouachita potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move soil is 9W, that assigned to the Ochlockonee soil is through this soil at a slow rate. Water runs off the 1lW, and that assigned to the Guyton soil is 8W. surface at a slow or very slow rate. A seasonal high water table is within a depth of about 1.5 feet from Pa-Pits-Arents complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. December through May. The surface layer is wet for This map unit consists of open excavations from which long periods in winter and spring. The shrink-swell sand, gravel, or loamy material has been removed and potential is low. the piles of soil material that was left beside the pits Included with these soils in mapping are a few small after the sand, gravel, or loamy material was removed. areas of the well drained Cahaba and Dexter soils on Areas range from about 5 to several hundred acres in ridges. Part of the subsoil of these included soils is size. The Pits make up about 65 percent of the unit and reddish. Also included are soils that are more sandy the Arents about 25 percent. than the Guyton soil. Included soils make up about 15 Gravel pits are open excavations from which gravel percent of the map unit. has been mined. Most of these pits are on terraces Most areas of the Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and along the Amite River in the northern and central parts Guyton soils are used as woodland. A small acreage is of the parish. Sand pits are areas from which only sand used for pasture. has been removed. Borrow pits are areas from which These soils are moderately well suited to loblolly soil material and the underlying material have been pine, Nuttall oak, yellow poplar, sweetgum, eastern removed for use in the construction of roads and as fill cottonwood, and American sycamore. The potential material. productivity is high, but management is difficult. The The floor and walls of most pits are exposed geologic main concerns in producing and harvesting timber are a strata. Fertility is low, and the soil material generally is severe equipment limitation, soil compaction, and a high droughty. Pits support little or no vegetation, but a few seedling mortality rate caused by wetness and flooding. willow trees and annual weeds grow on the floor of Competition from understory plants also can be a some pits. Some pits are ponded for long periods concern. Conventional methods of harvesting timber during the wetter parts of the year. cannot be used during rainy periods or during periods of Typically, the Arents consist of stratified and mixed, flooding, generally from December to May. Planting and sandy and loamy soil material. These soils are spoil harvesting only during dry periods minimizes banks or piles of soil material left beside or in the pits. compaction and the formation of ruts. The Arents are characterized by low fertility. The Soil Survey seasonal high water table is below a depth of 6 feet in Dexter soils are higher on the landscape than the most areas. The available water capacity and Satsuma soil. They have a reddish subsoil. Gilbert soils permeability vary within short distances. In many areas are in depressions and along drainageways. They are the soils are droughty. grayish throughout. Olivier soils are in landscape lncluded in this unit in mapping are a few small positions similar to those of the Satsuma soil. They undisturbed areas of Cahaba, Dexter, Guyton, and have a fragipan. Also included are a few small areas of Ochlockonee soils. These soils have an orderly soils that contain more sand throughout than the sequence of soil layers. Also included are one large Satsuma soil. lncluded soils make up about 15 percent hazardous waste pit in section 6, T. 7 S., R. 5 E., and of the map unit. one small waste disposal dump in section 32, T. 6 S., The Satsuma soil is characterized by low fertility and R. 4 E. lncluded areas make up about 10 percent of the high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are map unit. potentially toxic to most crops. Permeability is slow in Most areas of this map unit are idle or are used only the subsoil. Plants are adversely affected by a shortage as extensive recreation areas and as habitat for wildlife. of water during dry periods in the summer and fall of The natural vegetation is mainly annual and perennial some years. Water runs off the surface at a medium grasses and forbs. Scrub pine grows in some areas of rate. The soil has a seasonal high water table about 1.0 the Arents, and willow trees grow in some of the pits. to 2.5 feet below the surface from December through This map unit is poorly suited to crops, pasture, April. The shrink-swell potential is moderate in the woodland, and urban development. The uneven subsoil. topography, restricted drainage, ponding, and erosion Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or hazard are the main limitations. Pits require major pasture. A small acreage is used as cropland, reclamation before they can be used for crops or homesites, or extensive recreation areas. pasture. Planting common bermudagrass or pine trees This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. on the Arents can help to control erosion, but the grass The concerns in producing and hawesting timber are and trees grow slowly because of low fertility and soil compaction and a moderate equipment limitation droughtiness. Water collects in some of the pits. These caused by the wetness. Competition from understory pits provide habitat for ducks. plants is an additional concern. Maintaining the plant No capability subclass or woodland ordination symbol cover helps to control erosion. Conventional methods of is assigned. harvesting timber generally can be used, but they cannot be used during some rainy periods, generally Sa-Satsuma silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This from December to April. Using standard wheeled and soil is gently sloping and somewhat poorly drained. It is tracked equipment when the soil is moist causes the on broad, slightly convex ridges and on side slopes formation of ruts and compaction. Puddling can occur along drainageways on stream or marine terraces. It is when the soil is wet. Using low-pressure ground subject to rare flooding, which can occur during any equipment or planting and harvesting only during dry part of the year but is most likely in winter and spring. periods minimizes damage to the soil and helps to Areas are irregular in shape and range from 10 to 500 maintain productivity. acres in size. This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt mainly vegetables. The hazard of erosion, wetness, low loam about 4 inches thick. The next layer is light fertility, and potentially toxic levels of exchangeable yellowish brown, mottled silt loam about 8 inches thick. aluminum within the root zone are the main limitations. Below this is about 6 inches of yellowish brown, mottled The soil is friable and can be easily worked; however, silty clay loam and light gray silt loam. The upper part excessive cultivation can result in the formation of a of the subsoil is strong brown, mottled silty clay loam; tillage pan. This pan can be broken by subsoiling when the next part is yellowish brown, mottled clay loam; and the soil is dry. Minimizing tillage and returning all crop the lower part to a depth of about 65 inches is strong residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic brown, mottled loam. material improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and lncluded with this soil in mapping are few small areas the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well of Abita, Cahaba, Dexter, Gilbert, and Olivier soils. to applications of fertilizer and lime, which help to Abita soils are in landscape positions similar to those of overcome the low fertility and the high levels of the Satsuma soil. Their subsoil of accumulated clay is exchangeable aluminum. The hazard of erosion can be thicker than that of the Satsuma soil. Cahaba and reduced if fall grain or winter pasture grasses are Livingston Parish, Louisiana

seeded early and the soil is tilled and seeded on the The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland contour or across the slope. ordination symbol is 11W. This soil is well suited to pasture. The low fertility and a moderate hazard of erosion are the main limitations. Sp-Springfield silt loam. This soil is level and ,Suitable pasture plants are common bermudagrass, poorly drained. It is on broad ridges on stream or improved bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, and marine terraces. Areas range from 10 to 200 acres in vetch. A seedbed should be prepared on the contour or size. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. across the slope if possible. Fertilizer and lime are Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown, mottled needed if the optimum growth of grasses and legumes silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is is to be achieved. mottled silt loam about 10 inches thick. It is light Mainly because of the flooding, the wetness, the slow brownish gray in the upper part and light gray in the permeability, low strength on sites for roads, and lower part. The upper part of the subsoil is grayish seepage on sites for sewage lagoons, this soil is poorly brown, mottled silty clay. The lower part to a depth of suited to urban development. Excess water can be about 60 inches is yellowish brown, mottled silty clay removed by shallow ditches. It also can be removed by loam. providing the proper grade for drainage. Preserving the Included with this soil in mapping are a few small existing plant cover during construction or revegetating areas of Colyell, Deerford, Encrow, and Verdun soils. disturbed areas around construction sites as soon as All of these soils, except for the Encrow soils, are possible helps to control erosion. Flooding can be somewhat poorly drained and are slightly higher on the controlled by levees. The design of local roads and landscape than the Springfield soil. Colyell soils are not streets can offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. characterized by an abrupt change in texture between The slow permeability and the high water table increase the subsurface layer and the subsoil. Deerford and the possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. Verdun soils have high levels of exchangeable sodium Sewage lagoons or self-contained disposal units can be in the subsoil. Encrow soils are in depressions and are used to dispose of sewage properly. Applying fertilizer, poorly drained. They have a subsurface layer that seeding, mulching, and shaping the slopes help to tongues into the subsoil. Included soils make up about establish and maintain a plant cover. Properly designing 10 percent of the map unit. the foundat~onsand footings of buildings helps to The Springfield soil is characterized by low fertility prevent the structural damage caused by shrinking and and high levels of exchangeable aluminum in the root swelling. Sealing the walls and floor of sewage lagoons zone. Water and air move through this soil at a slow with impervious material helps to prevent seepage of rate. Water runs off the surface at a slow rate and the effluent from the lagoon and the contamination of stands in low areas for short periods after heavy rains. ground water. A seasonal high water table is 0.5 foot to 2.0 feet below This soil is moderately well suited to recreational the surface from December through April. The shrink- development. The main management concerns are the swell potential is high. wetness, the slow permeability, and the hazard of Most areas are used as woodland. A few areas are erosion. Flooding is a hazard in areas used for used for pasture or for homesite development. campsites. A good drainage system is needed in The soil is moderately well suited to loblolly pine and intensively used areas, such as playgrounds and slash pine. The main concerns in producing and campsites. Maintaining an adequate plant cover helps harvesting timber are soil compaction and the to control runoff and erosion. The plant cover can be equipment limitation caused by wetness. Competition maintained by applying fertilizer and controlling traffic. from understory vegetation is an additional concern. Flooding can be controlled, but major structures, such After the trees are harvested, carefully managed as levees and pumps, are needed. reforestation can control competition from undesirable This.soil is well suited to habitat for deer, rabbits, understory plants. Competing vegetation also can be quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous nongame birds. controlled by proper site preparation and by spraying, The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate cutting, or girdling, which can eliminate unwanted vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or weeds, brush, or trees. Planting and harvesting only by propagating desirable plants. Controlled burning can during dry periods minimizes compaction and the increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and formation of ruts. Conventional methods of harvesting the number of seed-producing plants available to quail timber cannot be used during rainy periods, generally and turkeys. from December to April. Soil Survey

This soil is moderately well suited to pasture. The producing plants available to quail and turkeys. main limitations are the wetness and the low fertility. The capability subclass is Illw. The woodland Suitable pasture plants are bahiagrass, common ordination symbol is 10W. bermudagrass, white clover, southern winterpeas, vetch, tall fescue, and ryegrass. Proper stocking rates, St-Stough fine sandy loam. This soil is level and pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet somewhat poorly drained. It is on broad, slightly convex periods help to keep the pasture in good condition. ridges on stream or marine terraces. The soil is subject Fertilizer and lime are needed if the optimum growth of to rare flooding, which can occur during unusually wet grasses and legumes is to be achieved. periods, mainly in winter and spring. Areas range from This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, about 20 to 200 acres in size. Slopes are 0 to 1 mainly vegetables. The main management concerns are percent. wetness, low fertility, and potentially toxic levels of Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine exchangeable aluminum in the root zone. The soil is sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer friable and can be easily kept in good tilth. It can be is light yellowish brown, mottled fine sandy loam about worked throughout a wide range in moisture content. 3 inches thick. The upper 7 inches of the subsoil is Proper row arrangement, field ditches, and suitable yellowish brown, mottled loam. The next 17 inches is outlets are needed to remove excess surface water. yellowish brown, mottled loam and clay loam. The lower Returning all crop residue to the soil and including part to a depth of about 60 inches is yellowish brown grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture in the and light brownish gray sandy clay loam and mottled cropping sequence help to maintain fertility and tilth. yellowish brown, light yellowish brown, light brownish Crops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer, gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam. which help to overcome the low fertility and the high Included with this soil in mapping are a few small levels of exchangeable aluminum. areas of Guyton, Myatt, and Satsuma soils. Guyton and Mainly because of the wetness, low strength on sites Myatt soils are in depressions and are poorly drained. for roads, the high shrink-swell potential, and the slow They are grayish throughout. Satsuma soils are in permeability, this soil is poorly suited to urban landscape positions similar to those of the Stough soil. development. It has severe limitations as a site for They contain less sand in the subsoil than the Stough buildings, local roads and streets, and most sanitary soil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the facilities. Excess water can be removed by shallow map unit. ditches. It also can be removed by providing the proper The Stough soil is characterized by low fertility and grade for drainage. The design of local roads and moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum that streets can offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. are potentially toxic to most crops. Water and air move The slow permeability and the high water table increase through this soil at a moderately slow rate. Water runs the possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. off the surface at a slow rate. A seasonal high water Sewage lagoons or self-contained disposal units can be table is about 1.0 to 1.5 feet below the surface from used to dispose of sewage properly. Properly designing January through April. Plants generally are adversely the footings and foundations of buildings helps to affected by a shortage of water during dry periods in the prevent the structural damage caused by shrinking and summer and fall of most years. The soil dries quickly swelling. A drainage system is needed in areas used for after rains. The shrink-swell potential is low. most lawn grasses, shade trees, ornamental trees, Most of the acreage of this soil is used as woodland. shrubs, vines, and vegetable gardens. A small acreage is used as pasture, cropland, Mainly because of the wetness and the slow homesites, or recreation areas. permeability, this soil is poorly suited to recreational This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. development. A good drainage system is needed in The main concerns in producing and harvesting timber most recreation areas. are soil compaction and the equipment limitation This soil is well suited to habitat for ducks, deer, caused by wetness. Also, competition from understory rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous small plants can be severe. After the trees are harvested, furbearers. The habitat can be improved by planting carefully managed reforestation can control competition appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant from undesirable understory plants. Competing cover, or by propagating desirable plants. Controlled vegetation also can be controlled by proper site burning in pine forests increases the amount of preparation and by spraying, cutting, or girdling, which palatable browse for deer and the number of seed- can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or trees. Planting Livingston Parish, Louisiana and harvesting only during dry periods minimizes The habitat can be improved by planting appropriate compaction and the formation of ruts. Conventional vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or methods of harvesting timber cannot be used during by propagating desirable plants. Controlled burning in rainy periods, generally from January to April. pine forests increases the amount of palatable browse This soil is well suited to pasture. The main for deer and the number of seed-producing plants limitations are the wetness and the low fertility. Also, available to quail and turkeys. droughtiness can be a problem in late summer and in The capability subclass is Ilw. The woodland fall during most years. Suitable pasture plants are ordination symbol is 9W. bahiagrass, common bermudagrass, improved bermudagrass, white clover, southern winterpeas, Ta-Toula silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This soil vetch, and tall fescue. Proper stocking rates, pasture is gently sloping and moderately well drained. It is on rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help ridgetops in the uplands. Areas range from about 20 to to keep the pasture in good condition. Fertilizer and 200 acres in size. lime are needed if the optimum growth of grasses and Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt legumes is to be achieved. loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, depth of about 65 inches. In sequence downward, it is mainly vegetables. Wetness, low fertility, and potentially yellowish brown silt loam; strong brown, mottled silty toxic levels of exchangeable aluminum are the main clay loam; yellowish brown, mottled silt loam; and a limitations. Also, the soil can be somewhat droughty in fragipan of yellowish brown, brownish yellow, and late summer and in fall. It is friable and can be easily strong brown silt loam. The fragipan is at a depth of worked; however, the surface layer tends to crust. about 31 inches. Proper row arrangement, field ditches, and suitable Included with this soil in mapping are a few small outlets are needed to remove excess surface water. areas of Bude and Calhoun soils. Both of these soils Returning all crop residue to the soil and including are lower on the landscape than the Toula soil. Bude grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture in the soils are somewhat poorly drained. They have grayish cropping sequence help to maintain fertility and tilth. mottles in the upper part of the subsoil. Calhoun soils Crops respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer, are poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. which help to overcome the low fertility and the Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map moderately high levels of exchangeable aluminum. unit. Mainlv because of the wetness, the moderately slow The Toula soil is characterized by low fertility and permeat;ility, and the hazard of flooding, this soil-is high levels of exchangeable aluminum that are poorly suited to urban development. A drainage system potentially toxic to most crops. Permeability is slow in is needed if roads and building foundations are the fragipan. Water runs off the surface at a slow or constructed. Flooding can be controlled by levees. The medium rate. Water is perched above the fragipan. It is moderately slow permeability and the high water table at a depth of about 1.5 to 3.0 feet from December increase the possibility that septic tank absorption fields through April. Typically, the surface layer dries quickly will fail. If flooding is controlled, sewage lagoons or self- afler rains. The effective rooting depth is limited by the contained disposal units can be used to dispose of fragipan. Plants can be adversely affected by a sewage properly. A drainage system is needed in areas shortage of water during dry periods in the summer and used for most lawn grasses, shade trees, ornamental fall of some years. The shrink-swell potential is low. trees, shrubs, vines, and vegetable gardens. Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or Droughtiness can be a problem in late summer and in pasture. A few areas are used as cropland, homesites, fall. or extensive recreation areas. Mainly because of the wetness and the moderately This soil is well suited to loblolly pine and slash pine. slow permeability, this soil is only moderately well Competition from understory plants is moderate. Afler suited to recreational development. Flooding is an the trees are harvested, carefully managed reforestation additional concern in areas used for campsites. It can can control competition from undesirable understory be controlled, but major structures, such as levees, are plants. Competing vegetation also can be controlled by needed. A good drainage system is needed in most proper site preparation and by spraying, cutting, or recreation areas. girdling, which can eliminate unwanted weeds, brush, or This soil is well suited to habitat for deer, rabbits, trees. Planting or harvesting only during dry periods quail, turkeys, doves, and numerous nongame birds. helps to prevent soil compaction. Soil Survey

This soil is well suited to pasture. The main areas, such as playgrounds and campsites. management concerns are the low fertility and a This soil is well suited to habitat for deer, squirrels, moderate hazard of erosion. Suitable pasture plants are rabbits, turkeys, quail, doves, and numerous nongame bahiagrass, common bermudagrass, improved birds and animals. The habitat can be improved by bermudagrass, ball clover, crimson clover, arrowleaf planting appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the clover, and ryegrass. During seedbed preparation, the existing plant cover, or by propagating desirable plants. soil should be tilled on the contour or across the slope if Preserving oaks and other mast-producing trees possible. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and improves the habitat for deer, squirrels, and turkeys. restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep the The capability subclass is Ile. The woodland pasture in good condition. Fertilizer and lime are ordination symbol is 13A. needed if the optimum growth of grasses and legumes is to be achieved. Ve-Verdun silt loam. This soil is level and This soil is moderately well suited to cultivated crops, somewhat poorly drained. It is on broad flats on stream mainly corn, grain sorghum, and vegetables. Low or marine terraces. The soil is subject to rare flooding. fertility, potentially toxic levels of aluminum, and a Areas are irregular in shape and are 10 to 100 acres in moderate hazard of erosion are the main limitations. size. Slopes are less than 1 percent. Measures that can control erosion include early Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt seeding, conservation tillage, and contour farming. The loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light soil is friable and can be easily kept in good tilth. It can brownish gray, mottled silt loam about 8 inches thick. be worked throughout a wide range in moisture content. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 inches. It is Surface crusting and soil compaction can be minimized grayish brown, mottled silty clay loam in the upper part; by returning all crop residue to the soil and by applying yellowish brown, mottled silty clay loam in the next part; a system of conservation tillage. A cropping system that and yellowish brown, mottled silt loam in the lower part. includes grasses, legumes, or a grass-legume mixture The underlying material to a depth of about 70 inches helps to maintain fertility and tilth. Crops respond well to also is yellowish brown, mottled silt loam. applications of lime and fertilizer, which help to Included with this soil in mapping are a few small overcome the low fertility and the high levels of areas of Colyell, Deerford, and Springfield soils. Colyell exchangeable aluminum. soils are slightly lower on the landscape than the Mainly because of the low strength on sites for local Verdun soil. They have a clayey subsoil that does not roads and streets, the slow permeability, and the have high concentrations of sodium. Deerford soils are wetness, this soil is only moderately well suited to in landscape positions similar to those of the Verdun urban development. A drainage system should be soil. They do not have high concentrations of sodium in installed if buildings are constructed. The slow the upper part of the subsoil. Springfield soils are in the permeability and the high water table increase the lower landscape positions and are poorly drained. They possibility that septic tank absorption fields will fail. have a clayey subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 Sewage lagoons or self-contained disposal units can be percent of the map unit. used to dispose of sewage properly. Sealing the walls The Verdun soil is characterized by low fertility. and floor of the lagoons helps to prevent seepage. The Water and air move through this soil at a very slow rate. design of roads and streets can offset the limited traffic- Water runs off the surface at a slow rate and stands in supporting capacity. Erosion is a hazard on construction low areas for short periods after heavy rains. A sites. Preserving the existing plant cover during seasonal high water table is about 0.5 to 1.0 foot below construction helps to prevent excessive soil loss. the surface from December through April. The Applying fertilizer, seeding, mulching, and shaping the concentrations of sodium throughout the subsoil restrict slopes can help to establish and maintain the plant root development and limit the amount of water cover. available to plants. The shrink-swell potential is Mainly because of the wetness and the slow moderate. permeability, this soil is only moderately well suited to Most of the acreage of this soil is used as woodland. recreational development. The slope is a moderate A small acreage is used as pasture or cropland or for limitation on sites for playgrounds. Erosion and urban or recreational development. sedimentation can be controlled and the beauty of the Mainly because of the alkalinity and the high content area enhanced by maintaining an adequate plant cover. of sodium, this soil is poorly suited to loblolly pine and A good drainage system is needed in most recreation slash pine. It is better suited to hardwoods. The use of Livingston Parish. Louisiana equipment is restricted because of the wetness. The levees. Selection of adapted vegetation for planting is sodium in the soil limits root development and the critical in areas used for lawns, shrubs, trees, and amount of water available to trees. Also, it can be toxic vegetable gardens because of the concentrations of to plants in areas where it is highly concentrated. sodium in the soil. The design of local roads and streets Seedling mortality is high. Planting and harvesting only can offset the limited traffic-supporting capacity. during the drier periods minimizes soil compaction. Strengthening the foundations of buildings helps to This soil is moderately well suited to pasture and prevent the structural damage caused by shrinking and poorly suited to cropland. It is better suited to shallow- swelling of the subsoil. The very slow permeability and rooted, salt-tolerant grasses and legumes than to most the high water table increase the possibility that septic vegetables and field crops. The effective root zone is tank absorption fields will fail. In areas where levees restricted by the concentrations of sodium. Wetness have been constructed to control flooding, sewage and low fertility are additional limitations. Excess lagoons or self-contained disposal units can be used to surface water can be removed by field ditches and dispose of sewage properly. suitable outlets. Suitable pasture plants are common Mainly because of the wetness, the very slow bermudagrass, bahiagrass, white clover, southern permeability, and the excess sodium, this soil is poorly winterpeas, and vetch. Proper stocking rates, pasture suited to recreational development. Flooding is a hazard rotation, and restricted grazing during wet periods help in areas used for campsites. A good drainage system is to keep the pasture in good condition. Fertilizer is needed in most recreation areas. Flooding can be needed if the optimum growth of grasses, legumes, and controlled by levees and water pumps. Maintaining a crops is to be achieved. good plant cover helps to control runoff and erosion. Mainly because of the wetness, low strength on sites This soil is only moderately well suited to habitat for for roads, the excess sodium, the very slow ducks, deer, rabbits, quail, turkeys, doves, and small permeability, the moderate shrink-swell potential, and furbearers. The selection of desirable plants for wildlife the hazard of flooding, this soil is poorly suited to urban food and cover is limited because of the high content of development. It has severe limitations as a site for sodium in the soil. The habitat for wetland wildlife can buildings, local roads and streets, and most sanitary be improved by constructing shallow ponds, which facilities. Excess water can be removed by shallow provide open water areas for waterfowl and furbearers. ditches. It also can be removed by providing the proper The capability subclass is IVs. The woodland grade for drainage. Flooding can be controlled by ordination symbol is 7T.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important and air. It is not excessively erodible or saturated with farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. water for long periods and is not frequently flooded It is of major importance in meeting the Nation's short- during the growing season. The slope ranges mainly and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed information about ihe supply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S. criteria for prime farmland is available at the local office Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible of the Soil Conservation Service. levels of government, as well as individuals, should A recent trend in land use in some parts of the parish encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation's has been the loss of some prime farmland to industrial prime farmland. and urban uses. The loss of prime farmland to other Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which generally of Agriculture, is the land that is best suited to food, are more erodible, droughty, and less productive and feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. It may be cannot be easily cultivated. cultivated land, pasture, woodland, or other land, but it The map units in the parish that are considered is not urban and built-up land or water areas. It either is prime farmland are listed in table 6. This list does not used for food or fiber crops or is available for those constitute a recommendation for a particular land use. crops. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture The extent of each listed map unit is shown in table 5. supply are those needed for a well managed soil to The location is shown on the detailed soil maps at the produce a sustained high yield of crops in an economic back of this publication. The soil qualities that affect use manner. Prime farmland produces the highest yields and management are described under the heading with minimal expenditure of energy and economic "Detailed Soil Map Units." resources, and farming it results in the least damage to Some soils that have a seasonal high water table the environment. qualify for prime farmland only in areas where this Prime farmland has an adequate and dependable limitation has been overcome by drainage measures. supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation. The The need for these measures is indicated after the map temperature and growing season are favorable. The unit name in table 6. Onsite evaluation is needed to level of acidity or alkalinity is acceptable. Prime determine whether or not this limitation has been farmland has few or no rocks and is permeable to water overcome by corrective measures.

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the best suited to the soils, including some not commonly soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land grown in the survey area, are identified; the system of uses to the limitations and potentials of natural land capability classification used by the Soil resources and the environment. Also, it can help avoid Conservation Service is explained; and the estimated soil-related failures in land uses. yields of the main crops and hay and pasture plants are In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, listed for each soil. conservationists, engineers, and others collect Planners of management systems for individual fields extensive field data about the nature and behavior or farms should consider the detailed information given characteristics of the soils. They collect data on erosion, in the description of each soil under "Detailed Soil Map droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that affect Units." Specific information can be obtained from the various soil uses and management. Field experience local office of the Soil Conservation Service or the and collected data on soil properties and performance Cooperative Extension Service. are used as a basis in predicting soil behavior. In 1982, about 20,000 acres in Livingston Parish was Information in this section can be used to plan the used for crops and pasture. Of this total, about 6,500 use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as acres was used for crops, mainly soybeans and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, vegetables. More than 13,500 acres was pastured highways and other transportation systems, and parks (fig. 3). The trend indicates a continuing decrease in the and other recreation facilities; and for wildlife habitat. It acreage of cropland and an increase in woodland, can be used to identify the limitations of each soil for pasture, and urban land. specific land uses and to help prevent construction Differences in crop suitability and management failures caused by unfavorable soil properties. needs result from differences in soil characteristics, Planners and others using soil survey information such as fertility levels, erodibility, organic matter can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on content, availability of water for plants, drainage, and productivity and on the environment in the survey area. the hazard of flooding. Cropping systems and soil tillage The survey can help planners to maintain or create a also are an important part of management. Each farm land use pattern in harmony with the natural soil. has a unique soil pattern and, therefore, unique Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of management problems. Some principles of farm sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to management apply to specific soils and certain crops. identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil This section, however, presents the general principles layers can cause difficulty in excavation. of management that can be applied widely to the soils Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and in the parish. others may also find this survey useful. The survey can Perennial grasses or legumes or mixtures of these help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate are grown for pasture and hay. The mixtures generally sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, consist of either a summer or a winter perennial grass playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. and a suitable legume. Also, many farmers seed small grain or ryegrass in fall for winter and spring forage. Crops and Pasture Excess grass in summer is harvested as hay for use in winter. John W. Powell, conservation agronomist, Soil Conservation Common and improved bermudagrass and Service, helped prepare this section. Pensacola bahiagrass are the most commonly grown General management needed for crops and pasture summer perennials. These grasses produce good is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture plants quality forage. Tall fescue, the main winter perennial 48 Soil Survey

Figure 3.-A pastured area of Guyton silt loam

grass, grows well only on soils that have a favorable and the density of the timber stand. Most woodland moisture content. All of these grasses respond well to areas are managed mainly for timber. These areas, fertilizers, particularly nitrogen. however, will provide substantial volumes of forage On acid soils white clover, crimson clover, vetch, and under proper management. Careful management of Austrian winterpeas respond well to applications of lime stocking rates and grazing periods ensures the optimum Proper grazing is essential for high quality forage, forage production and maintains an adequate cover of stand survival, and erosion control. Brush and weed understory plants to control erosion. control, fertilizer, lime, and renovation of the pasture Fertilization and liming. The soils of Livingston Parish also are important. range from very strongly acid to moderately alkaline to Grazing the understory native plants in woodland a depth of 20 inches. On most of the soils the contents provides additional forage. Forage volume varies with of organic matter and of available nitrogen are low. the woodland site, the condition of the native forage, More information on soil fertility in the parish is given in Livingston Parish, Louisiana the section "Soil Fertility Levels." Soils that are acid in to help maintain the content of organic matter. A crop the upper part of the profile generally need lime and a sequence that keeps the soil covered most of the time complete fertilizer for crops and pasture plants. The also helps to control erosion. amount of fertilizer needed depends upon the kind of A suitable cropping system varies with the needs of crop to be grown, past cropping history, the level of the farmer and the characteristics of the soil. On yield desired, and the kind of soil. Applications should livestock farms, for example, cropping systems that be based on the results of soil tests. Information and have higher percentages of pasture than those used on instructions on collecting and testing samples can be cash-crop farms are generally used. In places soybeans obtained from the Cooperative Extension Service. are grown continuously or in rotation with grain Organic matter content. Organic matter is an sorghum. Grass or legume cover crops are sometimes important source of nitrogen for crops. It also increases grown in fall and winter. In places double cropping of the rate of water intake, reduces surface crusting, wheat and soybeans is becoming more common. reduces the erodibility of soils, and improves tilth. In Additional information on erosion control, cropping most of the soils in the parish, organic matter content is systems, and drainage practices can be obtained from low. Several management practices help to maintain the the local office of the Soil Conservation Service, the level of organic matter. These include growing crops Cooperative Extension Service, or the Louisiana that produce an extensive root system and an Agricultural Experiment Station. abundance of foliage, leaving plant residue on the Control of erosion. Erosion is a major hazard on surface, adding barnyard manure, and growing many soils, especially on stream terraces and uplands. perennial grasses and legumes in rotation with other Erosion generally is not a serious hazard on the mainly crops. level soils on alluvial plains. If the gently sloping soils, Soil tillage. Only the tillage needed to prepare a such as Olivier and Toula soils, are left without plant seedbed and to control weeds is appropriate. Excessive cover for extended periods, erosion is a hazard. Erosion tillage destroys soil structure. Minimum tillage and no-till is commonly a hazard in fallow-plowed fields and in practices help to maintain soil tilth. A compacted layer, newly constructed drainage ditches. Maintaining a plant generally called a traffic pan or plowpan, sometimes cover on the soil, returning all crop residue to the soil, develops just below the plow layer in loamy soils. This farming on the contour, stripcropping, and using can be avoided if the soil is not plowed when the soil is conservation tillage will help to control erosion. Also, wet or if the depth of plowing is varied. Also, this layer seeding grass in drainage ditches immediately after can be broken up by subsoiling or chiseling. The use of construction helps to control erosion. Gully erosion tillage implements that stir the surface and leave crop control structures are needed in some drainage ditches. residue in place protects the soil from beating rains. This protection of the soil surface helps to control Yields Per Acre erosion, reduces runoff and surface crusting, and The average yields per acre that can be expected of increases infiltration. the principal crops under a high level of management Drainage. On many of the soils in the parish, surface are shown in table 7. In any given year, yields may be drainage is needed to make them more suitable to higher or lower than those indicated in the table crops. In early drainage methods the main ditches, because of variations in rainfall and other climatic laterals, and surface field ditches were arranged in a factors. The land capability classification of each map complex pattern. More recently, drainage in this parish unit also is shown in the table. consisted of land smoothing combined with a minimum The yields are based mainly on the experience and of surface drainage ditches. Fields were larger, more records of farmers, conservationists, and extension uniformly shaped, and more suited to the use of agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and modern, multirow farm machinery. Flooding caused by results of field trials and demonstrations are also runoff from higher elevations is a hazard on some soils. considered. Most flooding is of short duration. Levee systems have The management needed to obtain the indicated generally not been developed to protect cropland and yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil pasture from flooding. and the crop. Management can include drainage, Cropping system. A good cropping system includes a erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper legume for nitrogen, a cultivated crop to help control planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop weeds, a deep-rooted crop to utilize subsoil fertility and varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of maintain subsoil permeability, and a close-growing crop weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable Soil Survey soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, Class VI soils have severe limitations that make them and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures generally unsuitable for cultivation. the smallest possible loss. Class VII soils have very severe limitations that make The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity them unsuitable for cultivation. of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Class Vlll soils and miscellaneous areas have likely to increase as new production technology is limitations that nearly preclude their use for commercial developed. The productivity of a given soil compared crop production. with that of other soils, however, is not likely to change. Capability subclasses are soil groups within one Crops other than those shown in table 7 are grown in class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, Ile. The because the acreage of such crops is small. The local letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of office of the Soil Conservation Service or of the erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; Cooperative Extension Service can provide information w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant about the management and productivity of the soils for growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be those crops. partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or Land Capability Classification stony; and c, used in only some parts of the United Land capability classification shows, in a general States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. very cold or very dry. Crops that require special management are excluded. In class I there are no subclasses because the soils The soils are grouped according to their limitations for of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the soils crops, and the way they respond to management. The in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They have criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, and generally expensive landforming that would change woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do The capability classification of each map unit is given they include possible but unlikely major reclamation in the section "Detailed Soil Map Units" and in the projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for yields table. interpretations designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for woodland and for Woodland Management and Productivity engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped Carl V. Thompson, Jr.. state staff forester, Soil Conservation at three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit. Only Service, helped prepare this section. class and subclass are used in this survey. This section provides information on the kind, Capability classes, the broadest groups, are amount, and condition of woodland resources in designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The Livingston Parish as well as soil interpretations that can numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and be used in planning. narrower choices for practical use. The classes are Soil directly influences the growth, management, defined as follows: harvesting, and multiple uses of forests. It is the Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their medium in which a tree is anchored and from which it use. draws its nutrients and moisture. Soil characteristics, Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce such as chemical composition, texture, structure, depth, the choice of plants or that require moderate and slope position affect tree growth, seedling survival, conservation practices. species adaptability,,and equipment limitations. Class Ill soils have severe limitations that reduce the The ability of a soil to supply moisture and nutrients choice of plants or that require special conservation to trees is strongly related to its texture, structure, and practices, or both. depth. Generally, sandy soils are less fertile and lower Class IV soils have very severe limitations that in water-holding capacity than loamy and clayey soils. reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful However, aeration is often impeded in clayey soils, management, or both. particularly under wet conditions. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

These soil characteristics, in combination, largely commercial forests; corporations, 19 percent; and determine the forest stand species composition and miscellaneous private concerns, 22 percent. About 5 influence decisions of management and use. percent is on private farms, and about 2 percent is Sweetgum, for example, is tolerant of many soils and public forest land. sites but grows best on the rich, moist, alluvial loamy The land in the parish is divided into three major land soils of bottom land. Use of heavy logging and site- resource areas, or MLRA's: Eastern Gulf Coast preparation equipment is more restricted on wet, clayey Flatwoods, Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands, soils than on better drained, sandy or loamy soils. and Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium. The Eastern Harvesting some sites during wet periods can severely Gulf Coast Flatwoods MLRA and the Southern compact the soils and damage the roots of the residual Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands MLRA support the most stand of trees. This harvesting thus increases soil important commercial forests in the parish. The erosion and reduces soil productivity. dominant trees are loblolly pine, slash pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, water oak, southern red oak, white Woodland Resources oak, American sycamore, and magnolia on the higher, The topography and woodlands of Livingston Parish well drained soils in these two MLRA's and eastern vary from the gently sloping, piney woods in the north to cottonwood, green ash, white oak, cherrybark oak, the level, hardwood swamps along Lake Maurepas, the Nuttall oak, water oak, willow oak, overcup oak, Blind River, and the Amite River in the south. The forest American sycamore, and water tupelo on the lower, species that dominate are longleaf pine, slash pine, and poorly drained sites. In the Southern Mississippi Valley loblolly pine on the higher sites; sweetgum, red oak, Alluvium MLRA, the dominant trees are sweetgum, white oak, American elm, pecan, green ash, American slash pine, loblolly pine, water oak, southern red oak, sycamore, and eastern cottonwood on the bottom land; white oak, blackgum, and green ash on the higher, and baldcypress and water tupelo in the swamps. better drained soils and green ash, white oak, The piney woods area in the northern part of the cherrybark oak, Nuttall oak, water oak, willow oak, parish was once a vast virgin forest. At the turn of the baldcypress, American sycamore, and water tupelo on century, this forest was clearcut and the soils were the lower, poorly drained sites. essentially left barren of commercial trees. This area did The forest types in commercial forests are based not become a productive commercial forest again until either on tree species, site quality, or age. In this the late 1940's and early 1950's. Reforestation was survey, the forest types are named for the dominant possible through the Louisiana Office of Forestry (then trees growing in the tree stand. The stands are similar known as the Louisiana Forestry Commission), which in character, composed of the same species, and provided effective fire protection and produced millions growing under the same ecological and biological of pine seedlings for planting the cut-over areas. As a conditions. result, timber and land values began to increase and The loblolly-shortleaf pine forest type comprises 41 landowners began to bring their property into percent of the forest land in the parish. About 5 percent production. Most of Livingston Parish that was once of the trees are planted, and 36 percent are naturally forested is again used for growing pine trees. A smaller regenerated. Loblolly pine is generally dominant on part of the parish is used as urban land, pasture, and sites that are not dry. On well drained soils, scattered cropland or is in other nonforest uses. hardwoods, such as sweetgum, blackgum, southern red In Livingston Parish about 343,200 acres, or about oak, post oak, white oak, mockernut hickory, and pignut 81 percent of the total land area, is commercial hickory, are mixed with the pines. On some of the more woodland (36). Commercial woodland is defined as land moist sites, sweetgum, red maple, water oak, and that produces crops of industrial wood and that is not willow oak are mixed with the pines. American beech withdrawn from timber use. and green ash are associated with this forest type in Between 1974 and 1980, 8,700 acres of commercial fertile, well drained coves and along stream bottoms. woodland was taken out of production; from 1980 to The oak-gum-cypress forest type comprises 30 1984, another 1,500 acres was converted to other uses. percent of the forest land in the parish. This type Most of this woodland was converted to urban land, consists of bottom land forests of water tupelo, electrical power transmission or transportation corridors, blackgum, sweetgum, oak, and baldcypress, singly or in and pasture. Woodland will be converted to other uses combination. Trees associated with this type include at an accelerated rate as urban expansion continues. cottonwood, black willow, ash, hackberry, maple, and Forest industries own about 52 percent of the elm. Soil Survey

The oak-pine forest type comprises 15 percent of the reduces sedimentation, and enhances the quality and forest land. About 50 to 75 percent of the stands is value of water resources. hardwoods, generally upland oaks, and 25 to 50 Trees can be planted to screen distracting views of percent is softwoods (baldcypress is not included). The dumps and other unsightly areas, muffle the sound of species that comprise the oak-pine type are primarily traffic, reduce the velocity of winds, and lend beauty to determined by the soil, slope, and aspect. On the the landscape. They produce fruits and nuts, which higher, drier sites, the hardwood components tend to be people as well as wildlife can use. Trees and forests upland oaks, such as post oak, southern red oak, and help filter out airborne impurities, help convert carbon blackjack oak. On the more moist and fertile sites, white dioxide into oxygen, and provide shade. oak, southern red oak, and black oak are dominant. Blackgum, winged elm, red maple, and various Production of Forage in Woodland hickories are associated with the oak-pine type on both The kind and amount of understory vegetation are of these broad sites. related to the soils, climate, and amount of tree The oak-hickory forest type comprises 14 percent of overstory in a particular area. Many pine woodlands can the forest land in the parish. Upland oaks or hickory, be used for cattle grazing, but grazing of hardwood singly or in combination, dominate the stands. Elm and forests is not recommended. If proper management is maple are commonly associated with this forest type. applied, the understory of grasses, legumes, forbs, and The marketable timber volume consists of about 50 many woody browse species are grazeable without percent pine and 41 percent hardwood (fig. 4). About 56 damage to the wood crop. In most areas of pine percent of the forest acreage is sawtimber, 24 percent woodland, grazing reduces the amount of accumulated is poletimber, and 17 percent is saplings and seedlings. rough and thus helps to prevent wildfires. It also About 12 percent of the forest land produces 165 cubic suppresses undesirable woody plants. feet or more of wood per acre, 41 percent produces 120 The effectiveness of a combined woodland and to 165 cubic feet per acre, 22 percent produces 85 to livestock program depends primarily on the degree and 120 cubic feet per acre, and 25 percent produces 50 to time of grazing of the forage plants. Controlled grazing 85 cubic feet per acre. helps to maintain a protective cover for the soil and Timber production is important to the economy of the maintains or improves the quantity and quality of trees parish. Forest industries own most of the upland pine and forage vegetation. sites. These upland pine forests are generally well Forage production varies with the type of woodland managed. In places, however, heavy cutting, improper and the amount of sunlight that reaches the understory harvesting, and inadequate regeneration have damaged vegetation during the growing season. Groups of soils sites and reduced the amount of growing stock. The that have the same potential for producing trees will small, privately owned tracts and most of the bottom- also have the same potential for producing about the land tracts are producing well below potential. Thinning same kinds and amounts of understory vegetation. The out mature trees and undesirable species in stands will vegetative community on these soils will reproduce itself benefit most of these tracts. Protecting the stands from as long as the environment does not change. grazing, fire, insects, and diseases and planting trees The total potential yields of grasses, legumes, and will also improve the stands. forbs on similar soils is closely related to the amount of sunlight reaching the ground in the forest at midday. As Environmental Impact the forest canopy becomes denser, herbage production The Soil Conservation Service, the Louisiana Office consequently declines. of Forestry, or the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Proper grazing management that keeps the woodland Service can help determine specific woodland forage in excellent or good condition will conserve management needs. water, improve yields, and protect the soils. Woodlands also provide wildlife habitat, recreation, Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest and natural beauty and are vital to soil and water managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. conservation efforts. The commercial forest land of Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The Livingston Parish provides food and shelter for wildlife table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils and offers opportunities for sport and recreation to assigned the same ordination symbol require the same many users each year. Hunting and fishing clubs lease general management and have about the same or otherwise use the forest lands. Forest land provides potential productivity. watershed protection, helps to control soil erosion, The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, Livingston Parish, Louisiana 53

Figure 4.-A pine forest in an area of Satsuma silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. Pine forests provide a majority of the marketable timber In Livingston Parish.

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an letter, indicates the-majo'r kind of soil limitation. The indicator tree species. The number indicates the letter R indicates steep slopes; X, stoniness or volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which the rockiness: W, excess water in or on the soil; T, toxic indicator species can produce. The number 1 indicates substances in the soil: D, restricted rooting depth; C, low potential productivity; 2 and 3, moderate; 4 and 5. clay in the upper part of the soil; S, sandy texture; and moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12 F, a high content of rock fragments in the soil. The to 39. extremely high. The second part of the symbol, a letter A indicates that limitations or restrictions are Soil Survey

insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the indicates that seedling mortality is a serious problem. priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, and F. Extra precautions are important. Replanting may be In table 8, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50 percent. degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to which management. undesirable species are expected to invade and grow Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will when openings are made in the tree canopy. The main occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where factors that affect plant competition are the depth to the the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, fire lanes, water table and the available water capacity. A rating of and log-handling areas. Forests that have been burned slight indicates that competition from undesirable plants or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. Ratings of is not likely to prevent natural regeneration or suppress the erosion hazard are based on the percent of the the more desirable species. Planted seedlings can slope. A rating of slight indicates that no particular become established without undue competition. A rating prevention measures are needed under ordinary of moderate indicates that competition may delay the conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that erosion- establishment of desirable species. Competition may control measures are needed in certain silvicultural hamper stand development, but it will not prevent the activities. A rating of severe indicates that special eventual development of fully stocked stands. A rating precautions are needed to control erosion in most of severe indicates that competition can be expected to silvicultural activities. prevent regeneration unless precautionary measures Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and are applied. conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment The potential productivity of merchantable or common generally needed in woodland management or trees on a soil is expressed as a site index and as a harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions productivity class. The site index is the average height, considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the in feet, that dominant and codominant trees of a given surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the species attain in a specified number of years. The site surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under index applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged normal conditions the kind of equipment or season of stands. In this survey, the productivity of the soils is use is not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soil based on age 30 years for eastern cottonwood, 35 wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet period years for American sycamore, and 50 years for all other does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate species (9, 10, 11, 39). Commonly grown trees are indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted those that woodland managers generally favor in because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet, intermediate or improvement cuttings. They are the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 to selected on the basis of growth rate, quality, value, and 3 months. A rat~ngof severe indicates that equipment marketability. use is severely restricted either as to the kind of The productivity class, a number, is the yield likely to equipment that can be used or the season of use. If the be produced by the most important trees. This number, soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for expressed as cubic meters per hectare per year, more than 3 months. indicates the amount of fiber produced in a fully Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. Cubic meters occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by the per hectare can be converted to cubic feet per acre by kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic conditions. multiplying by 14.3. Cubic feet can be converted to The factors used in rating the soils for seedling mortality board feet by multiplying by a factor of about 5. For are texture of the surface layer, depth to a seasonal example, a productivity class of 8 means the soil can be high water table and the length of the period when the expected to produce 114 cubic feet per acre per year at water table is high, rock fragments in the surface layer, the point where mean annual increment culminates, or effective rooting depth, and slope aspect. A rating of about 570 board feet per acre per year. slight indicates that seedling mortality is not likely to be The first species listed under common trees for a soil a problem under normal conditions. Expected mortality is the indicator species for that soil. It is the dominant is less than 25 percent. A rating of moderate indicates species on the soil and the one that determines the that some problems from seedling mortality can be ordination class. expected. Extra precautions are advisable. Expected Trees to plant are those that are suitable for mortality is 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe commercial wood production. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

Recreation sites or of building access roads and parking areas. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive In table 9, the so~lsof the survey area are rated foot traffic. The best soils are almost level and are not according to limitations that affect their suitability for wet or subject to flooding during the season of use. The recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil surface is free of stones and boulders, is firm after features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the rains, and is not dusty,when dry. If grading is needed, surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. the depth of the soil over bedrock or a hardpan should Not considered in the ratings, but important in be considered. evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic should require little or no cutting and filling. The best quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent once a year during the period of use. They have and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for the surface. recreation use by the duration and intensity of flooding Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and and the season when flooding occurs. In planning some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be recreation facilities, onsite assessment of the height, required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are firm duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not subject essential. to prolonged flooding during the period of use. They In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders on the as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or greens is properties are generally favorable and that limitations not considered in rating the soils. are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, Wildlife Habitat design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can be Billy R. Craft, state staff biologist, Soil Conservation Service, offset only by costly soil reclamation, special design, helped prepare this section. intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination Livingston Parish is predominantly forested and of these measures. provides habitat for a large population of woodland The information in table 9 can be supplemented by wildlife. Smaller acreages of open agricultural land, other information in this survey, for example, lakes, and streams support varied populations of fish interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table and wildlife. The expansion of urban areas, such as 12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements Baton Rouge and New Orleans, has accelerated, mainly and for local roads and streets in table 11. in the woodland along Interstate 12. Urban expansion Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping has also occurred to some extent in other parts of the and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing parish. This expansion has had an important effect on roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary wildlife habitat. facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to In rural areas hunting and outdoorsmanship are heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The best proud traditions. Until recently, most areas of the parish soils have mild slopes and are not wet or subject to placed very few restrictions on hunting. The area is flooding during the period of use. The surface has few popular with hunters from nearby Baton Rouge and or no stones or boulders, absorbs rainfall readily but New Orleans. Currently, however, many areas are remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. Strong slopes legally posted and are no longer open to hunting by the and sto.nes or boulders can greatly increase the cost of public. constructing campsites. The pine forest, the most common type of wildlife Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most habitat in Livingston Parish, provides low- or medium- vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking quality habitat for white-tailed deer, squirrel, rabbit, and areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet. wild turkey. Periodic thinning of the stands and are not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding prescribed burning will benefit woodland wildlife. The during the period of use, and do not have slopes or large holdings of commercial timber companies are stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping managed mainly for an even-aged, single species of Soil Survey pine. Under this type of management, these forests can various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used in provide only low-quality habitat for most woodland planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, and wildlife. When they are near stands of hardwoods, other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils that however, these intensively managed pine forests are suitable for establishing, improving, or maintaining prov~decover for wildlife, such as wild turkey and white- specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining tailed deer. the intensity of management needed for each element Most hardwood forests in the parish are on the of the habitat. bottom land along major streams, such as the Tickfaw The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or River. These hardwood forests provide excellent habitat very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element or for forest wildlife. Typical hardwood species are water kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or oak, green ash, white oak, overcup oak, red maple, maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, hickory, elm, water tupelo, baldcypress, cherrybark oak, and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of fair southern magnolia, sweetbay, persimmon, and indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be blackgum. established, improved, or maintained in most places. A large swamp in the southern part of the parish near Moderately intensive management is required for Lake Maurepas supports dominantly baldcypress, water satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that tupelo, red maple, and green ash (fig. 5). It also limitations are severe for the designated element or supports such shrubs as water elm and buttonbush. kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or Inundated most of the time, swamps provide excellent maintained in most places, but management is difficult habitat for wood ducks, wading birds, amphibians, and and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates reptiles. They also are important for wood production, that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are ground water recharge, and water quality improvement. very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be Swamps are also used as hunting grounds and for expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is trapping. impractical or ~mpossible. On the small acreages of cropland and pasture, The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the bermudagrass, bahiagrass, ~allts~rass,aid coastal following paragraphs. bermudagrass are common pasture grasses. Pastures Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed- can be moderately grazed or clipped and thus provide producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and brooding areas for wild turkeys. Pasture and cropland features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops provide food and cover for mourning doves, bobwhite are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, quail, rabbits, and many nongame birds and animals. available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface Fishing is available at many private farm ponds, stoniness, and flood hazard. Soil temperature and soil creeks, rivers, and lakes in Livingston Parish. The most moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain common species are bluegill, largemouth bass, redear and seed crops are corn, wheat, and grain sorghum. sunfish, warmouth, white bass, spotted bass, channel Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial grasses catfish, and blue catfish. Most of the streamsin the and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and features parish are clear and pretty and provide opportunities for that affect the growth of grasses and legumes are depth float fishing and other outdoor activities. Most of the of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available farm ponds are stocked with bluegill, redear sunfish. water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, flood and largemouth bass. A few are stocked with channel hazard, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture catfish. are also considerations. Examples of grasses and Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is legumes are fescue, bermudagrass, bahiagrass, clover, available to wildlife as food and cover. They also affect and vetch. the construction of water impoundments. The kind and Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil distribution of food, cover, and water. Wildlife habitat properties and features that affect the growth of these can be created or improved by planting appropriate plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface by promoting the natural establishment of desirable stoniness, and flood hazard. Soil temperature and soil plants. moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, according to their potential for providing habitat for beggarweed, panicum, and fescue. Livingston Parish, Louisiana 57

Figure 5.-Baldcypress and water tupelo in an area of Maurepas muck. This soil provides habitat for many species of wetland wildlife.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable for planting on or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. soils rated good are hawthorn, persimmon, and sumac. Soil properties and features that affect the growth of Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, properties and features that affect the growth of available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth of these plants are oak, poplar, sweetgum, hawthorn, the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and blueberry. Examples Examples of coniferous plants are pine and cedar. Soil Survey

Shrubs are bushy woody plants that produce fruit, performance of the soils and on the estimated data and buds, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and test data in the "Soil Properties" section. features that affect the growth of shrubs are depth of Information in this section is intended for land use the root zone, available water capacity, salinity, and soil planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for moisture. Examples of shrubs are American planning site investigations prior to design and beautyberry, American elder, and deciduous holly. construction. The information, however, has limitations. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild For example, estimates and other data generally apply herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils properties and features affecting wetland plants are may be included within the mapped areas of a specific texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity, soil. slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland The information is not site specific and does not plants are smartweed, wild millet, wildrice, cordgrass, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or rushes, sedges, and reeds. for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the Shallow water areas have an average depth of less design and construction of engineering works. than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are Government ordinances and regulations that restrict created by dams, levees, or other water-control certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were structures. Soil properties and features affecting shallow not considered in preparing the information in this water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, surface section. Local ordinances and regulations need to be stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples of shallow considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, and Soil properties, site features, and observed ponds. performance were considered in determining the ratings The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, in the following paragraphs. determinations were made about grain-size distribution, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected about areas include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations. Estimates Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of were made for erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, and associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous other behavioral characteristics affecting engineering plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild uses. turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels. This information can be used to (1) evaluate the gray fox, raccoon, and deer. potential of areas for residential, commercial, industrial, Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy and recreation uses; (2) make preliminary estimates of or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife construction conditions; (3) evaluate alternative routes attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, shore for roads, streets, highways, pipelines, and underground birds, muskrat, mink, nutria, and beaver. cables; (4) evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields, and sewage Engineering lagoons; (5) plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; (6) locate potential sources of gravel, This section provides information for planning land sand, earthfill, and topsoil; (7) plan drainage systems, uses related to urban development and to water irrigation systems, ponds, terraces, and other structures management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the for soil and water conservation; and (8) predict most limiting features are identified. The ratings are performance of proposed small structures and given in the following tables: Building site development, pavements by comparing the performance of existing Sanitary facilities, Construction materials, and Water similar structures on the same or similar soils. management. The ratings are based on observed The information in the tables, along with the soil Livingston Parish, Louisiana maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface this survey, can be used to make additional and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. interpretations. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material, a base Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material, and a special meaning in soil science and are defined in the flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally Glossary. limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of Building Site Development the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings the ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as without basements, small commercial buildings, local inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth limitations are considered slight if soil properties and to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting site features are generally favorable for the indicated capacity. use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf moderate if soil, properties or site features are not and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established favorable for the indicated use and special planning, and maintained. The ratings are based on soil design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or properties, site features, and observed performance of minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water overcome that special design, significant increases in capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant growth. are required. Special feasibility studies may be required Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of where the soil limitations are severe. sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer affect Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a trafficability after vegetation is established. maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for graves, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are Sanitary Facilities based on soil properties, site features, and observed Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil performance of the soils. The ease of digging, filling, limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, and compacting is affected by the depth to bedrock, a sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations cemented pan, or a very firm dense layer; stone are considered slight if soil properties and site features content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the year are generally favorable for the indicated use and that excavations can be made is affected by the depth limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if to a seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of soil properties or site features are not favorable for the the soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation indicated use and special planning, design, or walls or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the texture and the depth to the water table. limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features Dwel/~ngsand small commercial buildings are are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed special design, significant increases in construction soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family costs, and possibly increased maintenance are dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are required. made for small commercial buildings without basements Table 12 also shows the suitability of the soils for and for dwellings without basements. The ratings are use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of good based on soil properties, site features, and observed indicates that soil properties and site features are performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, favorable for the use and good performance and low shrink-swell potential, and organic layers can cause the maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil movement of footings. A high water table, depth to properties and site features are moderately favorable bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and for the use and one or more soil properties or site flooding affect the ease of excavation and construction. features make the soil less desirable than the soils Landscaping and grading that require cuts and fills of rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil more than 5 or 6 feet are not considered. properties or site features are unfavorable for the use Soil Survey

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. landfill-trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, site is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin features, and observed performance of the soils. layer of soil from a source away from the site. Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation- interfere with installation. needs to be considered. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption The ratings in table 12 are based on soil properties, fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent, site features, and observed performance of the soils. surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a public health. Ground water can be polluted if highly high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the affect trench type landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the surface. There must be unsaturated soil material ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated effectively. Many local ordinances require that this slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite material be of a certain thickness. investigation is needed. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the to cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of to the landfill, and spread over the waste. compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly affect the ease of removing and spreading the material impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are required to minimize seepage and contamination of free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover ground water. for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are Table 12 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and. generally, 1 blowing. or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are After soil material has been removed, the soil excavated to provide material for the embankments. material remaining in the borrow area must be thick The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water and observed performance of the soils. Considered in table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large The surface layer generally has the best workability, stones, and content of organic matter. more organic matter, and the best potential for plants. Excessive seepage due to rapid permeability of the Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the use as the final cover. level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is Construction Materials excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high Table 13 gives itdormation about the soils as a content of organic matter is detrimental to proper source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable construction problems, and large stones can hinder source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on compaction of the lagoon floor. soil properties and site features that affect the removal Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal Livingston Parish, Louisiana

compaction, minor processing, and other standard indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), construction practices are assumed. Each soil is the thickness of suitable material, and the content of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of and used in road embankments in another place. In this grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low properties. embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of exacting in design than higher embankments. clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is The ratings are for the soil material below the surface up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed that soil least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, layers will be mixed during excavating and spreading. large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable Many soils have layers of contrasting suitability within source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as their profile. The table showing engineering index shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and properties provides detailed information about each soil gravel. layer. This information can help determine the suitability Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation of each layer for use as roadfill. The performance of soil can be established and maintained. The upper 40 after it is stabilized with lime or cement is not inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also considered in the ratings. evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow The ratings are based on soil properties, site area. features, and observed performance of the soils. The Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. properties as soil reaction, available water capacity, and The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs is affected by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil in place after it has been compacted and drained is texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation determined by its strength (as inferred from the of the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table, engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell rock fragments, bedrock, and toxic material. potential. Soils rated good have friable loamy material to a Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are more and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and have a Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have plasticity index of less than 10. They have a moderate a relatively high content of clay, soils that have only 20 shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that have an many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 to 3 feet. appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of more than 10, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils a high shrink-swell potential, many stones, or slopes of are not so wet that excavation is difficult. more than 25 percent. They are wet, and the depth to Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less the water table is less than 1 foot. These soils may than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large have layers of suitable material, but the material is less amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. Sand The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred and gravel are used in many kinds of construction. for topsoil because of its organic matter content. Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 13, Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and only the probability of finding material in suitable retention of moisture and nutrients for plant growth. quantity is evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that Water Management affect excavation of the material. Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source site features that affect water management. The degree of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as and kind of soil limitations are given for embankments, dikes, and levees and for aquifer-fed excavated ponds. Drainage is the removal of excess surface and The limitations are considered slight if soil properties subsurface water from the soil. How easily and and site features are generally favorable for the effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth are not favorable for the indicated use and special to a high water table or depth of standing water if the planning, design, or maintenance is needed to soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and potential properties or site features are so unfavorable or so frost action. Excavating and grading and the stability of difficult to overcome that special design, significant ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a increase in construction costs, and possibly increased cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of maintenance are required. cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after This table also gives for each soil the restrictive drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and toxicsubstances in the root zone, such as salts, diversions, and grassed waterways. sodium, or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures considered in the ratings. of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, Irrigation is the controlled application of water to constructed to impound water or to protect land against supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of design and management of an irrigation system are material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the affected by depth to the water table, the need for soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake rate, 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The mixed and compacted during construction. construction of a system is affected by large stones and The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a performance of a system is affected by the depth of the depth even greater than the height of the embankment root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil can affect performance and safety of the embankment. reaction. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to Terraces and diversions are embankments or a determine these properties. combination of channels and ridges constructed across Soil material in embankments must be resistant to a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts rooting depth, a severe hazard of soil blowing or water or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted usable material. It also affects trafficability. permeability adversely affect maintenance. Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that Grassed waterways are natural or constructed extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a impound water 3 feet or more above the original cemented pan affect the construction of grassed surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a waterways. A hazard of soil blowing, low available permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones permeability adversely affect the growth and affect the ease of excavation. maintenance of the grass after construction. Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 the course of the soil survey. The data and the percent sand. If the content of particles coarser than estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, are sand is as much as about 15 percent, an appropriate explained on the following pages. modifier is added, for example, "gravelly." Textural Soil properties are determined by field examination of terms are defined in the Glossary. the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the Unified soil classification system (3) and the system followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are adopted by the American Association of State Highway made and examined to identify and classify the soils and Transportation Officials (2). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction material. laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, plasticity, Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution and compaction characteristics. of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and Estimates of soil properties are based on field according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering accurately by field observation, and help characterize properties of two groups can have a dual classification, key soils. for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and Atterberg those properties that affect roadway construction and limits, the engineering classification, and the physical maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral and chemical properties of the major layers of each soil. soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in Pertinent soil and water features also are given. one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Engineering Index Properties Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils classification and of the range of index properties for are classified in group A-8 on the basis of visual the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most inspection. soils have layers of contrasting properties within the If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 upper 5 or 6 feet. groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1 -b, A-2-4, Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional layer is indicated. The range in depth and information refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material on other properties of each layer are given for each soil can be indicated by a group index number. Group index series under "Soil Series and Their Morphology." numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to Texture is given in the standard terms used by the 20 or higher for the poorest. U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The in diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Soil Survey

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and downward movement of water when the soil is in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field. saturated. They are based on soil characteristics Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The texture. Permeability is considered in the design of soil estimates are based on test data from the survey area drainage systems, septic tank absorption fields, and or from nearby areas and on field examination. construction where the rate of water movement under The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, saturated conditions affects behavior. and plasticity index are generally rounded to the Available water capacity refers to the quantity of nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and water that the soil is capable of storing for use by Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches percentage points) across classification boundaries, the of water per inch of soil for each major soil layer. The classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect table. the retention of water and the depth of the root zone. The most important properties are the content of Physical and Chemical Properties organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates design and management of irrigation systems. Available are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of area. The estimates are based on field observations water actually available to plants at any given time. and on test data for these and similar soils. Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For In this table, the estimated clay content of each major many soils, values have been verified by laboratory soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of and physical condition of the soil. They determine the corrosion. ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume permeability, and plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay minerals with water and varies with the amount and in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at moisture content influence the amount of swelling of field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of 'h bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil measurements of similar soils. material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to available water capacity, total pore space, and other buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates often needed. the pore space available for water and roots. A bulk Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the density of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil change is based on the soil fraction less than 2 structure. millimeters in diameter. The classes are low, a change Livingston Parish, Louisiana of less than 3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a high, more than 6 percent. Very high, greater than 9 layer that impedes the downward movement of water or percent, is sometimes used. soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil soils have a slow rate of water transmission. to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly and permeability. Values of K range from 0.05 to 0.69. impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate The higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to of water transmission. sheet and rill erosion by water. Flooding, the temporary covering of the soil surface Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum by flowing water, is caused by overflowing streams, by average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water runoff from adjacent slopes, or inflow from high tides. that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a Shallow water standing or flowing for short periods after sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding. Standing Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the water in swamps and marshes or in a closed soil at various stages of decomposition. In'table 16, the depression is considered ponding. estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a Table 17 gives the frequency and duration of flooding percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less and the time of year when flooding is most likely. than 2 millimeters in diameter. Frequency, duration, and probable dates of The content of organic matter in a soil can be occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None means that soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity, flooding is not probable. Rare means that flooding is infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions other nutrients for crops. (there is a near 0 to 5 percent chance of flooding in any year). Occasional means that flooding occurs frequently Soil and Water Features under normal conditions (there is a 5 to 50 percent chance of flooding in any year). Frequent means that Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water flooding occurs often under normal weather conditions features. The estimates are used in land use planning (there is more than a 50 percent chance of flooding in that involves engineering considerations. any year). Duration is expressed as very brief (less than Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff 2 days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are and very long (more than 1 month). The time of year assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped that floods are most likely to occur is expressed in according to the infiltration of water when the soils are months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long- occurs during the stated period. duration storms. The information is based on evidence in the soil The four hydrologic soil groups are: profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist matter content with increasing depth; and absence of mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained distinctive horizons that form in soils that are not sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of subject to flooding. water transmission. Also considered are local information about the Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or the extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to than that provided by detailed engineering surveys that moderately coarse texture. These soils have a delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency moderate rate of water transmission. levels. Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a Soil Survey saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth to a are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil seasonal high water table applies to undrained soils. layer. The estimates are based mainly on the evidence of a For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles in the as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage soil. Indicated in table 17 are the depth to the seasonal class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field high water table; the kind of water table-that is, capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation perched or apparent; and the months of the year that extract. the water table commonly is high. A water table that is For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated in as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, table 17. acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water in the soil. It IS indicated by the level at which water Soil Fertility Levels stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A Dr. M.C. Amacher, Department of Agronomy, Louisiana State perched water table is water standing above an University, helped prepare this section. unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, water Factors Affecting Crop Production table is separated from a lower one by a dry zone. The two numbers in the "High water table-Depth" Crop composition and yield function with many soil, column indicate the normal range in depth to a plant, and environmental factors. This section gives a saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. brief description of the more important factors. The first numeral in the range indicates the highest Environmental factors. The main environmental water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth factors are intensity and duration of light, temperature of indicates that the water table is above the surface of air and soil, distribution and amount of precipitation, and the soil. "More than 6.0" indicates that the water table atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of 6 Plant factors. These factors are species and hybrid feet for less than a month. specific. They include the rate of nutrient and water Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of uptake and the rate of growth and related plant saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence functions. results from either desiccation and shrinkage or Soil factors. These factors include both physical and oxidation of organic material, or both, following chemical properties of the soils. drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, usually Physical properties. These are particle-size over a period of several years. Table 17 shows the distribution, texture, structure, surface area, bulk expected initial subsidence, which usually is a result of density, water retention and flow, and aeration. drainage, and total subsidence, which usually is a result Chemical properties (soil fertility factors). The quantity of oxidation. of the chemical element, its intensity, its relative Not shown in the table is subsidence caused by an intensity, the relationship of quantity and intensity, and imposed surface load or by the withdrawal of ground the rate of replenishment of the elements to the soils water throughout an extensive area as a result of are the factors of chemical properties. They affect crop lowering the water table. growth. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced *Quantity factor. Plants take up this amount of a electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or readily available element out of the soil. The quantity weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of factor is called the available supply of an element. corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as Using a suitable extractant to remove the quantity factor soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and from the soil and then analyzing it will determine the electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion available supply. of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium *Intensity factor. The intensity factor is related to the content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the concentration of an element species in the soil water. It soil. Special site examination and design may be is a measure of the availability of an element that plant needed if the combination of factors creates a severe roots can take up. If two soils have identical quantities corrosion environment. The steel in installations that of an element's available supply but have different intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more element intensity factors, the element availability to the susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that plant will differ. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

*Relative intensity factor. This refers to the effect that available nutrient supply in the subsoil helps in the the availability of 'one element has on the availability of evaluation of the native fertility levels of the soil. another element. Soil profiles were sampled during the soil survey and -Quantity/intensity relationship factor. These analyzed for reaction (pH); organic matter; extractable relationships include the reactions between the surface phosphorus; exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and soil water that control the distribution of element potassium, sodium, aluminum, and hydrogen; total species between the available supply in the soil and the acidity; and cation-exchange capacity. These results are soil water. A special type of quantitylintensity summarized in table 18 and are discussed in the relationship is the buffer capacity of the soil for a given following sections, where subsoil properties are element. The buffer capacity is the amount of a given emphasized. More detailed information on the chemical element that must be added to or removed from the analysis of soils is available (1, 6, 8, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, available supply to produce a given change in the 33, 34, 38, 41). intensity factor for that element. *Replenishment factor. This is the rate of Chemical Analysis Methods replenishment of the available supply and intensity The methods used to obtain the data are listed factors by weathering reactions, fertilizer additions, and below. The codes in parentheses refer to published transport by miss flow and diffusion. methods (35). These factors are interdependent. The magnitude of Reaction (pH)-1 :l soil-water solution (8Cl a). the factors and the interactions among them will control Organic carbon-dichromate, ferric sulfate titraton crop response. The relative importance of each factor (6A1a). changes with the soil, crop, and environment. The soil Extractable phosphorus-(Bray No. 2). factors are only part of the overall system. Exchangeable cations-ammonium acetate pH 7.0, Soil testing provides information for a soil and crop uncorrected; calcium (6N2), magnesium (602), management program that establishes and maintains potassium (6Q2), sodium (6P2). optimum levels and balance of the essential elements in Exchangeable aluminum and hydrogen-potassium the soil. Soil testing provides for crop and animal chloride extraction (6G2). nutrition and protects the environment against the Total acidity-barium chloride-triathanolamine 1 (6Hl a). buildup of potentially toxic levels of essential and Effective cation-exchange capacity-sum of cations plus nonessential elements. Current soil tests measure only exchangeable aluminum and hydrogen (5A3b). one soil factor, the available supply of nutrients in the Sum cation-exchange capacity-sum of cations plus surface layer or plow layer. If the availability of one or total acidity (5A3a). more nutrients in the plow layer clearly limits crop Base saturation-sum of cations divided by the sum production, existing soil tests can generally diagnose cation-exchange capacity (5C3). the problem and suggest reliable recommendations. Exchangeable sodium percentage-exchangeable Soil management systems are generally based on the sodium divided by the cation-exchange capacity. physical and chemical alteration of the plow layer. Aluminum saturation-exchangeable aluminum divided Characteristics of this layer can vary from one location by the effective cation-exchange capacity. to another, depending on management practices and soil use. Characteristics of Soil Profile Fertility Alteration of the plow layer produces little change in In terms of soil fertility, four major types of soils are the subsurface layers or changes them very slowly. The in the survey area. The first type includes soils that properties of the subsoil reflect the soil's inherent ability have relatively high levels of available nutrients to supply nutrients to plant roots and to provide a throughout the profile. Nutrient levels are high because favorable environment for root growth. Following soil these soils formed in parent material with relatively high fertility recommendations based on current soil tests will fertility. Also, the soils are relatively young and thus normally correct major fertility problems in the plow have been less intensively weathered. layer. Other limitations for crop production are crop and The second type of soil profile has relatively low environment factors, physical properties of the plow levels of available nutrients in the surface layer. The layer, and physical and chemical properties of the nutrient levels generally increase with depth of the subsoil. profile. These soils formed in parent material that was The soil's available nutrient supply is an important relatively fertile, but they are older than the soils in the factor affecting crop production, Information on the first group and thus have been weathering longer and Soil Survey more intensively. Early in the growing season, crops in other minerals; as retained phosphorus on mineral growing on this type of soil may exhibit deficiency surfaces, such as carbonates, metal oxides, and layer symptoms. If the crop roots can penetrate the more silicates; and in organic compounds. The availability of fertile subsoil horizons as the growing season phosphorus in the soil is an important factor in progresses, the deficiency symptoms may disappear. controlling the amount of phosphorus that plants take The third type of soil profile has adequate or up. Most phosphorus is unavailable for plant uptake. relatively high levels of available nutrients in the surface Bray 2 extracts more phosphorus than the more layer and relatively low levels in the subsoil. Either the commonly used extractants, such as Bray 1, Mehlich I, parent material of these soils was low in fertility, or and Olsen. These extractants are used in estimating the these older soils have been weathering longer and supply of available phosphorus in the soil. The content more intensively than those in the first two groups. of Bray 2 extractable phosphorus in all the soils in Generally, the levels of nutrients in the surface layer are Livingston Parish is low or very low, according to high because of additions of fertilizer on soils that have guidelines for soil test interpretations. Continual been farmed or because of a natural biocycling on additions of phosphorus fertilizer are needed to build up undisturbed soils. and maintain adequate levels of available phosphorus The fourth type of soil has relatively low levels of for optimum crop production. available nutrients throughout the profile. These soils Potassium. There are three major forms of potassium formed in parent material that was low in fertility, or in soils. These are exchangeable potassium associated they have been intensively weathered for a long time. with negatively charged sites on clay mineral surfaces, No additions of fertilizer have been applied, nor has nonexchangeable potassium trapped between clay biocycling taken place in these soils. mineral interlayers, and structural potassium within the Other soil properties, such as reaction and acidity, crystal lattice of minerals. The exchangeable form of can also be distributed in the same patterns as those potassium in soils can be replaced by other cations, described above. These patterns result from the and thus generally is readily available for plant uptake. interactions of parent material, weathering (climate), To become available, the other forms of potassium time, and, to a lesser extent, living organisms and must be converted to the exchangeable forms by topography. weathering reactions. Nitrogen. Generally, more than 90 percent of the The exchangeable potassium content of the soils is nitrogen in the surface layer is organic nitrogen. In an estimate of the supply of available potassium. many areas most of the nitrogen in the subsoil is fixed According to guidelines for soil test interpretations, the ammonium nitrate. Although these forms of nitrogen are supply of available potassium is low or very low in the unavailable for plant uptake, they can be converted to soils in Livingston Parish. This limited supply indicates a species of readily available ammonium and nitrate. general lack of micaceous minerals, which are a source Nitrogen is generally the most limiting nutrient of exchangeable potassium during the process of element in crop production, and plants demand much of weathering. Crops respond well to applications of it. Applications of nitrogen fertilizer are nearly always potassium fertilizer on soils that have low or very low based on the nitrogen requirement of the crop rather levels of exchangeable potassium. On soils that have a than on soil tests, because reliable soil tests for sufficient amount of clay to hold the potassium, these nitrogen are not available. The status of nitrogen fertility levels can be gradually raised by additions of in the soil can be estimated from the amount of readily potassium. Exchangeable potassium levels can be available ammonium and nitrate, the amount of organic maintained by adding enough potassium to compensate nitrogen, the rate of mineralization of organic nitrogen for the amount removed by crops, for fixation of into available forms of nitrogen, and the rate of exchangeable potassium to nonexchangeable conversion of fixed ammonium nitrate to available forms potassium, and for leaching losses. of nitrogen. Magnesium. Magnesium in soils occurs as Because the amounts and rates of transformation of exchangeable magnesium associated with negatively the various forms of nitrogen in the soils in Livingston charged sites on clay mineral surfaces and as structural Parish are unknown, the nitrogen content cannot be magnesium in mineral crystal lattices. Exchangeable assessed. magnesium is generally readily available for plant Phosphorus. Phosphorus is in the soil as discrete uptake, but structural magnesium must be converted to solid phase minerals, such as hydroxyapatite, variscite, exchangeable magnesium by mineral weathering and strengite; as occluded or coprecipitated phosphorus reactions. Livingston Parish. Louisiana

According to guidelines for soil test interpretations, for soils sampled at carefully selected sites. Most of the the content of exchangeable magnesium in the soils in pedons are typical of the series and are described in Livingston Parish ranges from low to high. Generally, the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." Some the content increases with increasing depth. The level pedons are not typical of the series, but they are similar of exchangeable magnesium in most soils in the parish to the typical pedon. Soil samples were analyzed by the is adequate for crop production, and magnesium Soil Characterization Laboratory, Louisiana Agricultural deficiencies in plants are rare. Thus, additions of Experiment Station. magnesium fertilizer are not needed. Most determinations, except those for grain-size Calcium. Calcium in the soils occurs as analysis and bulk density, were made on soil material exchangeable calcium associated with negatively smaller than 2 millimeters in diameter. Measurements charged sites on clay mineral surfaces and as structural reported as percent or quantity of unit weight were calcium in mineral crystal lattices. Exchangeable calculated on an ovendry basis. The methods used in calcium generally is available for plant uptake, whereas obtaining the data are indicated in the list that follows. structural calcium is not readily available. The codes in parentheses refer to published methods The effective cation-exchange capacity is the sum of (38). exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, Sand-(0.05-2.0 mm fraction) weight percentages of and sodium). It is determined by extraction with pH 7, 1 materials less than 2 mm (3A1). molar ammonium acetate plus the sum of neutral salt Silt-(0.002-0.05 mm fraction) pipette extraction, weight exchangeable aluminum and hydrogen (exchangeable percentages of all materials less than 2 mm (3A1). acidity). The sum cation-exchange capacity is the sum Clay-(fraction less than 0.002 mm) pipette extraction, of exchangeable bases plus the total acidity determined weight percentages of materials less than 2 mm by extraction with pH 8.2, barium chloride- (3A1) . triethanolamine. The effective cation-exchange capacity Water retained-pressure extraction, percentage of generally is less than the sum cation-exchange capacity ovendry weight of less than 2 mm material; % or %O and includes only that part of the pH-dependent cation- (3/10) bar (4B1), 15 bars (4B2). exchange capacity determined by exchange of Water-retention difference-between % bar and 15 bars hydrogen with neutral salt. The sum cation-exchange for less than 2 mm material (4C1). capacity includes all of the pH-dependent cation- Field moist bulk density-of less than 2 mm material, exchange capacity up to pH 8.2. If a soil has no pH- saran-coated clods (4A3A); air-dry (4AA1) and dependent exchange sites or the soil pH is about 8.2, ovendry (4A1R). the effective capacity and the sum capacity will be Organic matter-dichromate, ferric sulfate titration about the same. The larger the cation-exchange (6Ala); percent organic carbon multiplied by 1.7 capacity, the larger the capacity to store nutrient equals percent organic matter. cations. The sum cation-exchange capacity of the soils Extractable cations-ammonium acetate pH 7.0, in Livingston Parish is generally much greater than the uncorrected; calcium (6N2), magnesium (602), effective cation-exchange capacity. This imbalance sodium (6P2), potassium (6Q2). shows that most of the cation-exchange capacity is pH- Cation-exchange capacity-ammonium acetate, pH 7.0 dependent. (5A1a). Base saturation-ammonium acetate, pH 7.0 (5C1). Physical and Chemical Analyses of Selected Reaction (pH)-1 :l water dilution (8Cla). Soils Reaction (pH)-potassium chloride (8Clc). Reaction (pH)-calcium chloride (8Cle). The results of physical analysis of several typical Aluminum-potassium chloride extraction (6G). pedons in the survey area are given in table 19 and the Iron-dithionate-citrate extract (6C2b). results of chemical analysis in table 20. The data are Available phosphorus-(Bray No. 1 and Bray No. 2).

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the National FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (37). on the basis of physical and chemical properties and Beginning with the broadest, these categories are the other characteristics that affect management. Generally, order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and the properties are those of horizons below plow depth series. Classification is based on soil properties where there is much biological activity. Among the observed in the field or inferred from those observations properties and characteristics considered are particle- or from laboratory measurements. Table 21 shows the size class, mineral content, temperature regime, depth classification of the soils in the survey area. The of the root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, categories are defined in the following paragraphs. slope, and permanent cracks. A family name consists of ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The the name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- soil properties. An example is very fine, forming processes and the degree of soil formation. montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Typic Hydraquents. Each order is identified by a word ending in s,ol. An SERIES. The series consists of soils that have example is Entisol. similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are similar SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders in color, texture, structure, reaction; consistence, primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil mineral and chemical composition, and arrangement in genesis and are important to plant growth or properties the profile. The texture of the surface layer or of the that reflect the most important variables within the substratum can differ within a series. orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Aquent (Aqu, meaning water, plus ent, from Entisol). Soil Series and Their Morphology GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great In this section, each soil series recognized in the groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, survey area is described. The descriptions are arranged arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic in alphabetic order. horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it base status. Each great group is identified by the name formed are identified for each series. The soil is of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property compared with similar soils and with nearby soils of of the soil. An example is Hydraquents (Hydr, meaning other series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area presence of water, plus aquent, the suborder of the of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is Entisols that has an aquic moisture regime). described. The detailed description of each soil horizon SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup follows standards in the Soil Sun/ey Manual (35). Many Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The of the technical terms used in the descriptions are typic is the central concept of the great group; it is not defined in Soil Taxonomy (37). Unless otherwise stated, necessarily the most extensive. lntergrades are colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. Following transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. the pedon description is the range of important Extragrades have some properties that are not characteristics of the soils in the series. representative of the great group but do not indicate The map units of each soil series are described in transitions to any other known kind of soil. Each the section "Detailed Soil Map Units." subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The adjective Abita Series Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great group. An example is Typic Hydraquents. The Abita series consists of somewhat poorly Soil Survey

drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in silty and silty clay loam; common coarse yellowish brown loamy sediments. These soils are on low, broad stream (10YR 516) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky or marine terraces of late Pleistocene age. Slopes structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces range from 1 to 3 percent. of peds; few fine black concretions; neutral. Soils of the Ab~taseries are fine-silty, siliceous, therrnic Glossaquic Paleudalfs. The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more Abita soils commonly are near Cahaba, Guyton, than 80 inches. Grayish mottles caused by wetness are Myatt, Satsuma, and Stough soils. Cahaba soils are within 30 inches of the surface. In the upper 30 inches, higher on the landscape than the Abita soils and are at least 50 percent of the effective cation-exchange well drained. They are fine-loamy. Guyton and Myatt capacity is occupied by exchangeable aluminum. soils are in the lower landscape positions and are The A horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. Also, 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. It ranges from extremely acid Myatt soils are fine-loamy. Satsuma and Stough soils to neutral. are in landscape positions similar to those of the Abita The E horizon and the E part of the B/E horizon have soils. The argillic horizon in Satsuma soils is not so hue of IOYR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 thick as that in the Abita soil. Stough soils are coarse- to 3. They are silt loam or very fine sandy loam. They loamy. range from extremely acid to slightly acid. Some pedons Typical pedon of Abita silt loam, 1 to 3 percent have a BA horizon or a BE horizon. These horizons slopes; 0.75 mile southeast of Albany, 5,500 feet north have hue of 7.5YR, IOYR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and of Interstate 12, and 2,100 feet east of the Natalbany chroma of 3 to 6. They have few to many mottles in River; Spanish Land Grant sec. 37, T. 7 S., R. 6 E. shades of gray, yellow, or red. They are silt loam or silty clay loam. They range from very strongly acid to A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (1 OYR 412) silt neutral. loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many The Bt part of the BIE horizon and the Bt horizon medium and flne roots; very strongly acid; clear have hue of 7.5YR, lOYR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and wavy boundary. chroma of 3 to 8, or they are mottled in shades of E-4 to 9 inches: pale brown (10YR 613) silt loam; weak brown, gray, or red. They have few to many mottles in fine granular structure; friable; many medium and shades of gray. They are silt loam or silty clay loam. fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. They range from very strongly acid to slightly acid. BIE-9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 514) silt The Btg horizon has hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value loam (Bt); weak medium subangular blocky of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silty clay loam, clay structure; friable; many fine roots; few faint clay loam, or loam. It ranges from strongly acid to slightly films on faces of peds; about 20 percent vertical acid in the upper part and from strongly acid to mildly seams of light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt loam alkaline in the lower part. (E) about 2 to 5 centimeters wide between peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Barbary Series Bt-18 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 514) silty clay loam; common medium distinct light brownish The Barbary series consists of very poorly drained, gray (1OYR 612) and common medium prominent very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in red (2.5YR 418) mottles; moderate medium recent, very fluid, clayey sediments that were deposited subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; in water and have never air dried. The soils are in low, common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few broad backswamps. They are continuously saturated fine brown and black concretions; strongly acid; and are nearly continuously ponded. Slopes are less clear wavy boundary. than 1 percent. Btgl-35 to 50 inches; light brownish gray (IOYR 612) Soils of the Barbary series are very fine, silty clay loam; common medium distinct yellowish montrnorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Typic Hydraquents. brown (1OYR 516) mottles; moderate medium Barbary soils commonly are near Maurepas soils. subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct Maurepas soils are at the slightly lower elevations. They clay films on faces of peds; few fine black and have thick organic layers that contain decomposed brown concretions: strongly acid; gradual wavy woody material. boundary. Typical pedon of Barbary muck; 1 mile south of Btg2-50 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) Louisiana Highway 1039, 1,800 feet north of Bayou Livingston Parish, Louisiana

Chene Blanc. and 400 feet east of Black Bayou; sec. taxadjuncts because reaction in the E and B horizons is 19, T. 9 S., R. 6 E. lower than is definitive for the Brimstone series. The Brimstone series is medium acid to moderately alkaline Oa-0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 312) in these horizons. This difference, however, does not muck, same color pressed and rubbed; massive: affect the use and management of the soils. about 30 percent fiber, less than 10 percent rubbed; Brimstone soils commonly are near Deerford, Gilbert, very fluid (flows easily between fingers when Olivier, Satsuma, and Verdun soils. Deerford and squeezed, leaving hand empty); slightly acid; clear Verdun soils are somewhat poorly drained and are smooth boundary. slightly higher on the landscape than the Brimstone Cgl-6 to 35 inches; gray (5Y 511) clay; few fine soils. Also, they are browner throughout. Gilbert, Olivier, distinct olive (5Y 413) mottles; massive; very fluid and Satsuma soils do not have a natric horizon. Gilbert (flows easily between fingers when squeezed, soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the leaving small residue in hand); about 5 percent Brimstone soils. Olivier and Satsuma soils are on low organic matter; neutral; clear smooth boundary. ridges and are somewhat poorly drained. Cg2-35 to 52 inches; gray (N 510) clay; massive; very Typical pedon of Brimstone silt loam, in an area of fluid (flows easily through fingers when squeezed, Gilbert-Brimstone silt loams, occasionally flooded; 1.8 leaving small residue in hand); common small to miles southeast of Walker, 0.60 miles north of Interstate large fragments of wood; about 5 percent organic 12, and 200 feet west of paved road; sec. 34, T. 6 S., matter; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. R. 3 E. Cg3-52 to 65 inches; gray (N 610) clay; massive; very fluid (flows easily through fingers when squeezed, A-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 512) silt loam; leaving small residue in hand); few large fragments weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and of wood; neutral. common medium roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The n values are greater than 0.7 in all horizons to a Eg-4 to 18 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt depth of 40 inches or more. In some pedons organic loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown horizons below a depth of 50 inches have logs, stumps, (IOYR 516) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky and wood fragments. structure; friable; common fine, medium, and coarse The Oa horizon has hue of IOYR, 7.5YR, or 5YR, roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is 2 to 8 inches EIBg-18 to 24 inches; about 70 percent vertical seams thick. It ranges from medium acid to mildly alkaline. of light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt loam (E); light Some pedons have an A horizon. This horizon has brownish gray (10YR 612) silt loam (Bt); common hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma medium distinct yellowish brown (IOYR 516) mottles; of 1 or 2. It is very fluid clay or mucky clay. It is neutral weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; or mildly alkaline. common fine, medium, and coarse roots; very The Cg horizon has hue of lOYR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5BG, strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary. value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1, or it is neutral in hue BlEg--24 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) and has value of 4 to 6. It is very fluid clay or mucky silty clay loam (Bt); light brownish gray (10YR 612) clay. It ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. It silt loam (E); common medium distinct yellowish has stumps and logs in some pedons. brown (10YR 516) and strong brown (7.5YR 516) Brimstone Series mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable (E) and firm (Bt); common fine and medium The Brimstone series consists of poorly drained, roots; many fine pores; few distinct clay films on slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy sediments faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. of late. Pleistocene age. These soils have a high Btngl-30 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) concentration of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil. silty clay loam; Fommon medium prominent strong They are on nearly level to slightly depressional, broad brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; moderate medium flats on stream or marine terraces. Slopes are less than subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and 1 percent. medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces Soils of the Brimstone series are fine-silty, siliceous, on peds; light gray (10YR 712) silt coatings on thermic Glossic Natraqualfs. vertical faces of some peds; strongly acid; clear The Brimstone soils in Livingston Parish are wavy boundary. Soil Survey

Btng2-48 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) are higher on the landscape than the Bude soils and silty clay loam; many medium prominent strong are moderately well drained. They do not have grayish brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak coarse prismatic mottles in the upper part of the subsoil. structure parting to moderate medium subangular Typical pedon of Bude silt loam, 1 to 3 percent blocky; firm; many fine pores; common distinct clay slopes; 7.5 miles north of Satsuma, 1.3 miles north of films on faces of peds; many fine black concretions; Louisiana Highway 63, and 200 feet east of Louisiana medium acid. Highway 449; sec. 10, T. 4 S., R. 4 E.

The thickness of the solum ranges from about 40 to A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (IOYR 412) silt 100 inches. The content of exchangeable sodium loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many ranges from 15 to 30 percent within the upper 6 inches fine, medium, and coarse roots; very strongly acid; of the natric horizon or within 16 inches of the surface. clear smooth boundary. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of the E-4 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (IOYR 614) silt effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by loam; common medium distinct light brownish gray exchangeable aluminum. (1 OYR 612) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 1 or structure; friable; many fine, medium, and coarse 2. It ranges from very strongly acid to mildly alkaline. roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Eg horizon and the E part of the E/Bg and BIEg EB-7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) silt horizons have value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 1 or 2. loam; common medium distinct strong brown They are silt loam or very fine sandy loam. They range (7.5YR 516) and light brownish gray (10YR 612) from very strongly acid to moderately alkaline. Tongues mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular of the E horizon can extend into the Btng horizon. blocky structure; friable; common fine, medium, and Some pedons have accumulations of dark gray clay, coarse roots; few brittle bodies; very strongly acid; which typically occur as discontinuous bands. The Btng clear wavy boundary. horizon has hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 5 or 6, BE-15 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) silt and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many mottles in loam; common medium distinct light brownish gray shades of brown or gray. It is silt loam or silty clay (1OYR 612) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic loam. It ranges from strongly acid to moderately structure parting to moderate medium subangular alkaline. The number of calcium carbonate concretions blocky; firm; common fine and medium roots; few in this horizon ranges from none to common. faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bude Series E/Bx-18 to 25 inches; light brownish gray (IOYR 612) (E) and yellowish brown (1 0YR 516) (Bt) silt loam; The Bude series consists of somewhat poorly common medium prominent reddish brown (5YR drained, slowly permeable soils that have a fragipan. 414) mottles; moderate very coarse prismatic These soils formed in a silty mantle less than 4 feet structure; firm; common fine and medium roots in thick and in the underlying loamy sediments of the E part; common bodies of very firm and brittle Pleistocene age. They are on uplands. Slopes range material in the Bt part; few faint clay films on faces from 1 to 3 percent. of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Soils of the Bude series are fine-silty, mixed, thermic Btx-25 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 516) silt Glossaquic Fragiudalfs. loam; common medium distinct strong brown The Bude soils in Livingston Parish are taxadjuncts (7.5YR 516) mottles; moderate very coarse prismatic because the Btx and 2Btx horizons have higher chroma structure; very firm and brittle; few fine roots in than is definitive for the Bude series. Also, the Btx seams; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few horizon is slightly thicker. The Bude series has chroma light brownish gray (1 OYR 6/2) seams of silt loam '/8 of 1 or 2. These differences, however, do not affect the inch wide surround prisms and make up 15 percent use and management of the soils. of the volume; strongly acid; gradual wavy Bude soils are similar to Olivier soils and commonly boundary. are near Calhoun and Toula soils. Calhoun soils are in 2Btxl-36 to 45 inches; brownish yellow (1OYR 616) silt depressions and are poorly drained. They are grayish loam; common medium distinct strong brown throughout. Olivier soils are on stream terraces. They (7.5YR 516) mottles; moderate very coarse prismatic contain less total sand than the Bude soils. Toula soils structure; very firm and brittle; few fine roots in Livingston Parish, Louisiana

seams; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. Dexter and light brownish gray (10YR 612) seams of silt loam '/8 Satsuma soils are fine-silty. Dexter soils are in inch wide surround prisms and make up 15 percent landscape positions similar to those of the Cahaba of the volume; strongly acid; gradual wavy soils. Satsuma soils are slightly lower on the landscape boundary. than the Cahaba soils and are somewhat poorlv 2Btx2-45 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR drained. 614) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; Typical pedon of Cahaba fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 very firm and brittle; few fine roots in seams; few percent slopes; 2.5 miles southeast of Georgeville, 1 light brownish gray (IOYR 612) seams of silt loam '/8 mile south of Lighthouse Church, 1.5 miles east of inch wide surround prisms and make up 15 percent Louisiana Highway 43, and 200 feet west of parish of the volume; strongly acid. road; sec. 10, T. 5 S., R. 6 E.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to the A-0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 513) fine sandy loam; fragipan ranges from 18 to 40 inches. Reaction weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine generally ranges from very strongly acid to medium acid roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. throughout the solum, but the A horizon is less acid in Btl-5 to 14 inches; red (2.5YR 416) sandy clay loam; areas that have been limed. Typically, grayish mottles moderate medium subangular blocky structure; are within 16 inches of the surface. In the upper 30 friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces inches, at least 50 percent of the effective cation- of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. exchange capacity is occupied by exchangeable Bt2-14 to 35 inches; yellowish red (5YR 416) sandy aluminum. clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky The A horizon has value of 4 and chroma of 2 or 3 or structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films value of 3 and chroma of 1. The E horizon has value of on faces of peds; few coarse distinct light yellowish 5 or 6 and chroma of 3 or value of 6 and chroma of 4. brown (1OYR 614) uncoated sand grains; very The EB and BE horizons have hue of IOYR, value of 4 strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8, or they have hue of 7.5YR, BC-35 to 53 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 416) sandy value of 5, and chroma of 6. They are silt loam or silty loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; clay loam. few faint clay films on vertical faces of some peds; The E/Btx horizon is mottled in shades of brown or many coarse distinct pale brown (10YR 613) gray. The content of clay in this horizon is less than that uncoated sand grains; very strongly acid; gradual in the EB, BE, and Btx horizons. wavy boundary. The Btx horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of 6, C-53 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 516) loamy and chroma of 2 or hue of IOYR, value of 5 or 6, and sand; massive; very friable; many coarse distinct chroma of 1, or the color is a mixture of browns, light yellowish brown (10YR 614) uncoated sand yellows, and grays. This horizon is silt loam or silty clay grains; very strongly acid. loam. The 2Btx horizon has the same colors as the Btx horizon. It is silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam. The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to Cahaba Series medium acid throughout the profile. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of the effective cation- The Cahaba series consists of well drained, exchange capacity is occupied by exchangeable moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and aluminum. sandy sediments of late Pleistocene age. These soils The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 2 to are on low stream terraces along the major 4. It is 4 to 8 inches thick. Some pedons have an E or drainageways, or they occur as low ridges or mounds EIB horizon. These horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, on broad marine or stream terraces. Slopes range from value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. 1 to 3 percent. The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 4 Soils of the Cahaba series are fine-loamy, siliceous, or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is sandy clay loam, loam, thermic Typic Hapludults. or clay loam. The content of clay in this horizon ranges Cahaba soils commonly are near Calhoun, Dexter, from 18 to 35 percent. The BC horizon is typically Gilbert, Myatt, and Satsuma soils. Calhoun, Gilbert, and strong brown, yellowish red, or red. It is less clayey Myatt soils are in the lower landscape positions and are than the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Soil Survey

The C horizon ranges from yellowish brown to red. It gray (1OYR 612) silty clay loam (Bt) and 30 percent is commonly stratified with sand, loamy sand, or fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam (E); sandy loam. It has few to many pebbles in some common medium distinct yellowish brown (1OYR pedons. 516) and common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; ,moderate very coarse prismatic Calhoun Series structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; The Calhoun series consists of poorly drained, slowly few faint clay films on faces of some peds; the E permeable soils that formed in loess. These soils are at material occurs as tongues 2 to 5 inches wide low elevations on uplands of Pleistocene age. They are between prisms of the Bt material; very strongly subject to rare or occasional flooding. Slopes are less acid; gradual irregular boundary. than 1 percent. Btg-36 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) Soils of the Calhoun series are fine-silty, mixed, silty clay loam; common medium distinct yellowish thermic Typic Glossaqualfs. brown (10YR 516) mottles; moderate medium Calhoun soils commonly are near Bude, Gilbert, subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and Olivier, and Toula soils. Bude, Olivier, and Toula soils medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; are higher on the landscape than the Calhoun soils. very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. They have a fragipan. Gilbert soils are along small BCg-48 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) silt drainageways. They contain more sand throughout than loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown the Bude soils. (IOYR 516) mottles; weak medium subangular Typical pedon of Calhoun silt loam; 2.5 miles blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many fine northwest of Magnolia. 1.75 miles north of Louisiana black and brown concretions; medium acid. Highway 442, and 100 feet east of dirt road; sec. 29, T. 5 S., R. 5 E. The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 inches. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of A-0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) silt the effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; common exchangeable aluminum. fine, medium, and coarse roots; very strongly acid; The A horizon has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 1 to abrupt smooth boundary. 3. It is 0 to 8 inches thick. It ranges from extremely acid Egl-3 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (IOYR 612) silt to medium acid. loam; common medium prominent strong brown The Eg horizon and the E part of the BIEg horizon (7.5YR 516) mottles; weak fine granular structure; have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; of 1 or 2. They have few to many mottles. They are very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. very strongly acid to medium acid. They range from 9 to Eg2-12 to 18 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 20 inches in thickness. silt loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown The Btg horizon and the Bt part of the BIEg horizon (10YR 516) and common medium prominent strong have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; weak fine subangular of 1 or 2. They have few to many mottles. They are silt blocky structure; friable; few fine and common loam or silty clay loam. They are very strongly acid or medium and coarse roots; very strongly acid; strongly acid. gradual irregular boundary. The BCg and Cg horizons have hue of lOYR, 2.5Y, EIBg-18 to 30 inches; about 70 percent light brownish or 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. They have gray (IOYR 612) silt loam (E) and 30 percent light few to many mottles. They are silt loam or silty clay brownish gray (IOYR 612) silty clay loam (Bt); loam. They range from very strongly acid to mildly common medium distinct yellowish brown (IOYR alkaline. 516) and common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky Colyell Series structure; friable; few medium and coarse roots; the ~t'materialoccurs as discontinuous prisms within The Colyell series consists of somewhat poorly the E material; very strongly acid; gradual irregular drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in a silty boundary. mantle 1 to 3 feet thick and in the underlying clayey and BIEg-30 to 36 inches; about 70 percent light brownish loamy material of late Pleistocene age. These soils are Livingston Parish, Louisiana on stream or marine terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 3 structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common percent. distinct clay films on faces of peds; few faint light Soils of the Colyell series are fine, montmorillonitic, gray (10YR 712) coatings of silt on faces of some thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs. peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Colyell soils commonly are near Barbary, Deerford, 2Bt2-23 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 516) silty Encrow, Natalbany. Springfield, and Verdun soils. clay loam; common medium distinct light brownish Barbary soils are in swamps and are very poorly gray (1OYR 612) and few fine distinct strong brown drained. They are very fluid throughout. Deerford and (7.5YR 416) mottles; moderate medium subangular Verdun soils are slightly higher on the landscape than blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct the Colyell soils. They have a natric horizon. Encrow clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear soils are in depressions and are poorly drained. They wavy boundary. are grayish throughout. Natalbany soils are on flood 3Btnl-39 to 48 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 516) plains and are poorly drained. They have a subsoil that silty clay loam; common medium distinct light shrinks upon drying and cracks to a depth of 20 inches brownish gray (2.5Y 612) mottles; moderate coarse or more. Springfield soils are lower on the landscape prismatic structure; firm; common shiny pressure than the Colyell soils and are poorly drained. They are faces on some peds; few faint clay films on faces of characterized by an abrupt textural change between the peds; few black stains; strongly acid; clear wavy albic horizon and the argillic horizon. boundary. Typical pedon of Colyell silt loam, 1 to 3 percent 3Btn2-48 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 516) slopes; 1.25 miles southeast of Verdun, 3,000 feet east silty clay loam; common medium distinct light of Bayou La Glaise, and 200 feet west of dirt road; sec. brownish gray (2.5Y 612) mottles; weak coarse 29, T. 8 S., R. 5 E. prismatic structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; medium acid. A-0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 70 fine and common medium and coarse roots; very inches. The thickness of the loess mantle ranges from 1 strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. to 3 feet. The depth to horizons with 5 to 15 percent E-3 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt; few exchangeable sodium ranges from 30 to 50 inches. In medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; the upper 30 inches, 10 to 50 percent of the effective weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; cation-exchange capacity is occupied by exchangeable common fine, medium, and coarse roots; few fine aluminum. pores; many medium black and brown concretions; The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 1 to very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 3. It generally ranges from very strongly acid to medium EB-8 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt acid, but it is less acid in areas that have been limed. loam: few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 516) The E and EB horizons have value of 5 or 6 and mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; chroma of 4 to 8. They have few to many mottles in friable; common fine, medium, and coarse roots; shades of brown or gray. They are silt loam or silt. They very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. range from very strongly acid to medium acid. The E 2BiE-12 to 15 inches; mottled light brownish gray part of the 2B1E horizon has value of 5 to 7 and chroma (10YR 612), yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), and of 2 or 3. It ranges from very strongly acid to medium yellowish red (5YR 416) silty clay (Bt); weak medium acid. subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and The 2Bt horizon and the Bt part of the 2BlE horizon medium roots; few fine pores; common distinct clay have value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 3 to 8, or they are films on faces of peds; many black and brown mottled in shades of brown, gray, or red. They are silty concretions; about 15 percent, by volume, clay loam, silty clay, or clay. They range from very interfingers of light brownish gray (1 OYR 612) silt strongly acid to neu!ral. loam (E) between peds; very strongly acid; clear The 3Btn horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of wavy boundary. 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. It has few to many mottles 2Btl-15 to 23 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR in shades of brown and gray. It ranges from strongly 514) and light brownish gray (10YR 612) silty clay; acid to moderately alkaline. It is silty clay loam or silt many medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 416) loam. The content of exchangeable sodium in this mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky horizon ranges from 5 to 15 percent. Soil Survey

Deerford Series clay loam (Bt); common medium distinct light brownish gray (IOYR 612) mottles; weak coarse The Deerford series consists of somewhat poorly prismatic structure parting to moderate medium drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in silty subangular blocky; firm; few faint clay films on faces material of late Pleistocene age. These soils have high of peds; common fine and medium black and brown levels of sodium in the middle and lower parts of the concretions; few vertical tongues of pale brown subsoil. They are on broad stream or marine terraces (10YR 613) E material; medium acid; gradual wavy that have low relief. Slopes are less than 1 percent. boundary. Soils of the Deerford series are fine-silty, mixed, Btn-34 to 40 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 516) silty thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs. clay loam; common medium distinct light brownish Deerford soils commonly are near Colyell, Olivier, gray (10YR 612) mottles; weak coarse prismatic Springfield, and Verdun soils. Colyell soils are on ridges structure parting to moderate medium subangular and side slopes along drainageways. They do not have blocky; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; a natric horizon. Olivier soils are higher on the common fine and medium black and brown landscape than the Deerford soils. They have a concretions; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. fragipan. Springfield soils are in the lower landscape BCn-40 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 514) silt positions and are poorly drained. They do not have a loam; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 516) natric horizon. Verdun soils are in landscape positions mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; similar to those of the Deerford soils. They have more friable; few black and brown concretions; than 15 percent exchangeable sodium throughout the moderately alkaline. subsoil. Typical pedon of Deerford silt loam, in an area of The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 Deerford-Verdun silt loams; 7 miles south of Walker, 1.8 inches. The depth to a subhorizon with more than 15 miles east of Louisiana Highway 447, and 200 feet percent exchangeable sodium ranges from 16 to 32 north of parish road; sec. 32, T. 7 S., R. 4 E. inches. In the upper 30 inches, 20 to 50 percent of the effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (1 OYR 412) silt aluminum. loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many The A horizon has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 2 or fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth 3. It ranges from very strongly acid or medium acid. It is boundary. 3 to 14 inches thick. E-4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 513) silt loam; weak The E horizon has hue of IOYR or 2.5Y. value of 5 to fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine 7, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt or silt loam. It ranges roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. from very strongly acid to slightly acid. BiEl-10 to 19 inches; grayish brown (10YR 512) silty The interiors of peds in the B/E horizon, the Bn part clay loam (Bt); common medium distinct yellowish of the Bn/E horizon, and the Btn horizon have hue of brown (1 OYR 516) mottles; moderate medium 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine These horizons are silty clay loam or silt loam. They roots; few vertical tongues of brown (1OYR 513) silt range from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the loam E material 2 to 4 inches wide; few faint clay upper part and from neutral to moderately alkaline in films on faces of peds; few fine black and brown the lower part. concretions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy The BCn horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of boundary. 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. It has few to many mottles BIE2-19 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 516) silty in shades of brown or gray. It is silt loam or silty clay clay loam (Bt); common medium distinct grayish loam. It ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. brown (IOYR 512) mottles; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular Dexter Series blocky; firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; few vertical The Dexter series consists of well drained, tongues of silt loam (E) 1 to 4 inches wide; very moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sediments of mixed mineralogy. These soils are mainly BnlE-27 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silty on stream terraces of Pleistocene age. Slopes range from 1 to 3 percent. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

Soils of the Dexter series are fine-silty, mixed, The 2C horizon has colors similar to those of the thermic Ultic Hapludalfs. 2BC horizon. It is typically fine sandy loam or loamy Dexter soils commonly are near Cahaba, Gilbert, fine sand, but the range includes sandy clay loam and Olivier, and Satsuma soils. Cahaba soils are in clay loam. This horizon ranges from very strongly acid landscape positions similar to those of the Dexter soils. to medium acid. They are fine-loamy. Gilbert soils are in depressions and are poorly drained. They are grayish throughout. Encrow Series Olivier and Satsuma soils are lower on the landscape than the Dexter soils and are somewhat poorly drained. The Encrow series consists of poorly drained, slowly Olivier soils have a fragipan, and Satsuma soils have permeable soils that formed in loess and local alluvium siliceous mineralogy. over clayey material of late Pleistocene age. These Typical pedon of Dexter very fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 soils are at low elevations on stream or marine percent slopes: 2.9 miles northwest of Port Vincent and terraces. They are occasionally flooded. Slopes are 0 to 700 feet west of Louisiana Highway 16; Spanish Land 1 percent. Grant sec. 43, T. 8 S., R. 3 E. Soils of the Encrow series are fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs. Ap-0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 414) very fine Encrow soils are similar to Springfield soils and sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; commonly are near Barbary, Colyell, Deerford, many fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth Natalbany, Springfield, and Verdun soils. Barbary soils boundary. are in ponded swamps and are very fluid and clayey Btl-6 to 18 inches: reddish brown (5YR 414) silty clay throughout. Colyell soils are on ridges and side slopes loam; moderate medium subangular blocky along drainageways and are somewhat poorly drained. structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films They are brownish throughout. Deerford and Verdun on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy soils are higher on the landscape than the Encrow soils boundary. and are somewhat poorly drained. They have a natric Bt2-18 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 416) silty clay horizon. Natalbany soils are on flood plains and are loam; moderate medium subangular blocky clayey throughout the subsoil. Springfield soils are in structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct clay the slightly higher landscape positions. They are films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy characterized by an abrupt textural change between the boundary. albic and argillic horizons. 2BC-34 to 46 inches; yellowish red (5YR 416) clay Typical pedon of Encrow silt loam, occasionally loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; flooded; about 4.5 miles southeast of Walker, 1.6 miles friable; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. west of Petes Rest Cemetery, and 200 feet north of a 2C-46 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 416) fine sandy gravel road; sec. 16, T. 7 S., R. 4 E. loam; massive; friable; pockets of light brown (7.5YR 6i4) sand and streaks of light brown (7.5YR A-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; 6!4) sand inside peds; very strongly acid. weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and common coarse and medium roots; very strongly The thickness of the solum ranges from 32 to 60 acid; abrupt smooth boundary. inches. In the upper 30 inches, 20 to 50 percent of the Eg-4 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (IOYR 612) silt effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown aluminum. (10YR 514 and 516) mottles; weak fine subangular The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or IOYR, value of blocky structure; friable; many fine and common 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is 4 to 10 inches thick. It coarse and medium roots; very strongly acid; ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. gradual irregular boundary. The Bt horizon has matrix colors or ped surfaces with EIBg-12 to 27 inches; about 70 percent tongues of value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silt loam, silty light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt loam (E) and 30 clay loam, or clay loam. It ranges from very strongly percent gray (10YR 511) silty clay loam (Bt); acid to medium acid. The 2BC horizon has hue of 5YR common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) and or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is few fine prominent red (2.5YR 416) mottles; sandy loam, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam. It moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; ranges from very strongly acid to medium acid. common fine and medium roots; many fine pores; Soil Survey

common distinct very dark gray clay films on faces The 2BCng horizon has hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, of some peds; very strongly acid; abrupt irregular value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to boundary. many mottles in shades of brown or gray. It is silty clay 2Btg1-27 to 36 inches; dark gray (IOYR 411) silty clay; loam or silt loam. The content of exchangeable sodium common medium prominent red (2.5YR 416) and in this horizon ranges from 5 to 15 percent. strong brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Gilbert Series subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; many distinct very dark gray (1OYR 311) clay films on The Gilbert series consists of poorly drained, very vedical faces of peds; tongues of light brownish slowly permeable soils that formed in loess and loamy gray (1OYR 612) silt loam 1 to 4 inches wide make material of late Pleistocene age. These soils have high up about 5 percent of the horizon; extremely acid; levels of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil. They gradual wavy boundary. are on stream or marine terraces. Slopes are less than 2Btg2-36 to 42 inches; gray (10YR 511) silty clay; 1 percent. common medium distinct yellowish brown (IOYR Soils of the Gilbert series are fine-silty, mixed, 516) mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure thermic Typic Glossaqualfs. parting to moderate medium angular blocky; firm; Gilbert soils are similar to Guyton soils and few fine roots; common fine pores; few distinct very commonly are near Brimstone, Cahaba, Deerford, dark gray (1 OYR 311) clay films on vertical faces of Dexter, Myatt, Satsuma, and Verdun soils. Brimstone, peds; extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. Guyton, and Myatt soils are in landscape positions 2Btg3-42 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) similar to those of the Gilbert soils. Brimstone soils silty clay loam; common medium prominent have a natric horizon. Guyton soils do not have a high yellowish brown (1 OYR 5/8) mottles; weak coarse concentration of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil. prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Myatt soils are fine-loamy. Cahaba and Dexter soils are angular blocky; firm; few fine pores; few faint clay higher on the landscape than the Gilbert soils and are films on faces of peds; extremely acid; gradual well drained. They have a reddish subsoil. Deerford, wavy boundary. Satsuma, and Verdun soils are slightly higher on the 2BCng-48 to 60 inches; light olive gray (5Y 612) silty landscape than the Gilbert soils and are somewhat clay loam; common coarse prominent yellowish poorly drained. Deerford and Verdun soils have a natric brown (10YR 516) and strong brown (7.5YR 516) horizon. Satsuma soils do not have a high concentration mottles: weak coarse prismatic structure parting to of sodium in the lower part of the subsoil. moderate medium angular blocky; firm; many fine Typical pedon of Gilbert silt loam; 3.1 miles black concretions; extremely acid. northwest of Springfield, 0.5 mile west of Breed Branch, 950 feet east of Blood River, and 100 feet north of The solum ranges from 60 to 80 inches in thickness. Louisiana Highway 42; sec. 16, T. 7 S., R. 6 E. It generally ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid, but the A horizon is less acid in areas that have been A-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 512) silt loam; limed. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of the weak fine granular structure; friable; many coarse effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by and fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth aluminum. boundary. The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 1 to Egl-4 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (IOYR 612) silt 3. The Eg horizon and the E part of the E/Bg horizon loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine have value of 5 to 7 and chroma of 1 or 2. They have roots; few fine black stains on faces of peds; few to many mottles in shades of brown or red. They strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. are silt loam or very fine sandy loam. Eg2-7 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (1 OYR 612) silt The 2Btg horizon and the Bt part of the EIBg horizon loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma roots; many fine black and brownish yellow (10YR of 1 or 2. They have very dark gray or dark gray faces 618) stains on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear of peds. They have few to many mottles in shades of irregular boundary. red or brown. Typically, the Bt part of the E/Bg horizon BIEg-12 to 28 inches; about 65 percent grayish brown is silty clay loam, but it is silt loam in some pedons. The (2.5Y 512) silty clay loam (Bt) and about 35 percent 2Btg horizon is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay. light brownish gray (10YR 612) silt loam (E); many Livingston Parish, Louisiana

medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 518) and Soils of the Guyton series are fine-silty, siliceous, many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 516) thermic Typic Glossaqualfs. mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Guyton soils commonly are near Abita, Myatt, moderate medium subangular blocky; firm (Bt) and Ochlockonee, Ouachita, and Stough soils. Abita and friable (E); common faint clay films on faces of Stough soils are on ridges and are somewhat poorly peds; very strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary. drained. They have a brownish subsoil. Myatt soils are Btngl-28 to 43 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) in landscape positions similar to those of the Guyton silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure soils. They are fine-loamy. Ochlockonee and Ouachita parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; soils are on flood plains and are well drained. They are common faint clay films on faces of peds; very brownish throughout. Also, Ochlockonee soils are strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. coarse-loamy. Btng2-43 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) Typical pedon of Guyton silt loam, in an area of silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and Guyton soils, frequently parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; flooded; 100 feet east of Parish Highway 1032 and many fine pores; common faint clay films on faces 1,800 feet north of Amite Church; Spanish Land Grant of peds; many black stains on faces of peds; few sec.64,T.6S., R.2E. fine concretions of calcium carbonate; few medium brown and many fine black concretions; mildly A-0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) silt alkaline. loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to 100 Egl-6 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 512) silt inches. The content of exchangeable sodium ranges loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown from 15 to 35 percent within 17 to 40 inches of the (IOYR 516) and common medium prominent strong upper boundary of the argillic horizon. In the upper 30 brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; weak fine granular inches, 20 to 50 percent of the effective cation- structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; exchange capacity is occupied by aluminum. clear wavy boundary. The A horizon has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 2 or Eg2-12 to 24 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 612) 3. It generally ranges from very strongly acid or medium silt loam; many medium yellowish brown (IOYR 516) acid, but it is less acid in areas that have been limed. mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; The Eg horizon and the E part of the BIEg horizon friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; gradual have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. value of 5 to 7, and chroma irregular boundary. of 1 or 2. The number of mottles in shades of brown or EIBg-24 to 34 inches; gray (1OYR 511) silt loam (E) gray ranges from none to common. Reaction ranges and silty clay loam (Bt); many fine prominent from very strongly acid to medium acid. yellowish brown (10YR 516) and common medium The Btng horizon and the Bt part of the BIEg horizon prominent light brown (7.5YR 614) mottles; weak have hue of IOYR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common of 1 or 2. They are silt loam or silty clay loam in the fine roots; many medium light gray (IOYR 711) silt upper part and silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay coatings on faces of peds; few faint clay films on loam in the lower part. They have few to many mottles vertical faces of peds; about 20 percent grayish in shades of brown or gray. Reaction ranges from very brown (10YR 512) silty clay loam (Bt); strongly acid; strongly acid to medium acid in the Btngl and BlEg gradual irregular boundary. horizons and from neutral to strongly alkaline in the B/Eg-34 to 44 inches; grayish brown (10YR 512) silty Btng2 horizon. clay loam and silt loam (Bt); many fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 414) mottles; moderate medium Guyton Series subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct clay films on vertical faces of peds; The Guyton series consists of poorly drained, slowly about 20 perc&t tongues of gray (1 OYR 511) silt permeable soils that formed in loamy sediments. These loam (E) about '/z inch wide and 7 inches long; soils are in broad depressional areas on stream or many fine black and brown concretions; strongly marine terraces and on flood plains. Slopes are less acid; gradual irregular boundary. than 1 percent. Btg-44 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 611) silty clay loam; Soil Survey

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 514 15 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; massive; very and 516) and common medium prominent strong fluid (flows easily between fingers when squeezed, brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; moderate medium leaving hand empty); about 45 percent mineral subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay material; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. films on faces of peds; many fine black and brown 0a2-12 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 314) concretions; strongly acid. muck, same color pressed and rubbed; about 10 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; massive; very fluid The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to about (flows easily between fingers when squeezed, 80 inches. The content of sandy material, dominantly leaving hand empty); dominantly woody fiber; about very fine sand, ranges from 10 to 40 percent in the 30 percent mineral material; slightly acid; gradual family textural control section. In the upper 30 inches, at wavy boundary. least 50 percent of the effective cation-exchange 0a3-27 to 45 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR capacity is occupied by aluminum. 312) muck, same color pressed and rubbed; about The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 10 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; massive; very 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It generally ranges from fluid (flows easily between fingers when squeezed, extremely acid to medium acid, but it is less acid in leaving hand empty); dominantly woody fiber; many areas that have been limed. fragments of wood '/2 to 1 inch in diameter; about The Eg horizon and the E part of the E/Bg and B1Eg 30 percent mineral material; slightly acid; gradual horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and wavy boundary. chroma of 1 or 2. They are silt loam, loam, or very fine 0a4-45 to 84 inches; dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 3/4) sandy loam. They range from extremely acid to medium muck, same color pressed and rubbed; about 10 acid. Tongues of E material extend into the Bt horizon. percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; massive; very fluid The Btg horizon and the Bt part of the E/Bg and B/Eg (flows easily between fingers when squeezed, horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, leaving hand empty); dominantly woody fiber; many and chroma of 1 or 2. They are silt loam, silty clay fragments of wood 'h to 1 inch in diameter; many loam, or clay loam. They range from extremely acid to logs; about 30 percent mineral material; slightly medium acid. acid. Some pedons have a BCg or Cg horizon. These horizons have the same range in colors as the Btg The depth of the organic material over very fluid clay horizon. They are silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, ranges from 51 to more than 80 inches. Reaction or sandy clay loam. The BCg horizon ranges from ranges from medium acid to moderately alkaline extremely acid to medium acid, and the Cg horizon throughout the profile. More than half of the subsurface ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline. and bottom tiers are nonsaline or slightly saline. Few to many logs, stumps, or wood fragments are in at least Maurepas Series one of the organic layers. The surface tier has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or IOYR, The Maurepas series consists of very poorly drained, value of 3 or less, and chroma of 2 or less. After rapidly permeable soils that formed in well decomposed rubbing, it has 2 to 4 percent fiber. organic material consisting mainly of woody fibers. The subsurface and bottom tiers have hue of 5YR, These soils are in low, broad, ponded backwater 7.5YR, or IOYR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 4 or swamps. Slopes are less than 1 percent. less. The subsurface tier has as much as 60 percent Soils of the Maurepas series are euic, thermic Typic fiber before rubbing and less than 10 percent after Medisaprists. rubbing. The bottom tier typically has less than 10 Maurepas soils commonly are near Barbary soils. percent fiber after rubbing. Barbary soils are at the slightly higher elevations. They Fibers are dominantly woody, but some pedons have are clayey, very fluid, mineral soils. as much as 45 percent herbaceous fiber in the 0- to 51- Typical pedon of Maurepas muck; 3 miles southeast inch control section. The organic layers contain 15 to 45 of Tickfaw Marina, 250 feet south of the Tickfaw River, percent mineral material. They are typically underlain by 4,000 feet north of Lake Shore Canal, and 150 feet east very fluid, gray clay. of unnamed drainage canal; sec. 16, T. 8 S., R. 7 E. Oal -0 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (1 OYR Myatt Series 312) muck, same color pressed and rubbed; about The Myatt series consists of poorly drained, Livingston Parish, Louisiana moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy Cg-58 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 611) sandy clay sediments of late Pleistocene age. These soils are on loam; few medium prominent yellowish brown broad stream or marine terraces. Slopes are less than 1 (10YR 518) mottles; massive; firm; very strongly percent. acid. Soils of the Myatt series are fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Ochraquults. The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 Myatt soils commonly are near Abita, Guyton, inches. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of Satsuma, and Stough soils. Abita, Satsuma, and Stough the effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by soils are somewhat poorly drained and are higher on aluminum. the landscape than the Myatt soils. Also, they have a The A horizon has value of 3 to 6 and chroma of 1 or browner subsoil. Guyton soils are in landscape 2. It ranges from very strongly acid to medium acid. positions similar to those of the Myatt soils. They are The Eg horizon has hue of IOYR or 2.5Y. It has fine-silty. value of 6 and chroma of 1 or 2 or value of 5 and Typ~calpedon of Myatt fine sandy loam; 7,000 feet chroma of 1. It is loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine southeast of Starn, 12,000 feet north of U.S. Highway sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loam. It ranges 190, and 5,800 feet east of Louisiana Highway 441 ; from very strongly acid to medium acid. sec.7,T.6S..R.6E. The Btg horizon has hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) fine mottles in shades of brown, red, or yellow. It is sandy sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; clay loam, loam, or clay loam. It ranges from extremely many fine and common medium and coarse roots; acid to strongly acid. few fine black and brown concretions; very strongly Some pedons have a BCg horizon. This horizon is acid; clear smooth boundary. mottled in hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 6 or 7, Eg-4 to 10 inches; light brownish gray (IOYR 612) fine and chroma of 1. It is sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam; few medium distinct yellowish brown loam. It ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid. (10YR 516) mottles; weak fine granular structure; The Cg horizon has hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value friable: common fine roots; common fine, medium, of 6 or 7, and chroma of 1. It has few to many mottles and coarse black and brown concretions; very in shades of brown. It is dominantly sandy loam, sandy strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. clay loam, or clay loam, but thin strata of sand and Btgl-10 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 512) loam; gravel are in some pedons. This horizon ranges from common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y extremely acid to strongly acid. 514) mottles; weak fine and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Natalbany Series few distinct clay films on faces of peds; many medium and coarse black and brown concretions; The Natalbany series consists of poorly drained, very very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey and loamy Btg2-26 to 38 inches; gray (1 OYR 511) sandy clay sediments of Holocene or late Pleistocene age. These loam: many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR soils are on flood plains along drainageways adjacent to 5i8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky swamps. Slopes are less than 1 percent. structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint clay films Soils of the Natalbany series are fine, on faces of peds; light gray (10YR 712) uncoated montmorillonitic, thermic Vertic Ochraqualfs. sand grains on faces of some peds; few medium Natalbany soils commonly are near Barbary, Colyell, black and brown concretions; very strongly acid; and Springfield soils. Barbary soils are in swamps. They clear wavy boundary. are very fluid, clayey soils. Colyell and Springfield soils Btg3-38 to 58 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 612) are higher on the landscape than the Natalbany soils. sandy clay loam; common medium prominent Colyell soils are somewhat poorly drained. They are brownish yellow (10YR 616) and strong brown brownish throughout. Springfield soils are characterized (7.5YR 518) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky by an abrupt textural change between the albic horizon structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films on and the argillic horizon. faces of peds: few fine and medium black and Typical pedon of Natalbany silty clay loam, frequently brown concretions: very strongly acid; clear wavy flooded; 0.9 mile southeast of Frost, 3,900 feet south of boundary. Soil Su~ey

Louisiana Highway 42, and 200 feet east of Gum The BCg and Cg horizons have hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, Swamp Road; sec. 32, R. 5 E., T. 7 S. 5Y, or 5BG, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1, or they are neutral in hue and have value of 4 to 6. They are A-0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (IOYR 412) silty clay or silty clay. They range from very strongly acid to clay loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; few moderately alkaline. fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Ochlockonee Series Btgl-5 to 17 inches; dark gray (10YR 411) silty clay; common medium prominent yellowish brown (1 OYR The Ochlockonee series consists of well drained, 516) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in sandy structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; few faint and loamy alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. very dark gray (1 OYR 311) clay films on faces of Slopes range from 1 to 3 percent. peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Soils of the Ochlockonee series are coarse-loamy, Btg2-17 to 32 inches; dark gray (10YR 411) clay; many siliceous, acid, thermic Typic Udifluvents. medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 516) Ochlockonee soils commonly are near Cahaba, mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Guyton, and Ouachita soils. Cahaba soils are on stream structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; many terraces at the higher elevations. They are fine-loamy. distinct very dark gray (1 OYR 311) clay films on Guyton soils are lower on the landscape than the faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Ochlockonee soils and are poorly drained. They are boundary. fine-silty and are grayish throughout. Ouachita soils are Btg3-32 to 42 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 512) clay; in landscape positions similar to those of the common medium distinct yellowish brown (1OYR Ochlockonee soils. They are fine-silty. 516) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky Typical pedon of Ochlockonee sandy loam, in an structure; firm; few medium roots; many distinct area of Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and Guyton soils, dark gray (10YR 411) clay films on faces of peds; frequently flooded; 1.5 miles north of Plainview, 300 extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. feet east of the Amite River, and 800 feet west of BCg-42 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 512) silty Louisiana Highway 1032; Spanish Land Grant sec. 64, clay; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR T. 6 S., R. 2 E. 516) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium roots; very strongly A-0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 513) sandy loam; weak acid; clear wavy boundary. fine granular structure; very friable; common Cg-60 to 80 inches; greenish gray (5BG 511) silty clay; medium and fine roots; medium acid; clear smooth common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y boundary. 514) mottles; massive; firm; common fine and C1-5 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) sandy medium black and brown concretions; neutral. loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; many pale brown (1 OYR The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 613) uncoated sand grains; strongly acid; clear wavy inches. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of boundary. the effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by C2-18 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 514) loamy exchangeable aluminum. sand; single grained; very friable; few fine roots; few The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 thin strata of brown (10YR 413) sandy loam; few or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. It generally ranges from pale brown (IOYR 613) uncoated sand grains; very extremely acid to medium acid, but it is less acid in strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. areas that have been limed. C3-38 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) loamy Some pedons have an Eg horizon. This horizon has sand; single grained; very friable; many pale brown value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 1 or 2. It is silt loam or (10YR 613) uncoated sand grains; very strongly silty clay loam. It ranges from extremely acid to medium acid. acid. The Btg horizon has hue of IOYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value Reaction generally is very strongly acid or strongly of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many acid throughout the profile, but the A horizon is less mottles in shades of brown or olive. It is silty clay or acid in areas that have been limed. Most pedons have clay. It ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid. strata of contrasting textures and have an irregular Livingston Parish, Louisiana distribution of organic matter. Many pedons have subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few gravelly strata below a depth of 40 inches. In the upper distinct clay films on faces of peds; very strongly 30 inches, 20 to 50 percent of the effective cation- acid; clear wavy boundary. exchange capacity is occupied by exchangeable Btxl-23 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 516) silty aluminum. clay loam; moderate very coarse prismatic The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 structure; very firm and brittle; few fine pores; gray to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The C horizon has hue of (10YR 611) seams of silt loam '/4 inch wide between 1OYR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. vertical faces of prisms; few distinct clay films on Some pedons have mottles with hue of 1OYR, value of faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2 below a depth of 20 Btx2-39 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 516) silty inches. The strata in the C horizon are loamy sand to clay loam; moderate very coarse prismatic silty clay loam. The 10- to 40-inch control section structure; very firm and brittle; few fine pores; gray averages sandy loam, silt loam, or loam and has less (IOYR 611) silt loam seams about % inch wide than 18 percent clay and more than 15 percent sand between vertical faces of prisms; few distinct clay that is coarser than very fine sand. films on faces of peds; strongly acid.

Olivier Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 48 to 96 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 18 to 42 The Olivier series consists of somewhat poorly inches. Typically, these soils have less than 10 percent drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in loess sandy material, which is dominantly very fine sand. In These soils have a fragipan. They are on stream the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of the effective terraces of late Pleistocene age. Slopes range from 0 to cation-exchange capacity is occupied by exchangeable 3 percent. aluminum. Soils of the Olivier series are fine-silty, mixed, The Ap horizon has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 1 thermic Aquic Fragiudalfs. to 3. It ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. Olivier soils commonly are near Calhoun and Dexter The E horizon, if it occurs, has value of 5 or 6 and soils. Neither Calhoun nor Dexter soils have a fragipan. chroma of 2 to 4. It ranges from very strongly acid to Calhoun soils are in broad depressional areas and are medium acid. poorly drained. Dexter soils are on ridges and are well The Bt horizon has value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 3 drained. to 8. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. It is very strongly Typical pedon of Olivier silt loam, 0 to 1 percent acid or strongly acid. The Btx horizon has value of 4 or slopes: 1 mile southeast of Denham Springs, 2,700 feet 5 and chroma of 3 to 8. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. south of Interstate 12, and 900 feet east of Grays It ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Creek; Spanish Land Grant sec. 39, T. 7 S., R. 3 E. Ouachita Series Ap-0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 413) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine The Ouachita series consists of well drained, roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy E-5 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 614) silt alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. They are loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many frequently flooded. Slopes range from 1 to 3 percent. fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Soils of the Ouachita series are fine-silty, siliceous, Btl-8 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts. loam; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR Ouachita soils commonly are near Cahaba, Dexter, 516) and common fine distinct light brownish gray Guyton, and Ochlockonee soils. Cahaba and Dexter (1 OYR 612) mottles; weak medium subangular soils are on stream terraces. They have a reddish blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few fine subsoil. Guyton soils are lower on the landscape than pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very the Ouachita soils and are poorly drained. They are strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. grayish throughout. Ochlockonee soils are in landscape Bt2-18 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt positions similar to those of the Ouachita soils. They loam; common medium distinct strong brown are coarse-loamy. (7.5YR 516) and few medium distinct light brownish Typical pedon of Ouachita silt loam, in an area of gray (1 OYR 612) mottles; moderate medium Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and Guyton soils, frequently Soil Survey flooded: 1.5 m~lesnorth of Plainview. 600 feet east of Soils of the Satsuma series are fine-silty, siliceous, the Amite R~ver,and 500 feet west of Louisiana thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs. Highway 1032; Spanish Land Grant sec. 64, T. 6 S., R. Satsuma soils commonly are near Abita, Cahaba, 2 E. Dexter, Gilbert, and Olivier soils. Abita soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the Satsuma Ap-0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 513) silt loam; weak soils. They have an argillic horizon that is thicker than fine granular structure; friable; common medium and that of the Satsuma soils. Cahaba and Dexter soils are fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth higher on the landscape than the Satsuma soils and are boundary. well drained. They have a reddish subsoil. Gilbert soils Bwl-5 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt are on broad flats, in depressions, and along loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; drainageways and are poorly drained. They are grayish friable; few fine roots; extremely acid; clear smooth throughout. Olivier soils are in landscape positions boundary. similar to those of the Satsurna soils. They have a Bw2-12 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 414) fragipan. silty clay loam; few fine faint yellowish brown Typical pedon of Satsuma silt loam, 1 to 3 percent mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky slopes; 1.75 miles southeast of Watson, 0.25 mile north structure; friable; few fine roots; extremely acid; of Louisiana Highway 1024, and 0.65 mile west of Molar clear wavy boundary. Creek; sec. 32, T. 5 S., R. 3 E. Bw3-32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Ap-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 412) silt friable; few fine roots; few fine black stains; loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many extremely acid. fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 EB-4 to 12 inches; light yellowish brown (1 0YR 614) inches. The content of organic matter decreases silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; irregularly with increasing depth. In the upper 30 inches, friable; common fine and medium roots; many fine at least 50 percent of the effective cation-exchange black and brown concretions; strongly acid; clear capacity is occupied by exchangeable aluminum. wavy boundary. The Ap horizon has value of 4 and chroma of 2 to 4 BIE-12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (1OYR 516) silty or value of 5 and chroma of 3. It is 1 to 6 inches thick. clay loam (Bt) and light gray (10YR 712) silt loam It generally is very strongly acid or strongly acid, but it (E); common medium distinct light brownish gray is less acid in areas that have been limed. (IOYR 612) mottles; weak fine and moderate The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 medium subangular blocky structure; friable (E) and to 8 or value of 6 and chroma of 3. It is silt loam, loam, firm (Bt); common fine and medium roots; many fine silty clay loam, or clay loam. It ranges from extremely pores; interfingers of silt loam (E) between peds acid to strongly acid. make up about 15 percent of the horizon; common Some pedons have a 2Ab or 2Egb horizon. These distinct clay films on faces of peds; many fine black horizons vary in texture and color. They are silt loam, and brown concretions; strongly acid; clear smooth sandy loam, or loamy sand. They range from extremely boundary. acid to strongly acid. Btn-18 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 518) silty Some pedons have a 2C horizon. This horizon has clay loam; common medium prominent red (2.5YR hue of 1OYR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 416) and grayish brown (10YR 512) mottles; or hue of 1OYR, value of 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. It ranges from few fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces extremely acid to strongly acid. of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 2Btnxl-28 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) Satsuma Series clay loam; many medium distinct grayish brown The Satsuma series consists of somewhat poorly (10YR 512) mottles; weak medium subangular drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in a mantle blocky structure; friable; about 15 percent, by of silty material and in the underlying loamy deposits of volume, firm and brittle bodies; few fine roots; many late Pleistocene age. These soils are on stream or fine pores; common distinct clay films on faces of marine terraces. Slopes range from 1 to 3 percent. peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

2Btnx2-35 to 50 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 518) Soils of the Springfield series are fine, mixed, thermic loam; common medium prominent grayish brown Aeric Albaqualfs. (1OYR 512) mottles; moderate medium subangular Springfield soils commonly are near Colyell, blocky structure; friable; about 35 percent, by Deerford, Encrow, Olivier, and Verdun soils. All of these volume, very firm and brittle bodies; many fine soils, except for Encrow soils, are somewhat poorly pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in drained and are higher on the landscape than the pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Springfield soils. Encrow soils are slightly lower on the 2BCn-50 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 518) loam; landscape than the Springfield soils. Colyell and Encrow many medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 512) soils do not have an abrupt change in texture between mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; the albic and argillic horizons. Deerford and Verdun friable: strongly acid. soils are fine-silty and have a high content of sodium in the subsoil. Olivier soils are fine-silty and have a The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 70 fragipan. inches. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of Typical pedon of Springfield silt loam; 0.5 mile the effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by southwest of Frost and 100 feet north of Louisiana exchangeable aluminum. Highway 42; NWq/4 sec. 31, T. 7 S., R. 5 E. The Ap horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 1 to 3. Where the value is 3, this horizon is less than 6 A-0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (IOYR 512) silt loam; inches thick. It ranges from very strongly acid to common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR medium acid. 414) mottles; weak fine granular structure; friable; Some pedons have an E horizon. This horizon has very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. hue of 1OYR. value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It Egl-3 to 10 inches; light brownish gray (1 0YR 612) silt has few to many mottles in shades of brown or gray. It loam; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR ranges from very strongly acid to medium acid. 516) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Some pedons have an EB horizon or a BE horizon. friable; many fine pores; very strongly acid; clear These horizons have value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 4 to smooth boundary. 8. They range from very strongly acid to medium acid. Eg2-10 to 13 inches; light gray (1OYR 7/2) silt loam; The Bt part of the BIE horizon and the Btn horizon few peds of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; have hue of IOYR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; chroma of 3 to 8. They are mottled in shades of brown, many fine pores; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy gray, or red. They have few to many mottles with boundary. chroma of 2 or less. They are silty clay loam or silty Btg-13 to 20 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 512) silty clay. They range from very strongly acid to medium clay; common fine prominent reddish brown (5YR acid. 414) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky The 2Btnx and 2BCn horizons have the same range structure; very firm; many distinct clay films on in color as the Btn horizon. They range from very faces of peds; distinct silt coatings less than 1 strongly acid to neutral. They are silty clay loam, clay millimeter thick on faces of peds in the upper inch; loam, silt loam, or loam. Firm and brittle bodies make very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. up 10 to 40 percent of the horizontal cross sections of Btl-20 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silty the 2Btnx horizon. clay loam; common fine distinct light brownish gray Some pedons have a 2C horizon. This horizon has (1 OYR 612) and yellowish brown (10YR 518) mottles; the same range in color as the 2Btnx and 2BCn moderate coarse subangular blocky structure horizons. It is loam or sandy loam. It ranges from very parting to weak fine prismatic; very firm; few distinct strongly acid to neutral. dark gray (1 OYR 411) clay films on faces of peds; a few iron-manganese streaks; strongly acid; gradual Springfield Series smooth boundary. Bt2-31 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silty The Springfield series consists of poorly drained, clay loam; common fine distinct light brownish gray slowly permeable soils that formed in loamy and clayey (10YR 6/2)and yellowish brown (10YR 518) mottles; sediments of late Pleistocene age. These soils are on weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few low, broad stream or marine terraces. Slopes range distinct clay films on faces of peds; neutral. from 0 to 2 percent. Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum ranges from about 30 to fine distinct yellowish brown (IOYR 516) mottles; 60 inches. In the upper 30 inches, at least 50 percent of weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; the effective cation-exchange capacity is occupied by few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; exchangeable aluminum. common medium and.fine black and brown The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 concretions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. or 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. The Eg horizon has hue of Btxl-14 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) lOYR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. loam; common medium distinct light brownish gray The A and Eg horizons range from very strongly acid to (IOYR 612) and common medium faint yellowish mediu'm acid. The boundary between the Eg and Btg brown (1 OYR 514) mottles; weak coarse prismatic horizons is wavy or smooth. structure parting to moderate medium subangular The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 blocky; friable; many distinct clay films on faces of or 6, and chroma of 2. It has few to many mottles in peds; yellowish brown part of the horizon makes up shades of brown or red. It is clay or silty clay. It ranges about 40 percent of the volume and is very firm and from very strongly acid to medium acid. The Bt and BC brittle; common medium and fine black and brown horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and chroma of 3 to concretions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 6. They are silty clay loam or silt loam. They range from Btx2-22 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 516) strongly acid to moderately alkaline. sandy clay loam; common medium distinct light brownish gray (1OYR 612) and common medium Stough Series faint yellowish brown (1 OYR 514) mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate The Stough series consists of somewhat poorly medium subangular blocky; friable; common distinct drained, moderately slowly permeable soils that formed clay films on faces of peds; yellowish brown part of in loamy deposits high in content of sand. These soils the horizon makes up about 55 percent of the are on broad, slightly convex ridges on stream or volume and is very firm and brittle; common marine terraces of late Pleistocene age. They are medium and fine black and brown concretions; subject to rare flooding. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Soils of the Stough series are coarse-loamy, Btx3-31 to 47 inches; mottled yellowish brown (1 OYR siliceous, thermic Fragiaquic Paleudults. 514 and 516) and light brownish gray (10YR 612) Stough soils commonly are near Guyton, Myatt, and sandy clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure Satsuma soils. Guyton and Myatt soils are lower on the parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; landscape than the Stough soils and are poorly drained. friable; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; They are grayish throughout. Satsuma soils are in yellowish brown part of the horizon makes up about landscape positions similar to those of the Stough soils. 55 percent of the volume and is very firm and They contain less total sand than the Stough soils. brittle; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Typical pedon of Stough fine sandy loam; 5.5 miles Btx4-47 to 60 inches; mottled yellowish brown (1 OYR northeast of Magnolia, 2,300 feet east of Louisiana 516), light yellowish brown (1 OYR 6/4), light Highway 441, and 4,300 feet west of the Tickfaw River; brownish gray (10YR 6/2), and strong brown (7.5YR Spanish Land Grant sec. 40, T. 5 S., R. 5 E. 516) sandy clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (IOYR 412) fine blocky; firm; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; yellowish brown part of the horizon makes up about many fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth 55 percent of the volume and is very firm and boundary. brittle; very strongly acid. E-4 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 614) fine sandy loam; few fine distinct yellowish brown (IOYR The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction 516) mottles; weak fine granular structure; friable; generally is very strongly acid or strongly acid common fine roots; few fine black and brown throughout the profile, but the A horizon is less acid in concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy areas that have been limed. In the upper 30 inches, 20 boundary. to 50 percent of the effective cation-exchange capacity Bt-7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (IOYR 514) loam; is occupied by exchangeable aluminum. few fine distinct light gray (10YR 712) and common The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 and chroma of 1 or Livingston Parish, Louisiana

2. It is 3 to 6 inches thick. The E horizon has hue of medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few 1OYR or 2.5Y and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy fine roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; loam, sandy loam, or loam. few fine black and brown concretions; very strongly The Bt and Btx horizons have hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y acid; clear wavy boundary. and value and chroma of 4 to 6. They have few to many Btxl-31 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 616) silt grayish and brownish mottles. The Btx horizon is very loam; common brittle bodies of strong brown (7.5YR firm and brittle in 40 to 55 percent of the volume. The 516) material; weak very coarse prismatic structure; upper 20 inches of the Bt horizon has less than 18 very firm; few fine roots in seams around peds; few percent clay. The Bt horizon is fine sandy loam, loam, distinct clay films on faces of peds; about 15 or sandy loam. The Btx horizon is fine sandy loam, percent, by volume, light brownish gray (10YR 612) loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. seams of silt loam surrounding prisms; few fine black and brown concretions; very strongly acid; Toula Series gradual wavy boundary. 2Btx2-36 to 49 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 616) silt The Toula series consists of moderately well drained loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; very soils that formed in a moderately thick silty mantle and firm and brittle; few fine roots in gray seams around in the underlying loamy deposits of Pleistocene age. peds; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; about These soils are on uplands. They have a fragipan. 10 percent, by volume, light brownish gray (10YR Permeability is slow in the fragipan. Slopes range from 612) seams of silt loam surrounding prisms; strongly 1 to 3 percent. acid; gradual wavy boundary. Soils of the Toula series are fine-silty, siliceous, 2Btx3-49 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (IOYR 516), thermic Typic Fragiudults. brownish yellow (10YR 616), and strong brown Toula soils commonly are near Bude and Calhoun (7.5YR 516) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic soils. Bude soils are lower on the landscape than the structure; very firm and brittle; few faint patchy clay Toula soils and are somewhat poorly drained. They films on vertical faces of peds; light brownish gray have grayish mottles within a depth of 16 inches. (1OYR 612) seams of silt loam surrounding peds; Calhoun soils are in depressions and along very strongly acid. drainageways and are poorly drained. They are grayish throughout and do not have a fragipan. The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Depth to the Typical pedon of Toula silt loam, 1 to 3 percent fragipan ranges from 18 to 38 inches. The depth to slopes; 3.4 miles north of Livingston and 100 feet west mottles having chroma of 2 or less is typically more of a dirt road; SW1/h sec. 13, T. 4 S., R. 4 E. than 20 inches but ranges from 17 to 30 inches. Reaction generally ranges from very strongly acid to A-0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (IOYR 412) silt medium acid throughout the solum, but the A horizon is loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many less acid in areas that have been limed. In the upper 30 fine, medium, and coarse roots; medium acid; inches, at least 50 percent of the effective cation- abrupt smooth boundary. exchange capacity is occupied by exchangeable Btl-6 to 1 1 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 514) silt aluminum. The content of sandy material in the textural loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; family control section (Bt horizon) typically is less than common fine and medium roots; many distinct clay 15 percent, but it ranges from 5 to 25 percent. Less films on faces of peds; few fine black and brown than 15 percent of the sand in the control section is fine concretions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. sand or coarser sand. Bt2-11 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 516) silty The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 1 to clay loam; common medium distinct yellowish red 4. It is 3 to 7 inches thick. In areas where the value is (5YR 4!6) bodies; weak medium subangular blocky 3, this horizon is less than 6 inches thick. structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; Some pedons have a BE horizon. This horizon has common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma 3 to fine black and brown concretions; very strongly 8. It is silt loam. acid; clear wavy boundary. The Bt horizon has hue of IOYR or 7.5YR, value of 5 Bt3-25 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silt or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few to many mottles loam; few medium distinct pale brown (10YR 613) in shades of brown or red. In some pedons it also has and strong brown (7.5YR 516) mottles; moderate mottles in shades of gray below a depth of 16 inches. Soil Survey

This horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam. brown (10YR 414) oxidation stains around roots; The Btx and 2Btx horizons have the same range in strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. color as the Bt horizon. They are mottled in shades of ElBg-4 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (1 OYR 612) brown, gray, or red. The Btx horizon is silt loam or silty silt loam (E); many medium prominent yellowish clay loam. The 2Btx horizon is silt loam, loam, silty clay brown (10YR 516) and strong brown (7.5YR 516) loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. The content of mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure; friable; sandy material in the 2Btx horizon ranges from 20 to 60 about 20 percent, by volume, silty clay loam (Bt); percent. The content of clay in the fragipan ranges from many fine and medium roots; few fine black and 17 to 35 percent. brown concretions; medium acid; abrupt irregular Some pedons have a 2Bt horizon. This horizon has boundary. the same range in color and texture as the 2Btx Btng-12 to 22 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 512) silty horizon. The number of brittle bodies in the 2Bt horizon clay loam; common medium prominent yellowish ranges from none to common. These bodies can make brown (10YR 516), strong brown (7.5YR 516), and up 10 to 40 percent of the matrix, by volume. red (2.5YR 418) mottles; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium Verdun Series subangular blocky; firm; many fine and medium and The Verdun series consists of somewhat poorly few coarse roots; common distinct clay films on drained, very slowly permeable soils that have high faces of peds; tongues of light brownish gray (1 OYR levels of sodium throughout the subsoil. These soils 612) silt loam (E) about 1 inch wide between prisms; few black stains; moderately alkaline; clear smooth formed in silty deposits of Pleistocene age. They are on stream or marine terraces. Slopes are less than 1 boundary. percent. Btnl-22 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (IOYR 514) silty Soils of the Verdun series are fine-silty, mixed, clay loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown thermic Glossic Natraqualfs. (1OYR 518) mottles; distinct pale brown (1 OYR 613) The Verdun soils in Livingston Parish are taxadjuncts silt coatings on faces of peds; moderate very coarse because reaction in the A and EIBg horizons is lower prismatic structure parting to weak moderate than is definitive for the Verdun series. Also, the family subangular blocky; firm; common medium black and mineralogy control section is siliceous rather than brown concretions; common distinct clay films on mixed. These differences, however, do not significantly faces of peds; common fine, medium, and coarse affect the use and management of the soils. roots; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Verdun soils commonly are near Calhoun, Colyell, Btn2-31 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 514) silty Deerford, Olivier, and Springfield soils. Calhoun soils clay loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown are lower on the landscape than the Verdun soils and (10YR 518) mottles; distinct pale brown (10YR 613) are poorly drained. They do not have concentrations of silt coatings on faces of peds; weak coarse sodium in the subsoil. Colyell soils are in the lower prismatic structure parting to weak medium landscape positions. They are fine textured. Deerford subangular blocky; firm; few coarse and medium soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few Verdun soils. They have less than 15 percent medium black and brown concretions; moderately exchangeable sodium in the upper part of the subsoil. alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Olivier soils are slightly higher on the landscape than Btn3-45 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 514) silt the Verdun soils. They have a fragipan. Springfield soils loam; common medium distinct yellowish brown are in the lower landscape positions and are poorly (IOYR 518) and few medium distinct light brownish drained. They have a fine textured control section. gray (1 OYR 612) mottles; weak coarse prismatic Typical pedon of Verdun silt loam; 4.8 miles structure parting to weak medium subangular northeast of Port Vincent, 1,000 feet south of a parish blocky; firm; few coarse roots; few distinct clay films road, and 2,400 feet east of Middle Colyell Creek; sec. on faces of peds; strongly alkaline; gradual wavy 33, T. 7 S., R. 4 E. boundary. Cnk-60 to 70 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 514) silt A-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (IOYR 412) silt loam; many medium distinct light brownish gray loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many (10YR 612) mottles; massive; firm; many medium fine, medium, and coarse roots; dark yellowish concretions of calcium carbonate; strongly alkaline. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more yellow, or red. It ranges from neutral to moderately than 60 inches. The content of exchangeable sodium alkaline. ranges from 15 to 50 percent throughout the subsoil. The Btn horizon has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 2 or to 6. It has few to many mottles in shades of gray and 3. It ranges from extremely acid to mildly alkaline. The brown. It ranges from neutral to strongly alkaline. The E part of the E/Bg or B/E horizon has value of 5 or 6 number of carbonate concretions in this horizon ranges and chroma of 1 or 2. It ranges from medium acid to from none to common. moderately alkaline. The Cnk horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 The Btng horizon has hue of IOYR, value of 4 or 5, or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay and chromz of 2 or 3; hue of IOYR, value of 4, and loam. It ranges from neutral to strongly alkaline. The chroma of 1; or hue of 2.5Y, value of 5, and chroma of number of carbonate concretions in this horizon ranges 2. It has few to many mottles in shades of brown, from none to common.

Formation of the Soils

W.M. Hudnall, Agronomy Department, Louisiana Agricultural soils. However, more organic matter accumulates in Exper~mentStation. Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. some soils than in others. Organic matter increases the prepared this section. available water and cation-exchange capacities of the This section explains soil genesis and the processes soil, helps granulate the soil, and releases plant and factors of ,soil formation as they relate to the soils nutrients in the soil. Organic matter accumulates mainly of Livingston Parish. in and above the surface horizon; consequently, the surface horizon is higher in organic matter content and Genesis of the Soils is darker than the lower horizons. The accumulations of organic matter are significant only in the Barbary and Soil genesis is the phase of soil science that deals Maurepas soils in Livingston Parish. On most of the with the processes and factors of soil formation (6). It is other soils in the parish, accumulated organic matter the study of the formation of soils on the land surface has only slightly darkened the surface layer. and of changes in soil bodies. It is the science of the Leaving crop residue and allowing leaf litter and evolution of soils that are conceived of as natural units other organic material to accumulate on the surface will (12, 29). maintain or increase the content of organic matter in the Internal and external forces influence soils. soil. Living organisms, through their activities, Generally, the internal forces are synonymous with soil- decompose these accumulations and mix them into the forming processes and the external forces are soil. Increasing the content of organic matter in the soil synonymous with soil-forming factors. Soils generally helps to control erosion. are perceived to be a stable component of our The addition of mineral material on the surface has environment; unless the soils are disturbed, they show been important in the formation of some soils in very little change. Soil scientists, however, view soils as Livingston Parish. The added material, generally in the a dynamic system and can observe minute but form of alluvium, provides new parent material in which important changes in the composition of the soil, the processes of soil formation can occur. In many depending upon when and how samples are taken (21). cases, new material has accumulated faster than the The following information can give a better processes of soil formation could appreciably alter the understanding of how the soil survey can be used and material. As a result, depositional strata formed in the how interpretations can be derived from it. lower horizons of many of the alluvial soils. Even Processes of Soil Formation though most of the soils in Livingston Parish are alluvial, these depositional strata are evident only in the The complex soil-forming processes are the gains, Barbary, Ochlockonee, and Ouachita soils. These soils losses, translocations, and transformations that occur in have been forming in recent or relatively young alluvial the soil. These also influence the kind and degree of sediments. Liquids or gases added to the soil are development of soil horizons (31). Soil-forming generally compounds of nitrates and sulfates dissolved processes result in either additions to or losses from the or trapped in rainwater. soil of organic, mineral, and gaseous materials; The loss of components from the soil is also translocations of materials from one point to another important in the overall process of soil development, within the soil; and physical and chemical although it is generally less noticeable than the addition transformations of mineral and organic materials within of materials to the soils during soil formation. For the soil. example, as organic matter is decomposed, carbon The addition of organic material to the soil is an dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. Water also important process that occurs to some extent in all escapes from the soil by evaporation and transpiration Soil Survey

from plants. On some soils, erosion has removed both and reduction, both in alternating cycles; hydration; mineral and organic materials. These losses are solution; and hydrolysis. Oxidation is geochemical natural, to some extent, but in some places they are reduction in well aerated soils and parent material. It is accelerated by human activities. In Livingston Parish, important in Dexter soils. It is the easily recognizable moving water is the greatest cause of erosion. oxidation of the ferrous ion to the ferric ion and is most Leaching removes many water soluble compounds common in ferrous, iron-rich soils. Ferrous iron, the and elements from the soil. Water moving through the mineral species of high iron-bearing hornblende and soil carries these soluble elements out of the soil. In pyroxene of the primary mineral group, is a component many soils, the soluble elements have been moved of soils that formed in glauconite or siderite. completely out of the soil profile. Loamy soils, such as Hydration occurs when water molecules or hydroxyl the Cahaba, Dexter, Ochlockonee, and Ouachita soils, groups are united with minerals without their being a are permeable, and most soluble bases are leached in part of the mineral itself. It generally occurs on the a relatively short time. The more clayey soils are less surfaces or edges of mineral grains or, partly, as the permeable, and slowly moving water leaches smaller structure in simple salts. For example, after hydration, amounts of soluble elements. In some pedons of the anhydrite mineralizes. Gypsum is commonly in clayey Deerford and Verdun soils, most of the free carbonates soils that contain sulfate, presumably from marine have been leached from the upper part of the profile to sediments, and calcium, either from marine sediments the lower part. In areas where rainfall is sufficient, or mineral weathering. Few, if any, of the soils in however, the soluble elements have been completely Livingston Parish contain gypsum. leached out of the profile of these less permeable soils. Hydrolysis is the chemical reaction of the hydrogen Relatively young soils that were initially high in bases ion with individual elements within crystal structures. show the least amount of leaching. The highly reactive hydrogen ion replaces one of the The translocation of material in the soil, either in basic ions in the structure of the mineral. Hydrolysis eluviation or illuviation, has been an important process generally is the most important chemical weathering in the development of most of the soils in the parish. process; it completely disintegrates primary minerals in Eluviation is the moving of solids out of part of the soil all soils, thus making plant nutrients available to plants. profile, and illuviation is the moving of solids into a Solution is the simple process of water as the lower part of the soil profile. In soils that have large dissolving agent of salts, such as carbonates and pores, soil material that is small enough to go through sulfates. In solution, salts move through the soil and are these pores can be suspended in water as it moves either removed from the soil profile or deposited at a downward. Clay particles, because of their small size, lower depth. move downward in this manner. The translocation and Fragipans formed in soils through chemical reactions, accumulation of clay in the profile is evident in most of physical reactions, or both. Fragipans are dense, brittle the soils in Livingston Parish. layers in the subsoil of some soils, such as Bude, In many soils in the parish, iron and manganese Olivier, and Toula soils. The material in fragipans has move to and accumulate in the lower part of the profile. many vesicular pores and restricts water movement. These accumulations result from alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions related primarily to the Factors of Soil Formation fluctuations of water-saturated zones within the soils. Reduction occurs when water saturates the soil for External factors control the character and relatively long periods and when low amounts of oxygen development of soils (15). These factors are important are in the soil. It results in gray compounds of iron and in understanding soil genesis. They may be an agent, manganese characteristic of the Btg and BCg horizons force, condition, relationship, or a combination of these in Calhoun and Guyton soils. Prevailing reduced that influences parent material (12). The five factors of conditions and a fluctuating water table can translocate soil formation are climate, organisms, parent material, iron and manganese to a lower horizon and can relief, and time (79). They determine the characteristics precipitate them at the top of the saturated zone. Abita, of the soil, but not in terms of processes, causes, or Bude, Colyell, and Stough soils commonly have forces active in the system. They can vary either singly brownish or reddish mottles in grayish horizons. or collectively. The transformation of mineral and organic substances in soils is also a major process of soil Climate formation. Transformation processes include oxidation Detailed information on the climate in Livingston Livingston Parish, Louisiana

Parish is given in the section "General Nature of the unlike solar radiation, generally decreases with Parish." increasing elevation. The changes in elevation in Rainfall and temperature are the most commonly Livingston Parish are not sufficient to have a significant measured features of climate and have been the most effect on the mean annual soil temperature. closely correlated to soil properties (12). Although average climatic conditions are often given for a region. Organisms the extremes of climate in that region may have more The effect of organisms as a soil-forming factor is influence in the development of certain soil properties. indicated by the presence or absence of major horizons Rainfall and temperature can change, depending upon in the soil profile. Properties associated with living the relief or elevation within a general area. organisms also are important to soil formation. For Rainfall is relatively uniform throughout Livingston example, living organisms play a significant role in the Parish. Major differences within the soils in the parish cycling of carbon. are not a result of variances in rainfall amounts. The carbon cycle takes place mainly in the Cahaba and Stough are some of the most highly biosphere. In photosynthesis the sun's energy, in the leached soils, but they are different because they have form of carbon, produces organic material. Nitrogen, a different parent material. The solubility of elements in major plant nutrient, is used in photosynthesis to minerals increases as the temperature rises in summer. produce organic material. As organic matter When temperatures are below freezing, the physical decomposes, it releases nitrogen for plant use and action of water, primarily in the form of ice, plays an returns carbon dioxide directly to the atmosphere. important role in the physical destruction of the soil. Humus, a somewhat resistant organic material, stays in This process has minimal influence in Livingston Parish, the soil. Because of its size and chemical composition, however, which does not experience extremely cold humus increases infiltration, available water capacity, conditions. To a degree, the intensity and annual and cation-exchange capacity and the absorption and distribution of rainfall are more important than the storage capabilities of such nutrients as calcium, absolute amount of rainfall. Rainfall in the parish is not magnesium, and potassium. It also improves soil tilth. equally distributed throughout the year. and some The natural vegetation in Livingston Parish is quite storms are severe. The intensity of rainfall has an effect diverse. The low flats and drainageways are primarily in on the type and rate of reactions. hardwoods. The gently sloping areas are in mixed Water erodes and deposits soil material, but its most hardwoods and pine, and areas on the upper slopes important functions are within the soil profile. Some and ridges are in pine and a few hardwoods. In soils morphological characteristics result from excessive or with the same parent material, generally the reaction of inadequate amounts of water. In soils that are highly soils in areas of hardwoods is slightly higher than that leached and acid, excessive amounts of water are of soils in areas of pine. Soils that formed under indicated by grayish colors in the profile. The gray color hardwoods, pines, and mixed pines and hardwoods is caused by reduction. Inadequate amounts of water generally are thicker in the eluvial horizon than those are indicated by the tendency of very clayey soils to that formed under prairie vegetation. In soils that shrink as they dry and swell when they become wet. developed under grass, the surface horizon is generally Temperature is considered an independent soil- thicker and has more organic matter than in those that forming factor that influences reactions in the soil- formed under pine or under mixed hardwoods and pine. forming process. It is the driving force in most models The amount of organic matter accumulated in the soils of evapotranspiration. The combination of depends on other factors, such as temperature and evapotranspiration and uneven rainfall distribution is rainfall. Under optimal conditions for microbial activity, perhaps the most important climatic factor in the soil- the production and decomposition of organic matter are forming process. For every 10-degree rise in in equilibrium. Accumulation of organic matter will not temperature, the speed of a chemical reaction occur without a change in the factor controlling the increases by a factor of 2 to 3 (40). Solar radiation equilibrium. The content of organic matter increases generally increases with increasing elevation. It when its annual production is high and conditions are increases at the most rapid rate in the lower, dust-filled not favorable for its decomposition. In Livingston Parish, layers of the air. The absorption of solar radiation at the most soils exist in an ecosystem in which the rate of surface is affected by many variables, such as soil decomposition of organic matter exceeds the ability of color, plant cover, and aspect. South-facing slopes are the vegetation to return organic matter to the soils; always warmer than north-facing slopes. Temperature, therefore, the soils are low in organic matter. Barbary Soil Survey and Maurepas soils, however, are in swamps and are material is clayey and has low relief, the soils on continuously saturated; therefore, organic matter ridgetops may be the wettest on the landscape. decomposes (oxidizes) slowly in these soils.

Parent Material When considering soil formation, a pedologist Parent material has been defined as "the state of the normally does not think in terms of depth in inches or soil system at time zero of soil formation" (19). It is that centimeters but rather in terms of horizons, sola, and physical body and its associated chemical and profile development. Rather than absolute time, the rate mineralogical properties at the starting point that are of change is what affects soil properties. Time as a rate changed by the other soil-forming factors over time. The of change can be described in terms of relative stages influence of parent material on soil properties is greater of development, absolute dating of horizons and on the younger soils than on the older soils. For profiles, the rate of soil formation, and the relation to example, the young Ochlockonee soils exhibit more the age and slope of the landform and associated properties associated with the initial deposits than the weathering complex (16, 18). much older Abita soils, which may have very few Several hypotheses or models in regard to time have properties in common with the initial parent material. In been developed. The hypothesis of the continuous weathered soils, however, the influence of the parent steady state system determined that time is material may be visible and the parent material can still uninterrupted and soil development begins at time zero be an independent factor in soil formation. The nature (7, 20). The continuous steady state model shows that of the parent material can be expressed in the color, once a process or feature has begun, it continues to texture, and mineralogy of the soils. These properties develop over time until one of the soil-forming factors can be related to physical and chemical properties, greatly changes. Assuming no major change, the such as heat absorption, susceptibility to erosion, morphological feature in time would develop to the shrink-swell potential, and cation-exchange capacity. maximum extent without giving way to other features. At The characteristics associated with parent material in time zero, for example, the Ochlockonee soils have no the parish are described in the section "Landforms and subhorizons. As the processes of soil development Surface Geology." begin, a cambic horizon forms. In the steady state concept, this horizon would develop over time until it Relief reached its maximum. According to this theory, no The relief in Livingston Parish ranges from low on additional change takes place in the other soil-forming flood plains to moderate in the uplands. Relief processes and time is the only thing that changes. associated with the physiographic and geologic units Because soils represent a dynamic system, however, within the parish is described in more detail in the the continuous steady state hypothesis probably errs in section "Landforms and Surface Geology." the way it relates time to pedogenic development. Relief and the geologic physiographic units Another hypothesis of soil formation is the sequential influenced soil formation as a result of their effects on model (5, 13). In this model all stages of soil drainage, runoff, and erosion. Within specific development operate concurrently. Some processes of geographic regions, several soil properties associated soil development proceed so slowly that they have very with relief are depth of the solum, thickness of the A little effect, whereas others are so rapid that they horizon and its content of organic matter, wetness or determine the dominant features of the soil. As long as dryness, color of the profile, degree of horizon the relative rates of the process continue unchanged, a differentiation, soil reaction, and content of soluble given set of properties expresses soil development. The salts. sequential model, sometimes referred to as Relief also affects the moisture relationships in the polygenesis, has two major characteristics. First, a soil soil, either in the form of ground water or in the amount morphological entity may be a consequence of a of water available for photosynthesis. The water table is combination of several genetic factors. Second, the closer to the surface in depressions than on high points morphological expression of soil processes may be a on the landscape. In soils with the same parent result of several pathways. For example, a given soil material, the seasonal high water table is more begins to form in loamy parent material on gently commonly close to the surface in soils on areas of low sloping uplands covered with pine forest under a relief than in soils on convex landscapes. If the parent climate similar to that of the present. A darkened Livingston Parish, Louisiana

surface horizon may form because of the accumulation rivers. Elevations range from near sea level at Lake of organic carbon. Subsequently, an E horizon and an Maurepas to about 110 feet on the highest interfluves in argillic hor~zonmay form. The result is a soil similar to the northern part of the parish. the Abita soils. As long as the parent material, climate, The four general physiographic regions in the parish organisms, and relief did not change substantially over are characterized by soils that formed in different kinds time, the soil would have formed sequentially. The or ages of parent material. These regions are the factors, however, possibly could have changed. When lntermediate Terraces, Prairie Terraces, Holocene some major factor changes, time as a factor of soil alluvial valleys, and coastal swamps. formation returns to zero. Because the changes made lntermediate Terraces. This physiographic region is in in a soil by any particular factor remain even after that a belt along the northern part of Livingston Parish. It is factor changes, the total amount of time that the factors part of a regional, coast-trending terrace that extends of soil formation were acting on the soil might not across southern Louisiana (32). Some areas of the appear to differ from one soil to another. lntermediate Terrace correspond to the Calhoun-Toula- Several methods can be used to determine the actual Bude general soil map unit. age of soils. Morphological properties, however, are In Livingston Parish, the Intermediate Terraces are most commonl'y used as a basis for dating the soils. For 'nearly level to gently sloping uplands. Elevations range example. the Olivier soils, which have a thick E horizon, from about 60 to 110 feet. Streams have slightly would normally be considered older than the Dexter dissected the surface of the terrace. Local relief ranges soils, which have a relatively thin E horizon. Other from 25 to 50 feet. Nearly level surfaces are on some of factors, however, such as parent material, climate, and the larger interfluve areas. living organisms, also are important in determining Field investigations during the course of this survey horizon thicknesses. Although geology can indicate in revealed a consistent relationship between the gross terms the relative age of the soil, pedogenic time stratigraphic units at or near the surface and the soils returns to zero each time major or catastrophic events mapped. The surface deposits consist of relatively thin affect the landscape. These events generally begin a deposits of Peoria loess, deposited from 22,000 to major geologic period. 9,000 years ago, and Sicily Island loess, deposited from The rate of change in weathering decreases over 95,000 to 75,000 years ago (26). They have a time (14). It becomes constant only when the soil combined thickness of about 3 feet. The loess overlies material has been weathered to the maximum extent loamy to clayey sediments of mid- to late-Pleistocene possible under the effects of a given combination of age. Pedogenic processes mixed the loess with the soil-forming factors. Soil formation is seldom a uniform underlying sediments to form the parent material of the process over time. Minor fluctuations can constantly Calhoun, Toula, and Bude soils. The pre-loess readjust the environmental conditions in the system. sediments are considered to have been part of the The relative ages of the soils and their parent materials Montgomery Formation (17). Though not exposed as a are described in the section "Landforms and Surface surface soil anywhere in Livingston Parish, a distinct Geology." soil profile is at the top of this pre-loess sediment sequence. These sediments are probably a combination Landforms and Surface Geology of fluvial and slope deposits. More information on the parent material of the soils in the parish is provided in Whitney J. Autin. Louisiana Geological Survey, prepared this the section "Formation of the Soils." section. Prairie Terraces. This landform makes up the majority Livingston Parish covers about 665 square miles in of the land area of Livingston Parish. It is part of an the southeastern part of Louisiana. Tangipahoa Parish extensive regional coast-trending terrace that extends borders Livingston Parish on the east, and St. Helena across southern Louisiana (32). The terrace locally Parish borders kt on the north. East Baton Rouge, extends up the valleys of principal rivers of the parish, Ascension, and St. John the Baptist Parishes border it such as the Amite, Tickfaw, and Natalbany Rivers. on the west and south. These rivers drain land to the north that is older than Livingston Parish IS drained by the Amite, Tickfaw, the Prairie Terrace. Areas of the Prairie Terraces and Natalbany Rivers, which flow southward and correspond to the general soil map units grouped as eventually empty into Lake Maurepas along the soils on stream or marine terraces. southeastern boundary of the parish. Many smaller The Prairie Terraces are level to gently sloping and streams, which originate in the parish, join these larger range in elevation from 5 to 95 feet. Streams dissect the surface to a minimal extent; however, local old. Every year flood plains are subject to repeated escarpments with generally less than 20 feet of relief flooding, local erosion, and deposition of sediments. are adjacent to the principal river valleys. Small streams Typically, their topography is level to gently undulating. that originate on the Prairie Terraces drain much of the Abandoned stream channels, such as the flood plains of survey area. The sediments of the Prairie Terraces are the Amite River, are easily identified in the larger of late-Pleistocene age. Loess blankets these valleys. The Holocene alluvial valleys make up about 10 sediments; it is thick along the western edge of the percent of the land area in the parish and correspond to parish and is thin to the east. the Ouachita-Ochlockonee-Guyton general soil map In field investigations a consistent stratigraphic unit. The streams in the parish drain areas of sequence was found beneath the Prairie Terraces. A weathered, acid soils, which are the source of the clayey strata of undetermined thickness generally alluvial sediments. As a result, alluvial parent materials occurs within 30 feet of the land surface. Recognizable are low in weatherable minerals and the soils are soil profiles at the top of this strata indicate their past naturally low in fertility. subaerial exposure. The lithologic and pedologic The soils of the alluvial valleys have minimal profile features of this deposit and the pre-loess deposit development and are mostly lnceptisols or Entisols. beneath the Intermediate Terraces are similar, but it is Depositional strata commonly are recognized within 5 not yet possible to establish a firm correlation. feet of the land surface. A sandy fluvial deposit overlies the clayey strata. Coastal swamps. These swamps are at elevations These sandy strata range from less than 1 foot to more near sea level. They are along the southern boundary than 20 feet, depending on the position of the ancient of Livingston Parish near the mouth of the Amite River streams that deposited this material. The sandy strata and the shores of Lake Maurepas. are coarser at the base of the deposit and are finer Coastal swamps make up about 15 percent of the near the top of it. They are the parent material for the land area in the parish and correspond to the Barbary Gilbert, Satsuma, Myatt, Stough, and Cahaba soils. and Maurepas general soil map units. The surface Fine-grained deposits filled the low-lying areas on the deposits are of Holocene age and have accumulated surface of these deposits; they contain appreciably since the formation of the Lake Pontchartrain basin. more silt and clay than the underlying deposits. These The Lake Pontchartrain basin formed during the last fine-grained deposits are thickest and are nearly 4,000 years, when the Mississippi River built the continual along the southern edge of the Prairie distributaries of the St. Bernard Delta south of the lake Terraces, but locally they extend northward along some (30). areas of the sandy deposits. These deposits are the Most of the basin is continuously flooded, and the parent material of the Deerford, Verdun, Brimstone, and rest is frequently flooded. Most of the sediments in the Gilbert soils. They are likely in an area where fluvial basin are continuously saturated and have not dried and coastal environments once merged. since being deposited. The mineral soils in the swamps In some large areas of the Prairie Terraces, soils commonly are fluid throughout and are classified as formed in thin deposits of silty, mixed loess over clay Entisols. In places these soils have a thin organic that overlies sandy sediments. Colyell, Springfield, surface layer. The Barbary soils were mapped in the Encrow, and Abita soils formed in silty materials over basin. Thick organic deposits are the parent material of clayey materials. the soils called Histosols, such as the Maurepas soils. In areas that flank the Amite River, a blanket of Where organic and mineral soils meet, interstratified Peoria loess, generally 3 to 5 feet thick, covers the mineral and organic materials are common. In most Prairie Terraces. The Olivier and Calhoun soils formed places alluvium from the Mississippi River or from local in Peoria loess. streams overlies swamp deposits. In other places Holocene alluvial valleys. Alluvial deposits on the Holocene deposits overlie buried surfaces of the flood.plains of the principal rivers and smaller streams Pleistocene terraces. are Holocene in age and are less than 10,000 years References

(1) Adams, F. 1984. Soil acidity and liming. Ed. 2, (1 1) Broadfoot, Walter M. 1963. Guide for evaluating Am. Soc. Agron. Monogr. 12. water oak sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Sew., South. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. SO-1, 8 pp., (2) American Association of State Highway and illus. Transportation Officials. 1982. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods (12) Buol, S.W., F.D. Hale, and R.J. McCracken. of sampling and testing. Ed. 13, 2 vols., illus. 1980. Soil genesis and classification. Ed. 2, Iowa State Univ., 404 pp., illus. (3) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1985. Standard test method for classification of soils for (13) Bushnell, T.M. 1943. Some aspects of the soil engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487. catena concept. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 7: 471 -476. (4) Anderson, A.C., and others. 1936. Soil survey of Livingston Parish, Louisiana. U.S. Dep. Agric., (1 4) Coleman, S.M. 1981. Rock-weathering rates as Bur. of Chem. and Soils, 35 pp., illus. function of time. Quant. Res. 15: 250-264, illus.

(5) Arnold, R.W. 1965. Multiple working hypothesis in (15) Crowther, E.M. 1953. The skeptical soil chemist. soil genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29: J. Soil Sci. 4: 107-122. 71 7-724. (1 6) Davis, W.M. 1899. The geographical cycle. (6) Arnold, R.W. 1983. Concepts of soils and Geogr. J. 14: 481 -504, illus. pedology. In Wilding, L.P., N.E. Smeek, and G.F. Hall, eds., Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy: (17) Fisk, Harold N. 1944. Geological investigation of concepts and interaction. Elsevier Science Publ., the alluvial valley of the Lower Mississippi River. V.B. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1-21. U.S. Army, Corps Eng., 78 pp., illus.

(7) Birkeland, P.W. 1984. Soils and geomorphology. (18) Hack, J.T. 1960. Interpretations of erosional Ed. 2, 372 pp., illus. topography in humid temperate regions. J. Am. Sci. 258A: 80-97. (8) Black, C.A. 1968. Soil-plant relationships. 792 pp., illus. (19) Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 281 pp., illus. (9) Broadfoot, Walter M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum sites. U.S. Dep (20) Jenny, Hans. 1961. Derivation of state factor Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Stn. equations of soil and ecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. Occas. Pap. 176, 8 pp., illus. Am. Proc. 25: 385-388, illus.

(10) Broadfoot, Walter M. 1960. Field guide for (21) Johnson, W.M. 1963. The pedon and the evaluating cottonwood sites. U.S. Dep. Agric., polypedon. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27: 212-215, Forest Sew. Exp. Stn. Occas. Pap. 178, 6 pp., illus. illus. (22) Khasawneh, F.E., E.C. Sample, and E.J. Snead, J.I., and R.P. McCulloh. 1984. Geologic Kamprath, eds. 1980. The role of phosphorus in map of Louisiana. Louisiana Geol. SUN., 2 pp. agriculture. Am. Soc. Agron. Stevenson, F.J. 1982. Humus chemistry. (23) Kilmer, Victor J., S.E. Younts, and N.C. Brady, eds. 1968. The role of potassium in agriculture. Stevenson, F.J. 1982. Nitrogen in agricultural Am. Soc. Agron. soils. Am. Soc. Agron. Monogr. 22.

(24) Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. 1967. United States Department of Agriculture. 1951. Fertilizer recommendations for Louisiana. 24 pp. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18, 503 pp., illus. (25) Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service. 1986. Louisiana summary agriculture and natural United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. resources. 149 pp. Forest statistics for Louisiana parishes. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Stn. Resour. Bull., pp. (26) Miller, B.J., W.J. Day, and B.A. Schumacher. 50-52. 1986. Loess and loess-derived soils in the Lower Mississippi Valley. In Guidebook for soils- United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Geomorphology tour. Am. Soc. Agron., 144 pp., Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil illus. classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. (27) Munson, R.D., Ed. 1985. Potassium in agriculture. Handb. 436, 754 pp., illus. Am. Soc. Agron. United States Department of Agriculture. 1984. (28) Page, A.L. 1982. Chemical and microbiological Procedures for collecting soil samples and properties. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Ed. 2, methods of analysis for soil survey. Soil Surv. Am. Soc. Agron. Monogr. 9. Invest. Rep. 1, 68 pp., illus.

(29) Pomerening, J.A., and E.G. Knox. 1962. A test for United States Department of Agriculture. 1985. natural soil groups within the Willamette Catena Site index and yield of second growth population. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 282-287. baldcypress. Soil Conserv. Serv. Tech. Note 5, 2 PP, (30) Saucier, Roger T. 1964. Recent geomorphic history of the Pontchartrain Basin. Coastal Stud. Van't Hoff, J.H. 1884. ~tudesde dynarnique Ser., Louisiana State Univ., 114 pp. chimique [studies of dynamic chemistry].

(31) Simonson, Roy W. 1959. Outline of a generalized Walsh, L.M., and J.D. Beaton, eds. 1973. Soil theory of soil genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. testing and plant analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 23: 152-156, illus. Madison, Wisconsin. Glossary

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen deposited on land by streams. hard compacted layers to a depth below normal Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim plow depth. after the removal of soil for construction and other Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less uses. Revegetation and erosion control are than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural extremely difficult. class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, Available water capacity (available moisture less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water percent silt. available for use by most plants. It is commonly Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface defined as the difference between the amount of of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root soil water at field moisture capacity and the channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles 2 as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles expressed as- (flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) Very low ...... 0 to 3 long. Low ...... 3 to 6 Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. Moderate ...... 6 to 9 Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or High ...... 9to 12 constructing terraces, diversions, and other water- Very high ...... more than 12 control measures on a complex slope is difficult. Base saturation. The degree to which material having Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil cation-exchange properties is saturated with in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K), it is not practical to map them separately at the expressed as a percentage of the total cation- selected scale of mapping. The pattern and exchange capacity. proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all Bedding planes. Fine stratifications, less than 5 areas. millimeters thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various lacustrine, or marine sediments. sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains. subject to flooding. The composition of most concretions is unlike that Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, iron oxide are common compounds in concretions. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Terms commonly used to describe consistence soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity are- but is more precise in meaning. Loose.-Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or hold together in a mass. Soil Survey

Friable.-When moist, crushes easily under gentle drained soils are sandy and rapidly pervious. pressure between thumb and forefinger and can Some are shallow. Some are so steep that much be pressed together into a lump. of the water they receive is lost as runoff. All are Firm.-When moist, crushes under moderate free of the mottling related to wetness. pressure between thumb and forefinger, but Well drained.-Water is removed from the soil resistance is distinctly noticeable. read~ly,but not rapidly. It is available to plants Plastic.-When wet, readily deformed by moderate throughout most of the growing season, and pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will form wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for a "wire" when rolled between thumb and significant periods during most growing seasons. forefinger. Well drained soils are commonly medium textured. Sticky.-When wet, adheres to other material and They are mainly free of mottling. tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather Moderately well drained.-Water is removed from than to pull free from other material. the soil somewhat slowly during some periods. Hard.-When dry, moderately resistant to Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a pressure; can be broken with difficulty between short time during the growing season, but thumb and forefinger. periodically they are wet long enough that most Soft-When dry, breaks into powder or individual mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly grains under very slight pressure. have a slowly pervious layer within or directly Cemented.-Hard; little affected by moistening. below the solum, or periodically receive high Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that rainfall, or both. follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing Somewhat poorly drained.--Water is removed crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant crops or summer fallow. periods during the growing season. Wetness Control section. The part of the soil on which markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops classification is based. The thickness varies unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches pervious layer, a high water table, additional water and 40 or 80 inches. from seepage, nearly continuous rainfall, or a Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to combination of these. improve ana protect the soil between periods of Poorly drained.-Water is removed so slowly that regular crop production, or a crop grown between the soil is saturated periodically during the growing trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. season or remains wet for long periods. Free Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations water is commonly at or near the surface for long tend to cave in or slough. enough during the growing season that most Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil generally a terrace, built to protect downslope is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and drainage results from a high water table, a slowly duration of periods of saturation or partial pervious layer within the profile, seepage, nearly saturation during soil formation, as opposed to continuous rainfall, or a combination of these. altered drainage, which is commonly the result of Very poorly drained.-Water is removed from the artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the by the sudden deepening of channels or the surface during most of the growing season. Unless blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of the soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic natural soil drainage are recognized: crops cannot be grown. Very poorly drained soils Excessively drained.-Water is removed from the are commonly level or depressed and are soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is high and commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow. nearly continuous, they can have moderate or high Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related slope gradients. to wetness. Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, Somewhat excessively drained.--Water is removed from an area. from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat excessively Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Livingston Parish, Louisiana

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by pores of underlying material below the water table. such processes as gravitational creep. Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic running water and through which water ordinarily processes acting over long geologic periods and runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a resulting in the wearing away of mountains and gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is the building up of such landscape features as an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser erosion. depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid tillage. than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to activities of man or other animals or of a the surface, having distinct characteristics catastrophe in nature, for example, fire, that produced by soil-forming processes. In the exposes the surface. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the soil. represents the major horizons. Numbers or The soil is not a source of gravel or sand for lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions construction purposes. of the major horizons. The major horizons are as Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable follows: sodium is in the soil. The resulting poor physical 0 horizon.-An organic layer of fresh and properties restrict the growth of plants. decaying plant residue. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide A horizon.-The mineral horizon at or near the plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper surface in which an accumulation of humified balance, for the growth of specified plants when organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth Also, any plowed or disturbed surface layer. factors are favorable. E horizon.-The mineral horizon in which the main Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a some combination of these. stream and is subject to flooding unless protected B horizon.-The mineral horizon below an 0,A, or artificially. E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in transition from the overlying horizon to the porosity and content of organic matter and low or underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. distinctive characteristics, such as (1) A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher combination of these; (2) granular, prismatic, or bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. blocky structure; (3) redder or browner colors than When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under those in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of pressure rather than to deform slowly. these. Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers C horizon.--The mineral horizon or layer, especially to the processes or soil-forming factors excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected res~onsiblefor the formation of the solum, or true by soil-forming processes and does not have the soii, from the unconsolidated parent material. properties typical of the overlying horizon. The Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike resulting in the reduction of iron and other that in which the solum formed. If the material is elements in the profile and in gray colors and known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic mottles. numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, Cr horizon.--Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as the soil. protection against erosion. Conducts surface water R layer.-Hard, consolidated bedrock beneath the away from cropland. soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3 but can be directly below an A or a B horizon. inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. according to their runoff-producing characteristics. Ground water (geology). Water filling all the unblocked The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of Soil Survey

soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The Furrow.-Water is applied in small ditches made slope and the kind of plant cover are not by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for considered but are separate factors in predicting tree and row crops. runoff. Soils are assigned to four groups. In group Sprinkler.-Water is sprayed over the soil surface A are soils having a high infiltration rate when through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. thoroughly wet and having a low runoff potential. Subirrigation.-Water is applied in open ditches or They are mainly deep, well drained, and sandy or tile lines until the water table is raised enough to gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are wet the soil. soils having a very slow infiltration rate and thus a Wild flooding.--Water, released at high points, is high runoff potential. They have a claypan or clay allowed to flow onto an area without controlled layer at or near the surface, have a permanent distribution. high water table, or are shallow over nearly Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or impervious bedrock or other material. A soil is other material by percolating water. assigned to two hydrologic groups if part of the Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil acreage is artificially drained and part is passes from a plastic to a liquid state. undrained. Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is than 52 percent sand particles. absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil particles, deposited by wind. under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support the rate decreases with application time. loads. Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and constant but is a variable depending on the net low in organic material. Its bulk density is more irrigation application. The rate of water intake in than that of organic soil. inches per hour is expressed as follows: Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop production and prevention of soil damage. Less than 0.2 ...... very low 0.2 to 0.4...... low Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no 0.4 to 0.75...... moderately low natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, 1.25 to 1.75...... moderately high including the texture, structure, porosity, 1.75 to 2.5...... high More than 2.5...... very high consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and biological properties of the various horizons, Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in and the thickness and arrangement of those production of crops. Methods of irrigation are- horizons in the soil profile. Border.-Water is applied at the upper end of a Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled vary in number and size. Mottling generally by small earth ridges called border dikes, or indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage. borders. Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance-few, Basin.-Water is applied rapidly to nearly level common, and many; size-fine, medium, and plains surrounded by levees or dikes. coarse; and contrast-faint, distinct, and prominent. Controlled flooding.-Water is released at intervals The size measurements are of the diameter along from closely spaced field ditches and distributed the greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 uniformly over the field. millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 Corrugation.-Water is applied to small, closely millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in Muck. Dark colored, finely divided, well decomposed only one direction. organic soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Drip (or trickle).-Water is applied slowly and Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of under low pressure to the surface of the soil or three simple variables-hue, value, and chroma. into the soil through such applicators as emitters, For example, a notation of 10YR 614 is a color of porous tubing, or perforated pipe. 10YR hue, value of 6, and chroma of 4. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 and depressions. Unless the soils are artificially 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) drained, the water can be removed only by Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant percolation or evapotranspiration. essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, the soil may not adequately filter effluent from a magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, waste disposal system. boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and a specified plant or sequence of plants under water. specific management. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending various stages of decomposition. through all its horizons and into the parent Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and material. mineral material in which soil forms. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to granule, a prism, or a block. pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil." because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from values, are- about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Extremely acid...... below 4.5 square meters), depending on the variability of the Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 soil. Strongly acid...... 5.1 to 5.5 Medium acid...... 5.6 to 6.0 Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Slightly acid...... 6.1 to 6.5 through the soil adversely affecting the specified Neutral...... 6.6 to 7.3 use. Mildly alkaline...... 7.4 to 7.8 Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water Moderately alkaline...... 7.9 to 8.4 to move downward through the profile. Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Permeability is measured as the number of inches per hour that water moves downward through the Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, saturated soil. Terms describing permeability are: considered collectively. Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated Very slow...... less than 0.06 inch Slow...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch erosion. A rill is generally a few inches deep and Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Moderate...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches machinery. Moderately rapid...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on by plant roots. features that affect its use and management. For Rough. The accumulation of mature living and dead example, slope, stoniness, and thickness. vegetation, especially grasses and forbs, on forest pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and range, marshland, or prairie. alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or channels from an area. The water that flows off pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. the surface of the land without sinking into the soil Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of before reaching surface streams is called ground- moisture content within which the soil remains water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. plastic. Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in changes from semisolid to plastic. diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more below the plowed layer. sand and not more than 10 percent clay. Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly Soil Survey

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk in equivalent diameter and ranging between density, and the lowest water content at saturation specified size limits. The names and sizes, in of all organic soil material. millimeters, of separates recognized in the United Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through States are as follows: the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 use. Coarse sand...... 1.0 to 0.5 Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Medium sand...... 0.5 to 0.25 almost alike, except for differences in texture of Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.1 0 Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 the surface layer or of the underlying material. All Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 the soils of a series have horizons that are similar Clay ...... less than 0.002 in composition, thickness, and arrangement. Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C soil material from the land surface by the action of horizon, in which the processes of soil formation rainfall and surface runoff. are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, Shrink-swell. The shrinking of soil when dry and the and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can the material in these horizons are unlike those of damage roads, dams, building foundations, and the underlying material. The living roots and plant other structures. It can also damage plant roots. and animal activities are largely confined to the Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that solum. range in diameter from the upper limit of clay Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine particles into compound particles or aggregates. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil The principal forms of soil structure are-platy that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates percent clay. longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, granular. Structureless soils are either single and have similar conservation needs or grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or management requirements for the major land uses massive (the particles adhering without any regular in the survey area. cleavage, as in many hardpans). Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of based on the height of the dominant stand at an the solum below plow depth. arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Subsoiling. Breaking up a compact subsoil by pulling a height attained by dominant and codominant trees special chisel through the soil. in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is Subsurface layer. Generally refers to the layer directly 75 feet, the site index is 75 feet. below the surface layer. It can be an A horizon, an Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the E horizon, or both. horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its distance divided by horizontal distance, then equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a from about 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). drop of 20 feet in I00 feet of horizontal distance. Frequently designated as the "plow layer," or the Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special "Ap horizon." practices are required to ensure satisfactory Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series performance of the soil for a specific use. recognized in the classification system. Such soils Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, are named for d series they strongly resemble and resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. are designated as taxadjuncts to that series Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's because they differ in ways too small to be of surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has consequence in interpreting their use and properties resulting from the integrated effect of behavior. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across material, as conditioned by relief over periods of sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to time. the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff Livingston Parish, Louisiana

so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related a prepared outlet. to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or emergence, and root penetration. undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural rich in organic matter and is used to topdress classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay general, than the alluvial plain or stream terrace; loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, land above the lowlands along streams. loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be Weathering. All physical and chemical changes further divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the "very fine." earth's surface by atmospheric agents. These Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material changes result in disintegration and decomposition too thin for the specified use. of the material.

Tables Soil Survey

TABLE 1.--TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION (Recorded in the period 1951-79 at Amite, Louisiana)

I I I Temperature I ! ! Precipitation i I I I I 2 years in I I I2 years in 10; I j 10 will have-- 1 Average 1 will have-- Average 1 Month j~veragej~verage j~verage f I !number of !Average 1-;number of ;Average 1 daily 1 daily I daily 1 Maximum I Minimum I growing 1 1 Less 1 More !days withisnowfall Imax imum ;minimum Itemperature 1 temperature degree 1 1 than--: than--; 0.10 inch; I I I I I 1 higher 1 lower : days* 1 or more I I I I I I I I 1 than-- I than-- I I I I I / OF j OF i OF j OF j OF 1 Units I In & j In I j 1n I - I - - I - I - 1-1 I I - I I I I I I I I I ~anuary-----3 60.5 1 38.0 49.3 / 80 ! 16 : 149 15-42: 2.88: 7-63: 7 1 0.1 I I I I I I February----; 64.5 1 40.4 1 52.5 1 82 1 20 / 171 3 6.04 1 2.65: 8.93; 7 1 0.3 I I I I I I I I M~~c~------I I 71.6 ! 47.1 1 59.4 1 86 j 26 j 310 j 5.30 : 2,493 7.723 7 1 0.0 I I I I I I I I I I April------! 79.4 55.6 1 67.5 / 89 j 36 j 525 j 6.25 3 2.471 9-42! 5 1 0.0 I I I I I I I ! 85.7 1 62.1 1 73.9 1 95 ! 44 741 5.34 2.54: 7-76! 6 1 0.0 May------1 ! ! I I I I June------! 91.4 1 67.9 1 79.7 1 99 55 3 891 : 4.55 : 1.94: 6.773 6 1 0.0 I I I I I I July------1 92.7 1 70.8 : 81.8 / 100 64 I 986 j 7.47 j 4.651 10.01i 11 : 0.0 I I I I I I I August------! 92.1 1 70.3 1 81.2 98 1 60 j 967 j 4.87 i 2.81: 6.70: 8 0.0 I I I I I I I I I I 1 September---; 88.5 1 66.4 1 77.5 1 96 50 ! 825 / 5.22 / 1-96; 7.94; 7 1 0.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I October----- ! 80.8 1 54.2 1 67.5 1 93 1 33 / 543 1 2.61 1 .51! 4.261 3 1 0.0 I I I I I I I I I I November----! 70.2 1 45.5 57.9 1 86 1 25 1 257 1 4.59 1.661 7.021 6 1 0.0 I I I I I ~ecember----I 63.4 1 40.0 / 51.7 : 82 : 18 / 138 5.94 3 3.34 8-23! 7 ; 0.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 I I I I I I I I Yearly: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Average---! 78.4 1 54.9 1 66.7 / ------3 --- I ------I I ---I ___ I I I t I I I I I I I Extreme---j ------/ --- I1 101 ; I I I I I I I I I I I Total-----; --- 1 ------1 --- I --- 1 6,503 1 63.60 1 51.66: 74.963 80 / 0.4 I I I I I I I I I I I * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 2.--FREEZE DATES IN SPRING AND FALL

(Recorded in the period 1951-79 at Amite, Louisiana)

I I Temperature I Probability j 240 j 280 32O [ or lower [ or lower or lower I I Last freezing 1 temperature I in spring: I I I I 1 year in 10 [ I I later than-- [ Mar. 1 i Mar. 22 1 Mar. 25 I I I 2 years in 10 1 I I later than-- [ Feb. 20 [ Mar. 12 1 Mar. 20 ! ! ! 5 years in 10 1 I I later than-- I Feb. 3 [ Feb. 23 1 Mar. 10 ! ! ! First freezing [ I temperature I I in fall: I I I I 1 year in 10 1 I I earlier than-- [ Nov. 19 [ Nov. 6 1 Oct. 28 I I I 2 years in 10 1 I I earlier than-- I Nov. 27 [ Nov. 13 1 Nov. 2 ! ! ! 5 years in 10 1 I I earlier than-- j Dec. 14 1 Nov. 26 j Nov. 13

TABLE 3.--GROWING SEASON

(Recorded in the period 1951-79 at Amite, Louisiana)

I [ Daily minimum temperature I during growing season I Probability [ Higher 1 Higher 1 Higher ! than than [ than j 24' F 1 28' F j 32' F I I j Days I !Days I 1 I 9 years in 10 [ 279 [ 246 1 223 ! ! ! 8 years in 10 1 291 [ 256 [ 232 ! ! ! 5 years in 10 1 314 [ 275 247 ! ! I 2 years in 10 j 336 [ 294 1 263 I I i t 1 year in 10 j 348 [ 304 [ 271 I I A TABLE 4.--SUITABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF MAP UNITS ON THE GENERAL SOIL MAP FOR MAJOR LAND USES 2 ru I I I Percent l I I I Intensive Map unit I of Cultivated I Pasture I Woodland I Urban uses I recreation I I I area I crops I I I I uses I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Calhoun-Toula-Bude------1 4 !Moderately well ICalhoun: IToula and Bude: ICalhoup and ICalhoun and Bude: I I suited: I moderately well I well suited. I Bude: I poorly suite+- I ! wetness, I suited--wetness,1 I poorly suited-- I wetness, I flooding, low flooding, low ICalhoun: I I I wetness, I flooding, I I fertility, I fertility. I moderately well I flooding, I restricted I I I I slope, I I suited--wetness,! restricted I permeability, I potentially IBude and Toula: I flooding. I permeability, I slope. I toxic levels of I well suited. I I low strength on I I exchangeable I I I sites for roads,!Toula: I aluminum. I I I slope. 1 moderately well I I I I I 1 suited. I I I !Toula: I I I I I moderately well I I I I I 1 suited. I I I I I I I I I IAbita: IAhita: Abita: IAbita: IAbita: j well suited. I well suited. well suited. I moderately well I moderately well 2 I / suited--wetness,' suited--wet.ness, Myatt: IMyatt: Myatt: I restricted 1 slope, moderately well I moderately well moderately well I permeability, I restricted suited--low I suited--wetness, suited--wetness, moderate shrink-! permeability. fertility, I flooding. flooding. I swell potential, 1 wetness, slope, I low strength on flooding, I I sites for roads. j potentially I I toxic levels of 1 [Myatt:3 [Myatt: exchangeable I I poorly suited-- I poorly suited-- I aluminum. I I wetness, I wetness, I I flooding. I flooding. ! I I

i I I I Colyell-Springfield-Encrow---! 28 IColyell and IColyell: !Springfield, jPoorly /Poorly suited: 4 I I Springfield: I well suited. Encrow, I flooding, I flooding, I : I I moderately well I I frequently I wetness, I wetness, I I suited--wetness,!Springfield and I flooded Colyel1:I restricted, I restricted I I low fertility, I Encrow: I moderately well I permeability, I permeability. I I potentially generally I suited--wetness, high shrink- I I I toxic levels of ) moderately well I flooding. I swell potential, I I exchangeable suited-- I I low strength on I I I aluminum, I flooding, :Rarely flooded I sites for roads. 1 I flooding. I wetness. ! Colyell: I I I I I well suited. I I I I I I I Encrow: I I I I poorly suited-- I I I I I flooding, I t I I I I I I wetness. I I I I I I I I I I See footnotes at end of table. TAELE 4.--SUITABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF MAP UNITS ON THE GENERAL SOIL MAP FOR MAJOR LAND USES--Continued r 5. I I I 3 I Percent l I I Intensive 0 Map unit [ of I Cultivated I Pasture [ Woodland I Urban uses I recreation % I I I 0 area I crops I uses 3 i i I Deerford, Verdun,[Moderately well l~eerfordand [Poorly ~uited:~/Poorly suited: 5.cn occasionally I suited: I Verdun: I flooding, I flooding, 5 flooded Gilbert: 1 low fertility, I poorly suited-- I wetness, I wetness, r poorly suited-- [ wetness, sodium, [ wetness, I restricted I restricted o low fertility, flooding. I flooding, [ permeability, [ permeability. G. '". wetness, I I sodium. I low strength on [ I flooding, I I I sites for roads, 20, sodium, I :Gilbert: I sodium, moderate; potentially I I moderately well I shrink-swell I toxic levels of [ I suited. I potential. I I I exchangeable [ I I aluminum. Rarely flooded Gilbert: moderately well suited.

I I ~ilb~~t-~~t~*~------1 21 IModeratejy well Gilbert: i~ilhert: Poorly suited:6 \poorly suited: I I suited: moderately well I moderately well flooding, I flooding, I [ wetness, suited--low [ suited--wetness, wetness, [ wetness, I I flooding, low fertility, I flooding. restricted I restricted I I I fertility, slope, wetness, I permeability, [ permeability, I I slope, sodium, flooding. ISatsuma: low strength on slope. I I potentially I well suited. sites for roads,: I [ toxic levels of Satsuma: I moderate shrink- I [ exchangeable well suited. I swell potential,! I aluminum. I slope. ! [ I ! I I I I i 6 :Moderate y well I~~att: [Myatt: !Poorly ~uited:~!poorly suited: I suited: 3 [ moderately well ) moderately well I flooding, I flooding, I wetness, I suited--slope, I suited--wetness,I wetness, low I wetness, I flooding, [ wetness, [ flooding. I strength on I restricted I low fertility, I flooding, low I I sites for roads, permeability, I slope, I fertility. ISatsuma: I restricted I slope. I I potentially I I well suited. I permeability, I I I toxic levels of ISatsuna: I I moderate shrink-: I I exchangeable I well suited. I I swell potential,: I I aluminum. ! I [ slope. I I I I I I I I I See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 4.--SUITABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF MAP UNITS ON THE GENERAL SOIL MAP FOR MAJOR LAND USES--Continued P I 1 Percent 1 I I I Intensive Map unit I of I Cultivated I Pasture I Woodland I Urban uses I recreation I area I crops I I I I uses ! I I ! I ! I I I I 9 IModerateJy well IMyatt: Myatt: !Poorly suited:3 IMyatt: I suited: I moderately well moderately well I flooding, I poorly suited-- I wetness, I suited--wetness, suited--wetness, wetness, ! flooding, I flooding, low ) flooding, low flooding. I restricted I wetness, I fertility, I fertility, I permeability, I restricted I potentially I droughtiness. Stough: I low strength on I permeability, I toxic levels of well suited. I sites for roads. I droughtiness. I exchangeable Istough: I I I aluminum, I well suited. Istough: 1 droughtiness. I I moderately well I I I suited. I I ! ! ! I I I 3 IModeratejy well IOlivier: IOlivier: j~oorly~uited:~ j0livier: ! suited: ! well suited. I well suited. I wetness, I moderately well I wetness, I I flooding, I suited. I flooding, low Gilbert: [Gilbert: I low strength on I I fertility, moderately well I moderately well I sites for roads,! Gilbert: I medium suited--wetness, I suited--wetness,: restricted I poorly suited: I fertility, flooding, low I flooding. I permeability, 1 wetness, I sodium, slope, fertility. I I slope, moderate I flooding, 1 potentially I I shrink-swell I restricted I toxic levels of I I potential. I permeability, I exchangeable I aluminum. I ! Ouachita-Ochlockonee-Guyton-- 1 9 ! Generally not Poorly suited: j~oderatelywell j~enerallynot j~enerallynot I 1 suited: flooding, I suited: 1 suited: I suited: I I flooding, wetness, low I flooding, I flooding, I flooding, I I wetness. fertility. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Barbary------', 10 'Generally not Generally not /Poorly suited: !General18 not !General18 not I 1 suited: suited: I ponding, low 1 suited: 1 suited: I I ponding, low ponding, low I strength. I ponding, low I ponding, low I I strength, medium! strength, medium I I strength. strength. I I I subsidence I subsidence I I I I potential, very I potential. I I I high shrink- I I I I swell potential.; I I I I I See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 4.--SUITABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF MAP UNITS ON THE GENERAL SOIL MAP FOR MAJOR LAND USES--Continued r: 5. I I 3 ;Percent ; I I ) Intensive [D Map unit I of Cultivated Pasture I Woodland I Urban uses recreation I I I I 2 I area I crops I uses o 3 I I I I I I I 7J I I I Maurepas------I 4 j~enerall~not !Generally not ;Generally not !Generally not l~enerallynot 2. I suited: suited: rn I suited: I suited: I suited: 1 I 3 I I ponding. I ponding, low ponding, low I ponding, low I ponding, low I I r I 1 strength. ! strength. I strength, very I strength, very o ! ! ! ! 1 hiuh subsidence ! hiuh subsidence 6.

The Calhoun soils that are subject to occasional flooding generally are not suited to use as homesites and are poorly suite9 to crops. The Myatt soils that are subject to occasional flooding generally are poorly suited to cultivated crops. 34 The Myatt soils that are subject to occasional flooding generally are not suited to use as homesites. The Colyell and Springfield soils that are subject to frequent flooding generally are not suited to cultivated crops, pasture, or for urban and intensive recreation uses because of flooding and the inaccessibility of the individual tracts of land. The Encrow soils are subject to occasional flooding and generally are not suited to use as homesites. The Gilbert soils that are subject to occasional flooding generally are not suited to use as homesites. The Gilbert soils that are subject to occasional flooding generally are poorly suited to cultivated crops. Subsidence and the very high shrink-swell potential are limitations affecting urban and intensive recreation uses only after the soils are drained. Soil Survey

TABLE 5.--ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS

I 1 I Map I Soil name I Acres !Percent I I symbol [ I I I I t I I ! [Aquents,dredged------l [Barbary muck------.' [Bude silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------[ [Cahaba fine sandy loan, 1 to 3 percent slopes------# [Calhoun silt loam------l [Calhoun silt loam, occasionally flooded------l [Colyell silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------l IColyell-Springfield silt loans, frequently flooded------' [~~~~f~~--~~~d~~ silt lo~s------~ [Dexter very fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------[ [Encrow silt loam, occasionally flooded------l ;Gilbert silt loam------l [Gilbert-Brimstonesilt loams, occasionally flooded------' [Guyton silt loam------I [M~~~~~~~muck------i ;~~~ttfine sandy loam------I [Myatt fine sandy loam, occasionally flooded------~ [Natalbany silty clay loam, frequently flooded------[ [Olivier silt loam, 0 to 1 percent sl~pe~------l 10livier Silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------' [Ouachita, Ochlockonee, and Guyton soils, frequently flooded------; ;Pits-Arents complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes------! [satsuma silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------~ lSpringfield silt loan------l [Stough fine sandy loam------~ [Toula silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes------I [Verdun silt l~a~------[ I water------u I I Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 6.--PRIME FARMLAM)

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

I Map 1 Soil name symhol I

!Abita silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes lBude silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes [Cahaba fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes ICalhoun silt loam (if adequately drained) lColyell silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes !Dexter very fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes !Gilbert silt loam (if adequately drained) !Guyton silt loam (if adequately drained) IOlivier silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes IOlivier silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes lSatsuma silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes !Springfield silt loam (if adequately drained) !Stough fine sandy loam lToula silt loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes I Soil Survey

TABLE 7.--LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES AND YIELDS PER ACRE OF CROPS AND PASTURE (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

See footnotes at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 7.--LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES AND YIELDS PER ACRE OF CROPS AND PASTURE--Continued

I , I I I I I I I I Soil name and I Land I I I I map symbol !capability \ Corn I Soybeans I Common I Improved I Bahiagrass I I I I bermudagrass bermudagrass I I I Bu I Bu I AUM* I AUM* I AUM* - - - - I - I I I I ~~------l I vw ! 5.0 1 ___ 1 --- I I I Natalbany I I I I I I I I o~------' ,I IIw 75 j 30 1 5.0 9.0 1 7.0 I I Olivier I I I I I I I I I I I or------!I IIe I 75 j 30 1 5.0 1 9.0 1 7.0 I I Olivier I I I I I I I I I ou------lI VW ___ I ___ I 4.5 1 ___ I 6.0 I I Ouachita, Ochlockonee, 1 I I I and Guyton I I I I I I I pa**------' --- 1 --- I --- I --- I --- I I I I I Pits-Arents I I I I I I I I sa------1I IIe 1 65 ! 25 1 6.0 1 9.5 1 7.5 I I I Satsma I I I I I I I I SP------I I IIIw 60 j 27 1 5.0 1 ___ I 6.5 I I I Springfield t I I I I I I I st------!a IIw 1 80 j 25 ! 6.0 j 8.0 j 8.0 I I S tough I I I I I I I I I I I ~~------l I IIe 1 65 ! 25 1 6.5 1 9.5 1 9.0 I Toula I I I I I I I I I v~------I I IVs I 15 j 4.5 j ___ I --- I I I I Verdun I I I I I I I I I * Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one Cow, one horse, One mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Soil Survey

TABLE 8.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that information was not available)

I I I Potential productivity I I Management concerns I I Soil name and IOrdi- I Equip- I I I I8 map symhol !nation!Erosion ! ment !Seedling! Plant I Common trees !Site i~roduc-j Trees to !symbol !hazard ! limita-!mortal- Icompeti-! ! index I tivity plant I I f tion I ity I tion I I [class* I , I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I Ab------j 11W Moderate !Slight [Moderate !Loblolly pine------j 100 1 11 i~obloll~pine, Abita I I I :Slash pine------! 95 ! 12 1 slash pine, I I [Longleaf --- 1 --- I I sweetgum. I !Sweetgum------; --- \ --- 1 I I I !Southern red oak----! ------I I ;water I 1 ------I I ! ! ! I BA**------I I 4w Barbary I I I I I &+------I lLoblolly pine, Bude ! I slash pine, j sweetgum. I Ca------' I I !Moderate!Loblolly pine------1 87 / Loblolly pine, I j Cahaba I I !Slash 1 91 slash pine, I 1 ! I !Shortleaf pine------! 70 1 ! sweetgum, I !Yellow poplar------! --- ! southern red oak I I ISweetgum------1 I 90 1 I :Southern red oak----! --- I !Water oak------' --- I I ! ! I I I I Ch------l !Moderate!Moderate [Severe !Loblolly pine------j 90 i lLoblolly pine, I Calhoun I I !Cherrybark oak------1 --- I I slash pine. I ;water --- 1 I ! I [Sweetgum------! --- I I I [Slash I t 90 1 I ! ! ! ! ! Cn------1 !Severe !Moderate!Moderate~~oblollypine------[ 90 [Loblolly pine, Calhoun I I a pine------' I 90 I lSlash I slash pine. I I [Cherrybark oak------[ --- I I I ;water --- I I I I I ;Sweetgum------' --- I I ! ! ! ! ! I j 13W islight j~oderatei~lightisevere islash pine------1 I co------1 100 13 lLoblolly pine, Colyell I I I 1 Loblolly pine------! 100 11 I slash pine. I I I !Longleaf pine------! ------I I I I ;sweetgum------'I 85 6 I I !Southern red oak----! 1 I ------I I I I I I I !Green ash------1 I I !Water oak------' 90 I I ! ! ! 6 [ I I I I i I i I I I cy**: I I I I I I I Colyell------! 13W !Slight !Moderate !Moderate!severe Slash pine------1 100 1 13 lLoblolly pine, I I I I I I I :I.oblolly pine------; 100 1 11 slash pine. I I I I I I !Lonoleaf ~i~~------!--- ! --- ! -, [Southern red oak----! --- j --- [Green ash------] --- ] --- I

See footnotes at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 8.--WOODLAND WAGWENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

I I Management concerns I Potential productivity I I I I I Soil name and 10rdi- ! I Equip- I I I map symbol ination :Erosion I ment :seedling: Plant Common trees !Site I~roduc-! Trees to !symbol !hazard limita-[mortal- Icompeti- ! index 1 tivity plant I I I tion ity I tion ! I Iclass* I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 10 lLoblolly pine, 12 1 slash pine. 6 1 --- !

I 7 lLoblolly pine, 9 ) slash pine. 12 1 5 : I 7 !Loblolly pine, 9 1 slash pine. I I I ;sweetgum------I I I :water --- 1 I I I I I I I Islight !slight j~oderatej~obloll~I 110 ! iLoblolly pine, I !Slash pine------Dexter I ; 110 : I slash pine. I !Cherrybark oak------! --- I I !Water oak------! --- 1 I ! ;sweetgum------:--- / I I I I I I I :Moderate !Moderate 1 Severe lLoblolly pine------1 90 1 lLoblolly pine, Encrow I I :Slash pine------'I 90 1 slash pine. I !Cherrybark oak------! --- !Water oak------! --- ' ;sweetgum------I I I I &------I [Severe IModerateISevere !sweetgum------I I 80 ! :Sweetgum, water Gilbert I ;Water oak------oak, loblolly lLoblolly pine------: 78 1 pine, slash !Slash pine------:--- pine. I I I I I I I I Ge**: I I I Gilbert------' !Severe IModerateIModerate I~weetgum------1 80 1 :Sweetgum, water I I I I :Water oak------t oak, loblolly I I I I ILoblolly pine------: 78 ! I pine, slash I I I !Slash pine------!--- I I pine. I I I I I I I I I I 11T :Slight !Severe !Slash pine, I I I loblolly pine. I I I I Gy------' 9W !Slight !Severe lLoblolly pine------lLoblolly pine, Guy ton I I I :Slash pine------I sweetgum, I I I :sweetgwn------slash pine. ! I I !Green ash------I :Southern red oak---- I !Water oak------I I 9W !Slight !Severe !Loblolly pine------lLoblolly pine, I !Slash pine------I slash pine, I ;sweetgum------I sweetgum. I !Water oak------I I !Southern red oak---- I I :White oak------! I I I :American sycamore--- I I I :~l~~k~------I I I lShumard oak------I I I I See footnotes at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 8.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

1 I I I Management concerns I Potential productivity I I I , I Soil name and 10rdi- / I Equip- I I I I map symbol Ination !Erosion I ment ISeedlingI Plant Common trees !Site IProduc-! Trees to I symbol 1 hazard I limita- !mortal- Icompeti- ! index;tivity I plant I I I tion I ity I tion I I Iclass* I 9 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N~------I: 4W !Slight !Severe :Moderate!Moderate 1 Water oak------'I 70 1 4 !Eastern Natalbany I I ;willow I 70 1 4 1 cottonwood, I I I green ash, I I ;American elm------; --- I willow oak, I I I water oak. I I I I I I oe, or------#I 9W [Slight IModerateISlight !Severe ILoblolly pine------! 100 1 9 !Loblolly pine, I I Olivier I ;slash pine----..----- 1 100 / 13 ! slash pine. I I I !Sweetgum------'1851 6: I I lwater oak------'901 6; I I !Cherrybark oak------! 90 1 4 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I OU*": I I I Ouachita------; 9W !Slight IModerateiSlight ~Moderate!Loblollypine------! 100 1 9 !Loblolly pine, I I I I IS^^^^^^------; 100 1 10 sweetgum, I 1 I I I !Eastern cottonwood-- 1 100 / --- I Nuttall oak, I I I I I I I yellow poplar, I I I I I I I American I I I I I I I I sycamore, I I I I I I I I ) eastern I I I I I I I cottonwood. I I I I I I I I Ochlockonee---- I 11W /Slight lModerate!Moderate!ModerateILoblolly pine------/ 100 1 ~obloll~pine, I I I I I ;sweetgum------; I sweetgum, I I I --- I !Eastern cottonwood--( --- ! --- I Nuttall oak, I I I I I I I I I eastern I I I I I I I I cottonwood. I I I I I I Guyton------': 8W I!Slight Severe I!Severe !Severe j~obloll~Pine------/ 80 j 8 j~oblollypine, !Sweetgum------; I I I --- I I I !Green ash------' --- I I I ;Nuttall oak------; --- I I I !Eastern cottonwood--! --- I --- ! I I I I I I I sa------1I 11W !Slight IModerate(S1ight !Severe !Slash pine------'I 90 1 11 ILoblolly pine,

Satsuma I lLoblolly pine------; 90 1 9 1 slash pine. I !Longleaf pine------; --- 1 --- 1 I ;sweetgum------190: 7; I ;Southern red oak----: --- I --- I I I I I I ;Water oak------1901 61 I I I I I I I sp------l: 10W /slight j~oderate/~li~ht/severe /~oblollypine------/ 95 1 10 /~obloll~pine, Springfield I I I I I ;slash I 95 1 12 slash pine. I I I I I !sweetgum------11851 61 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! st------i 9W !Severe lLoblolly pine------90 1 9 ~Loblollypine, I ;Cherrybark oak------! S tough I 85 1 7 1 slash pine, I I ! 86 1 11 I sweetgum. I 851 6 1 I I 80; 5 1 I I I I I T~------1 13A iModerate!Slash pine------! 100 1 13 lLoblolly pine, I ILoblolly pine------: Toula I 101 1 11 I slash pine. I ;Longleaf pine------1 74; 6 1 ------1 !Southern red oak------I --- I --- I I I I I I

See footnotes at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 8.--WOODLAND MANAGEMEhT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

I I I I Management concerns I Potential productivity I I I I I 1 Soil name and [Ordi- I I Equip- I I I map symbol InationIErosion I ment !seedling! Plant I Common trees [Site I~roduc-1 Trees to Isymbol !hazard I limita-:mortal- icompeti- [ [ index! tivity I plant I I I I 1 tion I ity I tion I Iclass* I I I I 9 I I I I I I I I I I I i I I i I I I ve------I 7T IModeratelModerate 1 severe !Slight lLoblolly pine------76 1 7 I Loblolly pine, I I Verdun I [Slash pine------1 76 1 9 islashpine. I I I isweetgum------I I 1 1 ------I I I !Water oak------' --- I --- 1 I I I I I I I

* Productivity class is the yield in cubic meters per hectare per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Soil Survey

TABLE 9.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

I i I I I Soil name and I Camp areas I Picnic areas Playgrounds !Paths and trails; Golf fairways I I I I map symbol I I I I I I

I I i I I I I I Ab------Moderate: !Moderate: ;Moderate: !Moderate: !Moderate: Abita wetness, I wetness, I slope, I wetness. I wetness. percs slowly. I percs slowly. I wetness, I I I percs slowly. I I I I I I I I At*. I I Aquen ts I I I ! I I BA*------Severe: !Severe: I Severe: I Severe: ISevere: Barbary ponding, I ponding, I ponding. ! ponding. I ponding. percs slowly. I percs slowly. I I I I ! I I ~d------ISevere: 1 Severe : 1 Severe: I Severe: [Severe: Bude ! wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I ! I ca------!slight------Islight------!Moderate: ;slight------I Slight. Cahaba I I ! slope. ! ! I I i i I ch, cn------I Severe: Severe: I Severe: ;Severe: ISevere : Calhoun I flooding, wetness. I wetness. 1I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I I I co------ISevere : Moderate: ISevere: !Moderate: !Moderate: Colyell I flooding, wetness, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. percs slowly. I I ! I cy*: I I colyell------I Severe : Moderate: I Severe: !Moderate: ISevere: I flooding, flooding, I flooding, I wetness, I flooding. I wetness. wetness, I wetness. ! flooding. I percs slowly. I I I I Springfield------I Severe: Moderate: ISevere: !Moderate: ISevere: I wetness, wetness, I wetness, ! wetness, I flooding. I flooding. percs slowly, flooding. ! flooding. I I flooding. I ! ! I I Dv*: I ~~~~f~~d------ISevere : Severe: !Severe: !Severe: ISevere: ! flooding, wetness, I wetness, ( wetness. I excess sodium, I wetness, excess sodium. excess sodium. I wetness. ! excess sodium. I ! 8 ! I I I I verdun------I Severe: Severe: !Severe: I Severe: 1 Severe: I wetness, wetness, wetness, I wetness. I excess sodium, ; percs slowly, excess sodium, ! percs slowly, I I wetness. I I I excess sodium. percs slowly. ! excess sodium. I ! ! I Dx------;slight------!Slight------!Moderate: I I Dexter I slope. I I I I I I I E~------I Severe: ISevere: ISevere : ISevere: ISevere: Encrow I flooding, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I wetness. I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 9.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

I I I I Soil name and 1 Camp areas I Picnic areas I Playgrounds !Paths and trails; Golf fairways I I I map symbol I I I I I I I I I I 9 I I I I ! ! ! ! I ~b------I Severe: I Severe: ISevere: f Severe: f Severe: Gilbert I flooding, ( wetness, I wetness, [ wetness. I wetness. I wetness, I percs slowly. [ percs slowly. I II I I I percs slowly. I I I I I I I Ge*: I I I I Gilbert ----,------I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe : I Severe: I flooding, I wetness, wetness, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness, I percs slowly. percs slowly. [ I I percs slowly. I I I ! ! ! ! ~~i~~t~~~------I Severe: I Severe: :Severe: I Severe : [ Severe: I flooding, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I 1 I I Gy------Severe: ;Severe: I Severe : 1 Severe: I Severe: Guy ton flooding, I wetness. I wetness. [ wetness. I wetness. wetness. I I I I I I I I MA*------Severe: :Severe: Severe: ;Severe: 1 Severe: Maurepas ponding, I ponding, excess humus, I ponding, I ponding, excess humus. I excess humus. ponding. I excess humus. excess humus ! ! ! Mt My------Severe: I Severe: :Severe: 1 Severe: [Severe: Myatt f looding, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. ( wetness. wetness. I I I I ! I I I Na------Severe: I Severe: !Severe: ;Severe: ;Severe: Natalbany flooding, I wetness, I wetness, [ wetness. I wetness, wetness, I percs slowly 1 flooding, I I flooding. percs slowly. I I percs slowly. I I I 1 I i I I Oe, Or------Severe: :Moderate: Severe: !Moderate: I Moderate: Olivier wetness. I wetness, wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I percs slowly. I I ! I I ou*: i I I I ouachita------I Severe: ;Moderate: Severe: [Moderate: I Severe: I flooding. I flooding, flooding. I flooding. 1 flooding. I I I percs slowly. i i I I I I Ochlockonee------[ Severe: :Moderate: Severe: ;Moderate: (Severe: I flooding. I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I flooding. I I I I I I I Severe: I Severe: Severe: ISevere: ISevere: flooding, I wetness. wetness, I wetness. [ wetness, wetness. I flooding. I flooding. I I Pa* : ! I Pits. I

Arents. I Sa------Severe: ;Moderate: Severe: !Moderate: IModerate: Satsuma flooding, I wetness, wetness. 1 wetness. [ wetness. wetness. I percs slowly. I I I I I i I I sp------Severe: I Severe: Severe: ;Severe: I Severe: Springfield wetness. ( wetness. wetness. I wetness. ( wetness. I I I

See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 9.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

I I I I I Soil name and ! Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds /Paths and trails! Golf fairways I map symbol I I I I I I I I I I I k ! ! ! ! st------ISevere: ;Moderate: ! Severe: ;Moderate: !Moderate: Stough I flooding, I wetness, I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I wetness. j percs slowly. j ! / droughty. i i I I I T~------!Moderate: !Moderate: !Moderate: !Moderate: ;Moderate: Toula I wetness, ! wetness, I wetness, wetness. I wetness. I percs slowly. percs slowly. I percs slowly, ! I I I I slope. I I I I I I i ve------1 Severe : ISevere: Severe: ISevere: ISevere: Verdun I wetness, ! wetness, f wetness, I wetness. ! excess sodium, I percs slowly, ! excess sodium, I percs slowly, I I wetness. ! excess sodium. j percs slowly. j excess sodium. j

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 10.--WILDLIFE HABITAT

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

I Potential for habitat elements :Potential as habitat for-- I Soil name and ! Grain I 1 Wild ( I I Open- 1 Wood- I map symbol ! and f~rasseslherba- Hard- /conif- /shrubs [~etlandi~hallow[land I land :wetland I seed and ceous wood ) erous ! ;plants water wild- I wild- 1 wild- ! crops llegumes!plants ! trees !plants I I I areas life I life I life I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~b------a /~ood /Good /~ood /cood GOO^ /poor /very GOO^ !Good !very I I I I Abita I I I poor. I poor. I t I I I I I I I I At*. I I I I I I Aquen ts I I I I I I I I BA*------[very /very /very /very [Very /very !Fair !poor !very !very [Fair. Barbary 1 poor. I poor. poor. I poor. poor. I poor. I I poor. I poor. I I ~d------jFair \Good /Good /Good /Good /~ood /poor !veryI [GoodI [GoodI !veryI I I I I Bude I II I I poor. I t I poor. I I I I I I I I I I I cam------/~ood /Good !Good /Good !Good /Good [Poor !very ;Good !Good !very I I I I I I Cahaba I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I ch------[poor :Fair /Fair [Good /Fair /Good /Good /Good :Fair /Fair /Good. I I I I I I Calhoun I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I cn------lVery /Fair j~air /Good /Fair !Good !Good ;Good /poor !Fair !Good. I I I I Calhoun / poor. 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I co------[Fair /Good \Good [Good !Good \Good :Fair /poor [Good !Good !poor. Colyell I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I cy*: I I I I I I I I I colyell------[Fair /Good /Good /Good [Good :Good /Fair /Fair [Good [Good !Fair. I t I I I I 1 I Springfield------[Fair j~ood !Good [Fair /Good :Good !Fair :Fair /Good [Good !Fair. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Dv*: I I ~~~~f~~d------/Fair j~~~d/~~~d/Fair !Good :Fair /Fair [Fair ~ood lGood [Fair. I I I I I I I I I verdun------/Poor /Fair jFair /poor /poor jFair !Fair /F'air !Fair ;poor /Fair. I I I I I I I I D~------/~ood /~ood /Good /~ood /Good /Good /poor /very /Good /Good !very I I I I I Dexter I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I I E,-,------iPoor ;Fair /Fair j~air [Fair /Fair /Good !Good !Fair !Fair !Good. I I I I I I Encrow I I I 1 I I t I I I I I I Q,------:Fair /Fair /Fair [Fair \Fair :Good :Good /Good /Fair ;Fair :Good. I I I I I I Gilbert I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ge* : I I ~ilb~~t------jFair \Fair /Fair air /Fair :Good /Good /Good !Fair ;Fair ;Good. I I I I I I I I Brimstone------/Fair /Fair air /Fair /Fair l~air /Good /~:~d /Fair !Fair IGOO~. I I I I I GY------/Fair /Fair /Fair air /Fair /Good /Good /Good /Fair [Fair /Good.

Guyton I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I m*------/very /very /very /very !Very !Very !Fair !very !very !very !Fair. Maurepas I poor. I poor. I poor. I poor. 1 poor. I poor. ! j poor. I poor. I poor. ! I I I I ~t,M~------/poor /Fair /Fair air /Fair /Good /Good /Good /Fair !Fair !Good. Myatt I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 10.--WILDLIFE HABITAT--Continued

I Potential for habitat elements !Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and ! Grain ; ; Wild I I I I I Open- I Wood- map symbol [ and !Grasses [herba- ! Hard- Iconif- !Shrubs I~etlandl~hallow!land land !wetland I seed and ceous 1 wood erous ! /plants water wild- wild- I wild- ! crops llegumes[plants ! trees !plants ! I ! areas ! life ! life ! life I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I p~~------/poor :Fair /Fair /Fair /poor ;Fair ;Good :Good !Fair !Fair !Good. I I I I Natalbany I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I or------air /Good /Good /Fair /Good /Good /Fair /Fair /Good ;Good !Fair. I I I I I Olivier I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I OU* : I I I I ouachita------/poor air /Fair /Good /poor /Fair !Good !Fair !Fair !Good ;Fair. I I I I I I I I I I I ~chlockonee------/ poor / air /Fair / Good Good 1 Fair !Poor !Very ! Fair :Good :very I I I I I I I I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I ~~~t~~------/poor /Fair /Fair /Fair air /poor i~ood /Good /poor /Fair /Goof. I I I I I I I I I I Pa*: I I I I I I Pits. I I I I I I I I I I I I I Arents. I I I I I 1 I I sa------j~air /Good !Good /Good /Good j~ood /Fair /poor /Fair !Good /poor. I I I I Satsuma I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I sp------air air !Good !Fair !Good /Good ;Good !Good :Fair /~ood ;Good. Springfield I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I st------air /Good /Good /Good !Good !Good ;Fair !Fair ;Good :Good !Fair. Stough I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T~------/~ood /~ood /~ood /~ood /~ood /~ood /poor /poor !Good /~ood /poor. I I I I Toula I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ve------/poor /Fair air /poor [Poor !Fair !Fair !Fair ;Fair /Poor !Fair. I I I I I I I Verdun I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 11.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this' table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

, I I I I I I Soil name and [ ShaIlow I Dwellings :Small commercial / Local roads I Lawns and mapsymbol / excavations :without basements! buildings I andstreets I landscaping I 1 I I I

I I I I I I ~h------ISevere: [Moderate: !Moderate: [ Severe: j noderate : Abita I wetness. 1 wetness. I wetness. I low strength. I wetness. I I I ! I I I At*. I Aquen ts I I I I I I I I BA*------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe : (Severe: Barbary I excess humus, I ponding. [ ponding. / low strength, ! ponding. I I ponding. I I / ponding. I I I ! ! I ~d------1 Severe: / Severe: Severe: /Severe: ISevere: Bude I wetness. I wetness. wetness. / low strength, I wetness. I I I wetness. I ! ! I ca------I Severe : Cahaba I cutbanks cave. i I I I ~h------:Severe: ISevere: Severe: I Severe: :Severe: Calhoun I wetness. I flooding, flooding, I low strength, I wetness. 0 I I wetness. wetness. I wetness. I I I I cn------I Severe : :Severe: Severe: I Severe: ISevere: Calhoun I wetness. [ flooding, flooding, / low strength, I wetness. I f wetness. wetness. I wetness, I I I I flooding. ! ! ! ! co------1 Severe: ISevere: Severe: I Severe: !Moderate: Colyell I wetness. I flooding, flooding, 1 shrink-swell, [ wetness. I I I wetness, wetness, I low strength. I shrink-swell. shrink-swell. ! I I I I I cy*: I colyell------[ Severe: ( Severe : Severe: !Severe: ISevere : I wetness. I flooding, flooding, [ flooding, I flooding. I I 1 wetness, wetness, 1 shrink-swell, I I I shrink-swell. shrink-swell. I low strength. I I I I Springfield------!Severe: ISevere: Severe: :Severe : [Moderate: 1 wetness. 1 wetness, wetness, 1 low strength, I wetness. I flooding. flooding. ! flooding. I I I ! ! ! Dv*: t i I I Deerford------ISevere: I Severe : Severe: I Severe : ISevere: I wetness. 1 flooding, flooding, [ low strength, [ excess sodium, I I wetness. wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I verdun------I Severe: I Severe: Severe: ISevere: I Severe : I wetness. I wetness, wetness, I low strength, I excess sodium, ! ! flooding. flooding. [ wetness. I wetness. I ! I I DX------ISevere : slight------I Severe: Dexter ! cutbanks cave. / low strength. I I

See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 11.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and I Shallow ( Dwellings [Small commercial I Local roads ( Lawns and map symbol j excavations :without basements; buildings j and streets landscaping I I I I I I I I I E~------I Severe: I Severe: ( Severe: ( Severe: ( Severe: Encrow I wetness. ( flooding, I flooding, I flooding, I wetness. I I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I ! ! ! ! I (Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Gilhert ( wetness. flooding, I flooding, I low strength, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. 1 wetness. I I I I I I Ge*: I I I ~ilh~~t------I Severe: I Severe: ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I wetness. I flooding, I flooding, 1 flooding, I wetness. I I wetness. I wetness. I low strength, I I I I I wetness. ! ! I Brimstone------:Severe: Severe: Severe: ISevere: ISevere: I wetness. flooding, flooding, ( wetness, I wetness. I wetness. wetness. ( low strength, I ! 1 flooding. I I I ! G~------( Severe: I Severe: !Severe: (Severe: ISevere : Guyton I wetness. I flooding, ( flooding, ( low strength, 1 wetness. I wetness. ( wetness. ( wetness. I I I ! I I I MA*------1 Severe: ISevere: (Severe: ISevere : (Severe: Maurepas 1 excess humus, I ponding, I ponding, ( ponding. I ponding, I ponding. ! low strength. ( low strength. I ( excess humus. I I I I I ~t------I Severe : Severe: I Severe: I Severe: ( Severe: Myatt I wetness. flooding, I flooding, I wetness. ( wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I ! I I MY------(Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: ISevere: Myatt I wetness. flooding, flooding, I wetness, I wetness. I wetness. wetness. ( flooding. I I ! ! N~------I Severe: Severe: ( Severe: ISevere: 1 Severe: Natalbany I wetness. flooding, I flooding, I shrink-swell, I wetness, I shrink-swell, I wetness, ( low strength, I flooding. I wetness. I shrink-swell I wetness. I ! I oe, or------ISevere : Severe : ISevere: I Severe: [Moderate: Olivier I wetness. wetness. ( wetness. I low strength. I wetness. I I ou* : I I I I Ouachita------!Moderate: Severe: ( Severe : ( Severe: ( Severe: I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I low strength, I flooding. I I I I flooding. I I ! ! I Ochlockonee------j~oderate: 1 Severe : I Severe : 1 Severe : I Severe: I wetness. I flooding. I flooding. ( flooding. I flooding. I I I I I GU~~O~------1 Severe: I Severe : ISevere: 1 Severe: I Severe: I wetness. I flooding, I flooding, 1 low strength, I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. ( wetness, I flooding. I I j flooding. I , Pa* : i Pits. I ! Arents. ! I See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 11.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued

i I i I i Soil name and I Shallow I Dwellings !Small commercial I Local roads I Lawns and mapsymbol j excavations lwithoutbasementsj buildings j andstreets j landscaping I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I sa------I Severe: ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Moderate: Satsuma I wetness. I flooding, I flooding, I low strength. I wetness. I I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I I I I I i I I sp------f Severe: I Severe: ISevere: I Severe: 1 Severe: Springfield I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I low strength, I wetness. I I I I I wetness. I I I I I I I st------1 Severe: I Severe: ISevere: [Moderate: !Moderate: Stough I wetness. I flooding, I flooding, I wetness, I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. I flooding. I droughty. I I I I I I T~------I Severe: !Moderate: :Moderate: I Severe: !Moderate: Toula I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I low strength. wetness. I I i i I I I ve------I Severe: ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Verdun ! wetness. I wetness, ) wetness, I low strength, I excess sodium, I I flooding. I flooding. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Soil Survey

TABLE 12.--SANITARY FACILITIES

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

I I I I I Soil name and I Septic tank I Sewage lagoon I Trench I Area I Daily cover map symbol I absorption f areas I sanitary [ sanitary I for landfill I fields I I landfill / landfill I 1 I , I I I I ! ! ! ! ! ~b------I Severe: !Moderate: I Severe: ISevere: I Poor : Abita I wetness, 1 slope. I wetness. I wetness. I thin layer. I I I I percs slowly. I I I ! At*. Aquents I I BA*------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: ISevere: 1 Poor : Barbary I ponding, I excess humus, / ponding, I ponding. I too clayey, I percs slowly. I ponding. I too clayey. I I hard to pack, I I I I I I ponding. ! ! I I ! ~d------I Severe: [Moderate: I Severe: 1 Severe: I Poor: Bude I wetness, I seepage, I wetness. ) wetness. I hard to pack, I I I percs slowly. I slope. I [ wetness. I I I ! ca------;slight------I Severe: I Severe: ,!Fair: Cahaba I I seepage. I seepage. I thin layer. I I I I I i I ~h------I Severe: I Severe: [ Severe: [ Severe: I Poor : Calhoun I wetness, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. ! / percs slowly. / !I ! I I i I cn------I Severe: Severe: ISevere: ISevere: I Poor: Calhoun [ flooding, flooding, I flooding, I flooding, j wetness. I wetness, wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I percs slowly. I I I I co------isevere: Moderate: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor : Colyell [ wetness, slope. I wetness, I wetness. I too clayey, I percs slowly. I too clayey. I hard to pack, I I I wetness. I I I I I I I I cy*: I I I colyell------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: ISevere: I Poor: I flooding, [ flooding. I flooding, I flooding, / too clayey, I wetness, I I wetness, I wetness. f hard to pack, I I percs slowly. ! I too clayey. ! j wetness. I ! Springfield------severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: I wetness, I flooding. ) wetness, I wetness, I wetness. I percs slowly, I I flooding. I flooding. I flooding. I I I ! I I Dv* : I I I I I ~~~~f~~d------1 Severe: [slight------I Severe: I Severe: IPoor: I wetness, I I wetness, [ wetness. I wetness, I I percs slowly. I excess sodium. I I excess sodium. ! ! ! ! ! verdun------I Severe: !slight------I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: I wetness, I I wetness, I wetness. I wetness, I [ percs slowly. I I excess sodium. I I excess sodium. I I I I DX------i~oderate: ISevere: ISevere: I Severe: I Fair: Dexter [ percs slowly. I seepage. I seepage. I seepage. I too sandy. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 12.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued

i I I I I Soil name and I Septic tank I Sewage lagoon I Trench Area I Daily cover map symbol I absorption f areas I sanitary sanitary I for landfill I I I fields I landfill I landfill I I I I I I ! ! ! ! ! &,------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe : !Poor: Encrow I flooding, I flooding. I flooding, I flooding, I too clayey, I wetness, I I wetness, I wetness. I hard to pack, I percs slowly. I I too clayey. I I wetness. ! ! ! I I Gb------j severe: ;slight------I Severe: I Severe: ]poor: Gilbert I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I percs slowly. ! I I i I I Ge*: I I ~ilb~~t------I Severe: I Severe: :Severe: !Severe: I Poor: I flooding, I flooding. flooding, I flooding, I wetness. I wetness, 1 I wetness. j wetness. I I I I I percs slowly. I I I ! ! ~~i~~t~~~------I Severe: I Severe : I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: I wetness, I flooding. I wetness, I wetness, I wetness. I I percs slowly, 1 I flooding. I flooding. I I 1 flooding. ! i ! I i I I GY------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: 1 Severe: [Poor: Guyton I wetness, I flooding. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I percs slowly. I I I I I I ! MA*------(Severe: :Severe: I Severe: I Severe: [Severe: Maurepas I ponding, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I poor filter. I excess humus. I ponding. I ponding. I ponding. I I I I ! ! ~t------I Severe: ;slight------..- ISevere: I Severe: I Poor : Myatt I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. ) percs slowly. I I ! ! I MY------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Myatt I flooding, I flooding. I flooding, I flooding, I wetness. I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I percs slowly. I I I I I ! N~------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: f Poor: Natalbany I flooding, I flooding. I flooding, I flooding, ) too clayey, I wetness, I I wetness, j wetness. I wetness, I percs slowly. ) too clayey. I hard to pack. I I I I I oe or------I Severe: Islight------[Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Olivier I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I percs slowly. I I I I ! I ou* : I I I I Ouachita------I Severe: I Severe: ISevere: I Severe: I Fair: I flooding, I flooding. I flooding, 1 flooding. I too clayey. I percs slowly. I I seepage. I I I ! ! ! I Ochlockonee------#evere: ISevere: I Severe: f Severe: I Fair: I flooding, I seepage, I flooding, I flooding, I wetness. I wetness. I flooding, I seepage, I wetness. I I I wetness. I wetness. I ! ! GUY~O~------I Severe : I Severe: I Severe: 1 Severe: I Poor : ( flooding, I flooding. I flooding, I flooding, I wetness. I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. I I I percs slowly. I

See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 12.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued

I I I I I Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench I Area 1 Daily cover map symbol ! absorption areas 1 sanitary ! sanitary I for landfill I I fields landfill ! landfill I I I I I I I I ! ! ! ! ! Pa*: Pits. Arents. I I I i I sa------ISevere: ISevere: ISevere: ISevere : IPoor: Satsuma I wetness, 1 seepage, I seepage, I wetness. I wetness. ! percs slowly. I wetness. I wetness. I I

! ! ! ! I! sp------I Severe : ;slight------I Severe: ! Severe: I Poor: Springfield I wetness, I I wetness. I wetness. 1 wetness. percs slowly. I / ! ! ! I I i I I st------I Severe: ISevere: ISevere: 1 Severe: I Poor : Stough I wetness, ! wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I percs slowly. I I ! ! I i I I I T~------I Severe: !Moderate: ISevere: !Moderate: IFair: Toula I wetness, ! seepage, I wetness. 1 wetness. I too clayey, I percs slowly. slope. I I I ! j wetness. I I I i I Ve------;Severe : !Slight------!Severe : !Severe: !Poor : Verdun I wetness, I I wetness, I wetness. I wetness, I percs slowly. j I excess sodium. I excess sodium. ! I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 13.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

I I I I I Soil name and Roadf ill I Sand I Gravel Topsoil I map symbol I I I I I I I ! I I ~b------I Poor: i ~mprobable: j Improbable: I Fair: Abita low strength. excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey. I I I I I I I I At*. I Aquents I I I I ! I I I BA*------fI Poor: !I Improbable: (Improbable:I fI Poor: Barhary I low strength, ( excess fines. ( excess fines. I too clayey, I wetness, I I I wetness. I I I I shrink-swell. I I I I I I I I I ~d------( Poor: I Improbable: !Improbable: I Poor : Bude I low strength, I excess fines. I excess fines. f wetness. I I I wetness. ! ! ! i I I i ca------(~~~d------;probable------IImprobable: I Fair: Cahaha I I I too sandy. I too clayey. ! ! I i i I I ch, cn------IPoor: IImprobable: ( Improbable: IPoor : Calhoun I low strength, I excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. ! wetness. I I I I I I I I CO------I Poor: IImprobable: I Improbable: [Poor: Colyell ( low strength. I excess fines. I excess fines. I too clayey. I I I I I I I cy*: I colyell------I Poor: fI Improbable: I Improbable: I Poor: I low strength. I excess fines. I excess fines. f too clayey. I I I I Springfield------!Poor: Improbable: Improbable: !Good. 1 low strength, I excess fines. excess fines. I I I I I wetness. I I I I I Dv*: I I I I ~~~~f~~d------I Poor: !Improbable: I Improbable: I Poor : I low strength, I excess fines. f excess fines. I wetness, f wetness. I I f excess sodium. I I I I I IPoor: !Improbable: f Improbable: I Poor: I low strength, I excess fines. ( excess fines. f wetness, I f wetness. I I excess sodium. I I I I Dx------;~~~d------:Improbable: I Improhable: !Fair: I Dexter ! j excess fines. I excess fines. j too clayey. I 1 I i En------I Poor: ! Improbable: I Improbable: IPoor: Encrow I low strength, excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. I wetness. I I I I I 8 I Gb------!Poor: IImprobable: I Improbable: ( Poor : Gilbert I wetness, I excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. I I I low strength. I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 13.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued

1 I I I Soil name and Roadf ill I Sand I Gravel I Topsoil I I I map symbol I t I ,I I I I ! ! ! ! I I I Ge*: I ~ilb~~t------IPoor: ! Improbable: :Improbable: IPoor : I wetness, I excess fines. excess fines. I wetness. I I I low strength. I I I I I I I Poor: [Improbable: !Improbable: IPoor: low strength, I excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. I I wetness. I I ! ! ! G~------I Poor: ! Improbable: ! Improbable: IPoor: Guyton I wetness. I excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. I i I ! MA*------IPoor: ;Improbable: :Improbable: IPoor: Maurepas I wetness. excess fines. I excess fines. 1 excess humus, I I I I wetness. I I I I ~t,MY------IPoor: !Improbable: ! Improbable: IPoor: Myatt I wetness. I excess fines. ! excess fines. I wetness. I I I I I Na------Poor: ! Improbable: 1 Improbable: IPoor: Natalbany shrink-swell, I excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. low strength, I I I wetness. I I I I oe, or------IPoor : :Improbable: I Improbable: IGood. I Olivier I low strength. I excess fines. I excess fines. I I I I ! I ! OU* : I I ouachita------IPoor: !Improbable: !Improbable: :Good. I low strength. I excess fines. I excess fines. I ! ! I I GOO^------:Improbable: !Improbable: (Good. I excess fines. ! excess fines. I I I I Poor: ! Improbable: ! Improbable: !Poor: wetness. I excess fines. I excess fines. I wetness. I I I Pa* : I I I I I I Pits. I I I I I I Arents. 1 I I I I I Sa------Fair: :Improbable: :Improbable: IPoor: Satsuma wetness. I excess fines. ! excess fines. ! too clayey. I I I I I SP------I Poor: I Improbable: ! Improbable: IPoor: Springfield I low strength, I excess fines. ! excess fines. ! thin layer, 1 I I wetness. I I wetness. I I t ! ! st------IFair: :Improbable: I Improbable: I~ood. Stough wetness. I 1 excess fines, j excess fines. ! i I I I T~------[Fair: !Improbable: I Improbable: IPoor: Toula low strength, I excess fines. ! excess fines. I area reclaim. wetness. I I I I I I I I I ve------IPoor: !Improbable: ! Improbable: :Poor: Verdun I low strength, I excess fines. ! excess fines. I wetness, I I wetness. I I excess sodium. I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 14.--WATER MANAGWENT (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

I I I Limitations for-- Features affecting-- Soil name and ! Embankments, ; Aquifer-fed ; I ; Terraces ) map symbol I dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation and ! Grassed 1 levees 1 ponds I ( diversions waterways I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I ~b------1 Severe : I Severe: fPercs slowly---!Wetness, :Erodes easily, !Erodes easily, Abita ! piping, I slow refill. ) percs slowly. ! wetness. 1 percs slowly. I I I wetness. I I I At*. I I Aquents I I I I BA*------1 Severe: I Severe: IPonding, IPonding, !Pending, IWetness, Barbary I excess humus, slow refill. percs slowly, I percs slowly. percs slowly. percs slowly. I hard to pack, I 1 flooding. I I I I ponding. I I I I I I I I I I I ~d------ISevere: ISevere: !Percs slowly---: Wetness, !Erodes easily, [Wetness, Bude I wetness. I no water. I I percs slowly. wetness, ! erodes easily, I I I I rooting depth. rooting depth. t I I I I ca------!Moderate: I Severe: :DeepI to water !Slope------!Favorable------!Favorable. Cahaba I thin layer, ! no water. I I I I j piping. I I I I I I I I I I I ch------1 Severe: ISevere: 1 Percs slowly--- !Wetness, [Erodes easily, !Wetness, Calhoun ! piping, I no water. I I percs slowly, ! wetness. I erodes easily, I I wetness. I I ! erodes easily.! 1 percs slowly. ! ! ! ! ! ! cn------I Severe: ISevere: fPercs slowly, !Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, Calhoun I piping, I no water. I flooding. I percs slowly, wetness. I erodes easily, I 1 wetness. I j erodes easily. j / percs slowly. I I I i I I I co------!Moderate: 1 Severe: IPercs slowly---!Wetness, IWetness, 1 Wetness, Colyell ! wetness, I no water. I I percs slowly, I percs slowly, erodes easily, I hard to pack. I I I erodes easily.! erodes easily.: percs slowly. I I I I , I I i I I I I cy*: I I I I I I colye1l------!Moderate: :Severe: !Perm slowly, !Wetness, I Wetness, !Wetness, ! wetness, no water. I flooding. I percs slowly, \ percs slowly, I erodes easily, I hard to pack. I I erodes easily.; erodes easily.! percs slowly. ! I ! ! ! ! Springfield------1 Severe: !Severe: IPercs slowly---!Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, ! piping. j no water. It j percs slowly. j wetness. j erodes easily. I i I I I I Dv*: I I I I I I Deerford------I Severe: ISevere: 1 Percs slowly, IWetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, I wetness, 1 no water. I excess sodium.! percs slowly, I wetness, I excess sodium, 1 excess sodium. ! I 1 rooting depth. percs slowly. erodes easily. I I t I I I i I I I I verdun------I Severe: ISevere: !Perm slowly, !Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, I wetness, 1 no water. I excess sodium.! percs slowly, I wetness, I excess sodh, 1 excess sodium. I I erodes easily.! percs slowly. erodes easily. I I I I I I I I I I I I DX------I Severe: ISevere: !Deep to water !Erodes easily !Erodes easily !Erodes easily. Dexter / piping- I no water. I I I I I I I I I E~------ISevere: ISevere: !Percs slowly, I Wetness, I Erodes easily, I Wetness, Encrow I wetness. I no water. I flooding. 1 percs slowly, wetness, I erodes easily, I I I I erodes easily. ! percs slowly. percs slowly. I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 14.--WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued

1 1 Soil name and ) Embankments, I Aquifer-fed i I I Terraces I mapsymbol I dikes,and I excavated I Drainage I Irrigation ! and ! Grassed I levees I ponds I I diversions ) waterways 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I &------I Severe: I Severe: ! Percs slowly--- ! Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, Gilbert I wetness. I no water. I I percs slowly, I wetness, ! erodes easily, I I I I erodes easily. percs slowly. I percs slowly. I I I I I I Ge*: I I I I I ~ilb~~t------ISevere: ISevere: I Flooding, I Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, f wetness. I no water. I percs slowly. percs slowly, I wetness, I erodes easily, I I I I erodes easily. ! percs slowly. percs slowly. I I I I I I Brimstone------I Severe: ISevere: !Percs slowly, !Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, I wetness. I no water. I flooding. I percs slowly, wetness. I percs slowly, I I I I flooding. I ! erodes easily. I I I I I I GY------I Severe: ISevere: IPercs slowly---!Wetness, ! Erodes easily, IWetness, Guy ton ! piping, I no water. I I percs slowly, wetness, I erodes easily, I wetness. I I I erodes easily. percs slowly. I percs slowly. I I I I I I MA*------I Severe: !slight------1 Ponding, !pending------!pending------.. I Wetness. Maurepas I excess humus, I I subsides. I I I I I panding. I I I I I I I I I I ~t------I Severe: ISevere: !Favorable------!Wetness------'Wetness------!I Wetness. I Myatt ! piping, I slow refill. I I I I I wetness. I I I I I I MY------I Severe: 1 Severe: IFlooding------I Wetness, !Wetness------(Wetness. Myatt ! piping, I slow refill. I I flooding. I I I wetness. I I I I I I I I I I I N~------I Severe: !Severe: lPercs slowly, (Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, Natalbany I wetness, I slow refill. I flooding. I percs slowly, wetness, I erodes easily, ! hard to pack. I I erodes easily.! percs slowly. I percs slowly. I I I I I I I Severe: :Severe: lPercs slowly--- (Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, Olivier ! piping. I no water. I I percs slowly, I wetness, ! erodes easily, I I I I rooting depth.! rooting depth.! rooting depth. I I I I I I I I I I I I OU* : I Ouachita------I Severe: ISevere : [Deep to water !Erodes easily, !Erodes easily !Percs slowly. I I flooding. I piping. ! no water. I I I I I I I I I Ochlockonee------!Severe: ISevere : !Deep to water !Flooding------I Favorable------Favorable. piping. I cutbanks cave. 1 I I I j I I I ~~~t~~------I Severe: !Severe:I IIPercs slowly, !Wetness, 1 Erodes easily, ! Wetness, ! piping, 1 no water. I flooding. I percs slowly, wetness, ( erodes easily, I wetness. I I erodes easily. 1 percs slowly. I percs slowly. I I I Pa* : I I Pits. I I I I I I I I I Arents. I I I I sa------IModerate: (Severe:I IPercs slowly---IPercs slowly, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, Satsuma I wetness, ! no water. I I erodes easily,! wetness. I erodes easily, I thin layer, I I wetness. I ! percs slowly. I piping. I I I I I I I I I I sp------1 Severe: !Severe: IIPercs slowly--- 1 Wetness, !Erodes easily, I Wetness, Springfield I wetness. I slow refill. I ! percs slowly, ! wetness, I erodes easily, I I I ! erodes easily.! percs slowly. percs slowly. I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 14.--WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued

I Limitations for-- I Features affecting-- Soil name and ! Embankments, ; Aquifer-fed ! I Terraces map symbol dikes, and excavated ! Drainage Irrigation and I Grassed I I levees I ponds I I diversions waterways I I I I ! I I I I ! ! ! ! ! ! st------j~oderate: ! Severe: !Favorable------I Wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, S tough piping, I no water. I I droughty. I wetness. I erodes easily, wetness. I I I I I ! ! ! j droughty. I i I i i I Ta------IModerate: ISevere: IPercs slowly---;Wetness, !Erodes easily, ! Erodes easily, Toula I wetness, ! no water. I I percs slowly. ! wetness, I percs slowly, I piping. I I I rooting depth.! rooting depth. j I I I I I ve------Isevere: I Severe: j~ercsslowly, j wetness, !Erodes easily, !Wetness, Verdun 1 wetness, I no water. ! excess sodium. 1 percs slowly, I wetness, ) excess sodium, I excess sodium. I I ! erodes easily. ! percs slowly. erodes easily. I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Soil Survey

TABLE 15.--ENGINEERINGINDEX PROPERTIES

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

I I 1 Classification 1 Percentage passing 1 I Soil name and / Depth 1 USDA texture 1 I I sieve number-- ;Liquid IPlas- I map symbol I I 1 Unified AASHTO 1 I I I 1 limit lticity I I I/ I 1 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index 8 1 iE! j ! ! ! ! ! I i I i i i I I ~b------1 0-4 /silt loam------[ML, CL-ML !A-4 1 100 1 100 190-100170-90 1 15-30 Abita 1 4-35 [Silt loam, silty ICL-ML, CL ;A-4, A-6 1 100 1 100 195-100180-95 1 20-40 I 1 clay loam. I I I I I ! 35-50 [Clay loam, loam, ~CL,CH j~-6,A-7-6j 100 100 195-100180-95 f 35-55 1 silty clay loam. 1 I [Clay loam, silty ICL !A-6, A-7-6j 100 j 100 j95-100j80-95 j 30-50 j clay loam, loam. 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I At*. I I I I I I I I Aquents I I I I I ! I BAA'------~M~~~------;PT [A-8 I 1 0-6 i --- 1 --- 1 --- 1 --- I --- Barbary 1 6-65 !Mucky clay, clay ;OH, MH ;A-7-5, A-81 100 ) 100 100 195-1001 70-90 I I I I I I I ~d------1 0-18 ;Silt loam------1 CL !A-6 j 100 j 100 195-100185-96 1 25-40 Bude [ 18-60 ;Silt loam, silty ICL !A-6, A-7 1 100 1 100 195-100180-95 1 35-50 I 1 clay loam, clay j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I loam. I I I I I I I I I ca------1 0-5 ;Fine sandy loam ISM !A-4, A-2-4j95-100j95-100j65-90 i30-45 t --- Cahaba [ 5-35 ;Sandy clay loam, ISC, CL !A-4, A-6 190-100180-100175-90 140-75 1 22-35 ! 1 loam, clay loam. f I I I I !Sand, loamy sand,[SM, SP-SM !A-2-4 j95-100!90-100160-85 110-35 1 --- 1 sandy loam. I I I I I I I ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ~h----..------1 0-18 ;Silt loam------1CL-ML, ML,iA-4 100 I I I I Calhoun 1 CL I 1 18-30 :Silty clay loam, ICL ;A-6, A-7-61 100 I 1 silt loam. I I I 1 30-60 ;Silt loam, silty ICL, CL-ML :A-6, A-4 1 100 I I I 1 clay loam. I I I I I I I I I cn------1 0-15 ;Silt loam------1 CL-ML, ML, 1 A-4 I Calhoun ! .! CL-- ! 1 15-60 ;Silty clay loam, ICL j~-6, A-7-6 I 1 silt loam. I I I I I I I I co------1 0-3 ;silt loam------1 ML !A-4 Colyell 1 3-12 ;Silt loam, silt ICL-ML, CL !A-4 1 12-39 ;Silty clay loam, iCL, CH !A-7-6 I 1 silty clay, I I 1 clay. I I !Silty clay loam, ICL ;A-6, A-7-6 1 silt loam. I I I I cy*: I Colyell------' 0-4 Silt loam------j ML 1 4-22 Silt loam, silt ICL-ML, CL 1 22-39 Silty clay loam, jCL, CH ! silty clay, I clay. I Silty clay loam, ICL silt loam. I I

See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 15.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

I ) Classification I Percentage passing I I 1 I Soil name and / Depth I USDA texture 1 I I sieve number-- I.,Liquid IPlas- I I map symbol I I 1 Unified / AASHTO / 1 limit ;ticity I I I I 1 4 / 10 / 40 / 200 1 [index 1 I I In I I I I I I I Pct i I- I I I I I I I I - cy*: I I I I I I I I I I springfield-----: 0-18 ;Silt loam------IML, CL-ML, ;A-4 / 100 / 100 / 100 195-1001 <31 INP-10 I I I I I I I CL I I / 18-50 /siltyclay, clay ICH, CL ;A-7-6 1 100 1 100 j 100 /95-1001I 45-65 121-36 [ 50-60 [Silt loam, silty ICL [A+, A-7-61 100 1 100 1 100 195-1001 32-50 111-25 I I I I I I I 1 clay loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Dv*: I Deerford------; 0-10 !Silt loam------[ML, CL-ML :A-4 / 100 / 100 1 100 j95-1001 <28 INP-7 1 10-40 !Silty clay loam, ICL IA-~, A-7-61 100 [ 100 1 100 195-1001 32-49 111-25 1 silt loam. I I I I 1 98-60 !Silt loam, silty /CL, CL-ML 11-6, A-4, j 100 / 100 90-100/ 25-49 / 5-25 I clay loam. I A-7-6 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I verdun------l I 0-4 ;Silt loam------IML, CL-ML !A-4 / 100 / 100 / 100 /95-1001 <27 INP-7 1 4-31 !Silty clay loam, /CL !A-6, A-7-6j95-100190-100[90~100[80~100~32-45 111-21 I 1 silt loam. I I I 1 31-70 !Silt loam, silty /CL /A-6, A-4 /95-100; 90-100/90-100/80-loo! 28-40 j 8-17 I 1 clay loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DX------/ 0-6 ;Very fine sandy IML, SM, ;A-4 / MO / 100 j85-l00/45-75 / <25 INP-4 I Dexter I loam. I CL-ML, 1 I I I I I I I I I SM-SC 1 I I 1 6-46 ;silty clay loam, /CL ;A-6, A-4 i 100 j 100 j90-100i70-90 j 28-40 / 8-18 I clay loam, silt I I , I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 loam. I I / 46-60 [Sandy clay loam, /SC, SM, /A-6, A-4, [ 100 1 100 175-95 125-55 1 10-30 [NP-15 I ) fine sandy loam,l CL, ML A-2-4 I I I I I I I 1 loamy fine sand. 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I ~,,------l : 0-4 !Silt loam------IML !A-4 / 100 / 100 /90-100i90-100; <31 ~NP-7 Encrow 1 4-27 :Silt loam, silty ICL !A-4, A-6 1 100 1 100 190-100190-1001 28-40 1 8-17 I 1 clay loam. I I I I I I 1 27-48 [Silty clay loam, ICL ;A-7-6 j 100 j 100 j90-100/90-1001 45-65 121-36 I 1 silty clay, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 clay. I I I I 1 48-60 !silty clay loam, /CL A,-7- 0 / loo /PO-100190-1001 32-50 111-25 I 1 silt loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I &------1 0-12 !Silt loam------IML, CL-ML,!A-4 j 100 / 100 j95-100i90-1001 23-31 1 3-10 I I I I I I I I Gilbert I CL I 1 12-43 !Silty clay loam, ICL /A-6, A-7-6; 100 j 100 /95-100/90-1001 32-45 111-22 I I I I I I I 1 silt loam. I / 43-60 !Silty clay loam, /CL, CL-ML /A-6, A-7, j 100 / 100 190-100190-100 I 1 silt loam, loam.! 1 A-4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I Ge* : I ~ilb~~t------' 0-12 !silt loam------IML, CL-ML,IA-4 / 100 / loo 195-l00/90-100 I I I I I 1 CL I I / 12-42 !Silty clay loam, [CL /A-6, A-7-6; 100 / 100 j95-100190-1001I 32-45 111-22 I [ loam. I I I I silt I \ 42-60 (Silty clay loam, /CL, CL-ML /A-6, A-7, j 100 / 100 /90-100/90-100; 25-45 1 5-22 I silt loam, loam. A-4 1 / I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I rims stone------I 0-24 !Silt loam------/CL-ML, CL j~-4, A-6 / 100 1 100 190-100!70-90 1 15-38 1 6-17 1 24-30 [Silt loam, silty ICL [A-6, A-7-61 100 1 100 195-100180-95 1 26-48 111-33 I 1 clay loam. I I I I 1 30-60 ;Silty clay loam, ICL !A-6, A-7-6; 100 j 100 j95-100/80-95 / 26-48 111-33 I [ silt loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 15.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

I I I Classification I Percentage passing I I I Soil name and 1 Depth 1 USDA texture f I I sieve number-- !Liquid IPlas- map symbol I I 1 Unified 1 AASHTO 1 I I 1 limit Iticity I I I 1 4 / 10 / 40. / 200 1 I I 1 index I I I I I I Pet ["' I I I I1-1 1 I I I I I I ~~------l I 0-24 ;Silt loam------[ML, CL-ML ;A-4 / 100 1 100 195-100165-90 1 <27 INP-7 Guy ton 1 24-44 ;Silt loam, silty ICL, CL-ML IA-~, A-4 1 100 1 100 194-100/75-95 1 22-40 1 6-18 I 1 clay loam, clay I I I j I I I I I 1 loam. I I I I I I I / 44-60 ;Silt loaml silty /CL, CL-ML, A-6, A-4 / 100 1 100 195-100170-95 1 <40 ~NP-18 I 1 clay loam, clay 1 ML I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I MA*------' I 0-84 ;MU&------[ --- / --- [ --- 1 --- I [A-8I I I I I I I Maurepas I 1"I I I I I I I I I I I ~t------l : 0-10 ;Fine sandy loam ISM, SM-SC, IA-~, A-4 195-100195-100160-90 130-70 1 <25 INP-5 Myatt I I 1 ML, CL-ML 1 I I I I I 1 10-60 ;Loam, sandy clay ISM, SC, !A-4 195-100 /95-100 180-100 140-80 1 <30 INP-10 I ! loam, clay loam. 1 ML, CL 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MY------I I 0-12 ;Fine sandy loam ISM, SM-SC, !A-2, A-4 195-100195-100160-90 130-70 1 <25 INP-5 Myatt I I 1 ML, CL-MLI 1 12-60 !Loam, sandy clay ISM, SC, !A-4 /95-100 j 95-100 / 80-100 / 40-80 / <30 /NP-10 I I 1 loam, clay loam. 1 ML, CL 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I Na------' : 0-5 /siltyclay loam JCL, CH :A-7-6, A-61 100 j 100 195-100195-1001 30-58 112-30 Natalbany 1 5-42 :Silty clay, clay ICH ;A-7-6 1 100 1 100 195-100195-1001 51-63 130-41 1 42-80 :Silty clay, clay jCH ;A-7-6 95-100195-1001 51-63 130-41 I I I I I I oe------1 I 0-8 ;Silt loam------IML, CL-ML :A-4 1 100 100 / 100 195-loo/ <27 /NP-7 Olivier 1 8-23 !Silty clay loam, ICL !A-6 1 100 100 1 100 195-1001 32-40 111-17 I I I I I I I I I I 1 silt loam. 1 23-63 ;Silt loam------~CL-ML, CL [A-4, A-6 [ 100 j 100 [ 100 195-100; 25-35 [ 5-14 I I 1 I I I I I I or------1 0-4 ;Silt loam------[ML, CL-ML !A-4 / lo0 1 100 1 100 195-1001 <27 INP-7 Olivier 1 4-30 !Silty clay loam, ~CL !A-6 100 1 100 195-1001 32-40 111-17 I I 1 silt loam. I I I I I I I 1 30-60 !Silt loam------ICL-ML, CL IA-~, A-6 1 100 1 100 ! 100 195-1001 25-35 1 5-14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I OU* : I I Ouachita------/0-5 jSilt loam------~ML,I CL, !A-4,I A-6 1I 100 1I 100 185-100175-95I I 1I <30 INP-12 I I 1 CL-ML 1 I I I I I I I 1 5-60 /silt loam, loam, IML, CL, IA-~, A-6 1 100 1 100 185-100180-1001 25-40 1 5-20 I 1 silty clay loam. 1 CL-ML I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ochlockonee-----I 0-5 :Sandy loam------ISM, ML, ;A-4, A-2 1 100 195-100165-90 140-70 1 <26 jNP-5 I I 1 SM-SC, 1 I I I I I I I I 1 CL-ML 1 I I I I I I 1 5-60 ;Loamy sand, sandy ISM, ML, ;A-4, A-2 1 100 195-100185-99 113-80 1 <32 INP-9 I I 1 loam, silt loam.; CL, SC 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Guyton------! 0-24 [Silt loam------IML, CL-ML !A-4 1100 1100 195-100165-90 1 <27 INP-7 1 24-44 !Silt loam, silty ICL, CL-ML ;A-6, A-4 1 100 / 100 j94-100175-95 1 22-40 1 6-18 I 1 clay loam, clay 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 loam. I I I I I I I 1 44-66 !Silt loam, silty ICL, CL-ML,IA-6, A-4 1 100 1 100 195-100170-95 1 <40 INP-18 I 1 clay loam, clay 1 ML I I I I I I I I I I I j loam. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Pa*: I I I I I I I Pits. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Arents . I I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 15.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

I I I Classification I Percentage passing I I Soil name and 1 Depth 1 USDA texture I sieve number-- [Liquid IPlas- map symbol 1 I I Unified j AASHTO 1 I I I I limit lticity I I I I I 1 4 1 10 1 40 1 200 1 1 index I I I I I I f 1 Pet j is I I I I I I - I I sa------1 I 0-4 ;Silt loam------IML /A-4 / 100 / 100 /95-100/80-95 / <30 ~NP-7 Satsuma 1 4-12 [Silt loam------ICL-ML, CL ;A-4, A-6 I 100 1 100 195-100180-95 1 17-30 1 6-19 1 12-28 ;Silty clay loam, [CL, CH ;A-6, A-7-6 1 100 1 100 195-100180-95 1 35-55 120-35 I 1 silty clay. I I 1 28-65 ;Silty clay loam, !CL :A-6 / 100 i 100 /80-90 /70-80 / 20-40 110-20 I 1 clay loam, loam.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I sp------I : 0-13 ;Silt loam------;ML, CL-ML,IA-4 1 100 1 100 / 100 j95-100: <31 INP-10 I Springfield 1 1 CL I I I I 1 13-20 /siltyclay, clay ICH, CL [A-7-6 1 100 1 100 1 100 195-loo/ 45-65 /21-36 1 20-60 [Silty clay loam, ~CL ;A-6, A-7-61 100 1 100 1 100 195-1001 32-50 111-25 I I I I I silt loam. I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I st------/ 0-7 ;Fine sandy loam ISM-SC, SM, ;A-4 1 100 1 100 165-85 j35-65 1 <25 INP-7 S tough I I 1 ML, CL-ML 1 I I I I 1 7-14 ;Loam, fine sandy IML, CL, /A-4 j 100 j 100 j75-95 \SO-75 1 <25 INP-8 I loam, sandy I CL-ML I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I 1 loam. I 1 14-60 !Sandy loam, sandy/sc, CL 11-4, 1-6 / 100 / 100 /65-90 j40-65 1 25-40 1 8-15 I I 1 clay loam, loam. 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T~------[ 0-6 [Silt loam------;ML, CL-ML !A-4 / 100 / 100 195-100180-95 1 <30 !NP-7 Toula 1 6-31 ;Silt loam, silty ICL ;A-4, A-6 1 100 1 100 195-100180-95 [ 20-35 1 8-18 I 1 clay loam. I I I 1 31-65 !Silt loam, silty ~CL ;A-6 / 100 / 100 185-1001 75-95 j 25-40 111-20 I I clay loam, loam. I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ve------l : 0-12 [Silt loam------IML, CL-ML ;A-4 j 100 / 100 \ 100 195-1001 <27 1NP-7 Verdun f 12-45 [Silty clay loam, ICL !A-6, A-7-6 195-100 190-100 190-100 I80-100 [ 32-45 111-21 I I I I I I silt loam. 1 1 45-60 /silt loam, silty ICL 11-6, A-4 / 95-100 190-100 / 90-100 / 80-100 1 28-40 / 8-17 I I I I clay loam. I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Soil Survey

TABLE 16.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--TI1 apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

I I ! I I i I I 1 Erosiorl Soil nme and l~epthj Clay 1 Moist ;Permeability lAvailable1 Soil ;Shrink-swell 1 factors Organic I map symbol 1 ! bulk ! water !reaction!. .~otential~ .I- matter I I 1 density ) !capacity 1 I 1K IT Pct j g/cc I In/hr f In/in j pH j I - I - I - !I I I ~b------1 0-4 1 Abita 1 4-35; 135-501 150-60 1 I i At*. I I I Aquents I I BA*------j 0-6 j Barbary 1 6-65! I I I I ~d------1 0-181 Bude j 18-60 1 ! ca------1 0-5 1 Cahaba 1 5-35; 135-60 1 I I ch------1 0-181 Calhoun 118-301 130-601 I I I I cn------1 0-151 Calhoun 115-601 I I co------1 0-3 1 Colyell 1 3-12: 112-391 139-60 1 cy*: Colyell------

Dx------Dexter 1 6-46! 146-601 I I

See footnote at end of table. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 16.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS--Continued

I I I I I I 1 Erosion Soil name and j~e~th:Clay 1 Moist IPermeahility ~~vailable~Soil ;shrink-swell 1 factors Organic map symbol 1 I 1 bulk 1 1 water Ireaction: potential 1' matter I I 1 density 1 ;capacity 1 I 1K jT Pct j g/cc j In/hr I In/in I pH 1 Pct jlr! i - I1 I I - I I I I I E~------1 0-4 1 2-15 (1.35-1.651 0.6-2.0 10.14-0.2413.6-6.5 !Low------10.491 5 -5-4 Encrow 14-27: 6-38 11.35-1.651 0.6-2.0 10.14-0.2413.6-6.5 ;Low------10.491 127-481 27-60 (1.20-1.551 0.06-0.2 10.02-0.1913.6-6.5 !High------10.321 148-601 20-38 11.30-1.701 0.06-0.6 10.18-0.24 13.6-6.5 ;Moderate-----10.321 I I I I I I I I I ~;b------j 0-12; 8-25 11.35-1.65: 0.6-2.0 10.22-0.241 4.5-6.0 ;Low------10.431 4 Gilbert 112-431 18-35 11.40-1.601 <0.06 10.14-0.2314.5-6.0 !Moderate-----10.431 143-601 18-35 11.40-1.651 <0.06 10.14-0.231 6.6-9.0 I~oderate-----(0.431 I I I I I I I I I I Ge*: I I I I I I I I ~ilb~~t------1 0-121 8-25 j1.35-1-65: 0.6-2.0 10.22-0.2414.5-6.0 ;Low------10.431 4 112-421 18-35 11.40-1.601 <0.06 10.14-0.2314.5-6.0 ;Moderate-----10.431 142-601 18-35 11.40-1.651 <0.06 10.14-0.2316.6-9.0 I~oderate-----10.431 I I I I I I I I I Brimstone------! 0-241 5-14 11.35-1.651 0.6-2.0 10.13-0.2014.5-7.8 !LOW------10.491 3 124-301 17-32 11.35-1.701 0.06-0.2 10.10-0.161 4.5-8.4 ;Moderate-----10.43 1 j30-601 20-35 11.35-1.701 0.06-0.2 10.10-0.1615.1-8.4 !Moderate-----10.431 I I I I I I I I GY------j 0-24: 7-25 11.35-1.651 0.6-2.0 10.20-0.2313.6-6.0 ;Low------10.431 5 Guy ton 124-441 20-35 11.35-1.701 0.06-0.2 10.15-0.2213.6-6.5 ;Low------10.371 144-60: 20-35 11.35-1.701 0.06-2.0 10.15-0.22 13.6-8.4 ;LOW------10.371 I I I I I I I I I MA*------1 0-84; --- 10.05-0.251 >2.0 10.20-0.5015.6-8.4 ;LOW------I I Maurepas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~t------1 0-10: 7-20 11.30-1.601 0.6-2.0 10.11-0.2014.5-6.0 ;Low------10.281 5 Myatt 110-601 18-35 11.30-1.501 0.2-0.6 10.12-0.2013.6-5.5 !LOW------10.28 j I I I I I I I I I MY------: 0-12/ 7-20 11.30-1-60: 0.6-2.0 10.11-0.2014.5-6.0 !LOW------10.281 5 Myatt 112-601 18-35 11.30-1.501 0.2-0.6 10.12-0.2013.6-5.5 ;Low------10.281 I I I I I I I I N~------j 0-5 j 27-39 j1.20-1.65; 0.06-0.2 j0.18-0.22j3.6-6.0 j~oderate-----10.371 5 Natalbany 1 5-92; 40-55 11.10-1.651 <0.06 10.12-0.2113.6-6.5 !High------10.321 142-801 40-55 11.10-1.65 1 C0.06 10.12-0.21 14.5-8.4 ;High------I'0.32: I I I I I I I I I oe------1 0-8 1 8-18 11.35-1.651 0.6-2.0 10.21-0.2314.5-6.5 ;Low------10.491 3 Olivier 1 8-23; 18-35 11.35-1.651 0.2-0.6 10.20-0.2214.5-5.5 ;Moderate-----10.431 123-63 j 14-27 11.40-1.801 0.06-0.2 10.11-0.15 14.5-7.3 ;Low------10.431 I I I I I or------j 0-4 1 8-18 j1.35-1.65: 0.6-2.0 /.0.21-0.23j4.5-6.5 \LOW------'10.491 3 Olivier 1 4-30! 18-35 11.35-1.651 0.2-0.6 [Q;20-0.2214.5-5.5 i~oderate-----10.431 130-601 14-27 11.40-1.801 0.06-0.2 10.11-0.151 4.5-7.3 !LOW------10.431 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I OU* : I I I Ouachita------1 0-5 1 8-25 11.25-1.601 0.6-2.0 10.15-0.24 14.5-6.0 !Low------10.371 5 1 5-60; 18-35 11.25-1.601 0.2-0.6 10.15-0.2413.6-5.5 !LOW------10.321 I I I I I I I I I I Ochlockonee-----/ 0-5 3-18 11.40-1.601 2.0-6.0 10.07-0.14 14.5-6.0 !Low------10.201 5 1 5-60: 3-18 11.40-1.701 2.0-6.0 10.06-0.12 14.5-5.5 ;LOW------1 0.171 I I I 1 I I I I I GUY~O~------;0-241 I 7-25 11.35-1.651 0.6-2.0 10.20-0.2313.6-6.0 ;Low------10.431 5 124-441 20-35 11.35-1.701 0.06-0.2 10.15-0.2213.6-6.5 ;LOW------10.371 144-661 20-35 11.35-1.701 0.06-2.0 10.15-0.22 13.6-8.4 ;LOW------10.371 I I I I I I I I I I I I Pa* : I Pits. I I I I Arents. I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 16.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS--Continued

I 1 I I I i I I Erosion I Soil name and ;Depth! Clay Moist [Permeability /Available1 Soil ;Shrink-swell 1 factors 1 Organic

map- symbol- 1 I 1 bulk 1 1 water Ireaction: potential 1-1 matter I I I I 1 density 1 :capacity 1 IK IT 1 in/hT 1n/in; @ I I I Pct 1-1 \I I - sa------1I 0-4 1I Satsuma 1 4-12: 112-28 1 128-65 1 sp------1I 0-131 I Springfield 113-201 120-60 1 I st------j 0-7 1 Stough 1 7-14! 114-60 / ! ! T~------j 0-6 j Toula 1 6-31: 131-651 I I ve------1 0-121 Verdun 112-45 1 145-601 I I

------* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 17.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "brief ," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

See footnote at end of table. Soil Survey

TABLE 17.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES--Continued

I I Flooding ( High water table I Subsidence ) Risk of corrosion Soil name and !Hydro-: I I I 1I 9 I I I I map symbol logic: Frequency ! Dura- !Months ! Depth Kird !Months !Initial: Total !Uncoated !Concrete :group I I tion f I I I I I I steel I I I I I I I Ft I I I I I I- I jI" j@ 1 MA*------' I I I I I I I D !None------! --- ! --- 1 +1-0.5!Apparent!Jan-Dec! 15-30 1 >51 !~i~h-----j~oderate. Maurepas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Mt------'I I I I I I I I D !Rare------! --- ! --- 1 ~-l.~!~~~arent~~ov-Aprj--- j --- !High-----:High. Myatt I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MY------'I D !Occasional [Brief !Jan-Dee! 0-1.O:ApparentINov-AprI ------!~i~h-----tI . I ;High- Myatt I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Na------'I D !Frequent---!Long--- ! Jan-Dec 1 0-1.0 !ApparentIDec-Apr I ------:High-----!Moderate. Natalbany I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Oe, Or------'I C INone I ------j --- 1 --- 13.0-2.5;Perched IDec-AprI --- / --- I I I I I I :High-----!Moderate.I Olivier I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ou* : I I Ouachita------I C i~requent---/very j~an-~ecj>6.0 j --- j --- I --- ( --- !Moderate I Moderate. I I I I brief I I I I I I I I I I 1 to : I I I I I I I I I long. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ochlockonee--- I B !Frequent--- !Very I an-~ec/ 3.0-5.0IApparent /~ec-~~r/--- / --- ;L~~------IHigh. I I I brief I I I I I I I I I I I I I I to I I I I I I I 1 long. I I I I I I I I I ~~~t~~ ------I I D ~~requent---!very r an-~ec: 0-1.5j~erched /~ec-~ay:--- j --- !High-----I~igh. I brief I I I I I I I I to I I j long. I I I I I I Pa*: I I I Pits. I I I I I I I I I I I I Arents. I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I sa------I c :R~~~------;------11.5-3.0:Perched IDec-Apr ! --- I --- !~i~h-----!Moderate. I I I I I I I Satswna I I I I I I I I I I I I I Sp------l I I I D !None------: --- ! --- 10.5-2.O!APparentlDec-Aprj --- / --- I!High-----!Moderate. I I I I Springfield I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I St------I C !Rare------! --- / --- 11.0-1.5 !Perched Jan-Apr I ------I I I I !Moderate !High.I S tough I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ta------j C !None------j --- j --- jI 1.5-3.0 !Perched IDec-Apr/ --- I --- I I I I I I !Moderate !Moderate. Toula I I I I I I I I I I I I I ve------ID jRare ------i--- j--- 10.5-1.01PerchedI IDec-Aprl --- I --- ;~i~h-----I I I I I I I I I I !LOW.I Verdun I I I I I I I I I I I I I t * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. TABLE 18.--FERTILITY TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS C: (The symbol < means less than. Dashes indicate analyses not made. Analyses by the Soil Fertility Laboratory, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station)

2

I I I 1 I I I , I D I I I I Saturation I I !pH ~Organic~Extract-1Exchangeable cations !Total ~Effective~Cation-1 Base ;Sum of :Effective 2. 0) Soil name and IDepthlHori-1l:llmatter 1 able- 1 1 acid- !cation- ;exchange1 satura- :cation- 1 cation- zr I I I I sample number 1 1 zon IH Olcontentl phos- 1 I I I I 1 1 ity !exchange [capacity1 tion ;exchange;exchange r I I 121 1 phorus 1 Ca !Kg 1 K INa 1 A1 I H :capacity 1 (sum) 1 (sum) :capacity;capacity o I I I I I I 1111 I I I I I I I 1111 I I Na 1 A1 5. 1 E. I I j Ppm I------Milliequivalents/lOO grams of soil------; Pct j I Pct [I, is i I I I I I I I I I I = I = - I I I I I I 1111 I I - 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! !!I! !! ! ! ! ! ! [I, iiii Brimstpne silt iiii loam: ~0.510.010.01 (S86LA-63-35) 10.510.010.11 :1.210.0;0.5~ 12.210.111.31 14.110.112-81 14.610.114.41 1111 I I I I 1111 Bude silt loam: 2 (S86LA-63-25)

Cahaba fine sandy loam: (S86LA-63-19)

Calhouf silt loam:

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 18.--FERTILITY TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS--Continued

, I I I I I I I I I I 1 Saturation I I [pH ~~rganic/~xtract-jExchangeable cations !Total j~ffective!cation- 1 Base ;Sum of ;Effective Soil name and IDepthlHori-1l:llmatter able- 1 /acid-;cation- /exchangeIsatura-;cation- :cation- sample number 1 1 zon IH O~content~phos- 1 1111 ' ! ity !exchange 1 capacity 1 tion 1 exchange 1 exchange I 1 1 1 phorus 1 Ca IM~1 K INa 1 A1 j H 1 1 capacity 1 (sum) 1 (sum) [capacity!capacity ! .I .I I,,, I I I I ., I .. I I I I i I iiii i I I I i i lva i xl :In I I I------Milliequivalents/lOO grams of soil------Pct I Pct I j Pet j FJIJ I 1111 I I I I i"'i- I - 1- 1 I I 1 1111 I I I I

1111 I I I I I I I Encrow6silt I I I I I I I loam: 1 0-4 /A 14.7: 2.31 ) 21 1 3.7/1.210.110.11 2.3j0.5jl0.2 j 7.9 / 15.3 1 33.3 1 0.7 / 29.1 (586LA-63-33) 1 4-121Eg 19-61 0.90 1 18 1 2.410.810.010.11 3.410.61 7.2 1 7.3 1 10.5 1 31.4 1 1.0 1 46.6 112-271E/Bg 14.81 0.94 1 29 1 3.811.210.010.11 3.810.61 8.4 1 9.5 1 13.5 1 37.8 1 0.7 1 40.0 127-3612Btg114.81 0.50 1 66 1 6.512.210.110.31 7.610.4113.2 1 17.1 1 22.3 1 40.8 1 1.3 1 44.4 136-42!2Bto2!4.9! 0.10 ! 95 ! 8.7!2.9!0.2!0.4! 7.2!0.4!12.0 19.8 1 24.2 ! 50.4 ! 1.7 ! 36.4

Gilbert silt loam:' (S86LA-63-14)

. . i iiii I I I i 1111 I I Guyton7silt I I I I loam: <5 j 2.910.910.lj0.lj 0.610.4110.4 ! 5.0 / 14.4 (S86LA-63-16) <5 1 0.910.510.010.11 3.010.21 6.5 1 4.7 1 8.0 <5 1 0.4~0.7:0.110.1: 4.010.51 8.0 1 5.8 9.3 <5 1 0.410.910.110.21 6.810.0110.4 1 8.4 1 12.0 <5 1 1.0~1.9~0.1~0.5~10.3~0.5116.51 14.3 1 20.0 <5 1 1.512.210.210.51 8.110.6113.1 1 13.1 1 18.3 I Ill1 I I I I 1111 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1111 I I 1111 I I I I Myatt fine sandy I I loam: <5 j 1.30.6010.1 1.810.3111.4 \ 4.2 j 13.5 (S86LA-63-15)' <5 ~0.5~0.5:O.l~O.O~2.510.3: 7.4 1 3.9 1 E.5 <5 1 0.210.510.110.11 4.110.11 9.3 1 5.1 1 10.2 <5 10.010.510.110.2/ 5.510.0110.3 1 6.3 1 11.1 <5 10.410.910.110.31 6.210.2111.0 1 8.1 1 12.7 <5 1 0.711.210.110.41 5.810.2; 9.0 1 8.4 1 11.5

Ochlockonee sandy loam: (S86LA-63-27)

See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 18.--FERTILITY TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS--Continued

r 8 i I I I I ------. s 1 pH 1 Organic 1 Extract-! Exchangeable cations i~otalj~ffective !cation- : Base !sum of ;Effective Soil name and j~e~thj~ori-11:l ;matter 1 able- 1 ;acid-;cation- /exchangeisatura-;cation- [cation- sample number 1 1 zon 1~~01 content 1 phos- 1 ( I I : 1 ity ;exchange 1 capacity 1 tion ;exchange;exchange I !! I phorus 1 Ca i~gI K j~a/ A1 1 H 1 :capacity 1 (sum) j (sum) ;capacity;capacity ....I I I, 8 , i aa.. i WI.. ppm I IIII i i I I I ------Milliequivalents/lOO grams of soil------jPctiPct 1 Pet - Ill1 II I I I OIII I I I I I 1111 II I I 1111 I I I 1 I I Olivier silt 1111 II I I I

Olivie~silt loam: (S86LA-63-34)

I I i i I I II I I I I Ouachita silt j II loam: 1 0-5 IAPi j4.5; 1.25 Ii (S86LA-63-26) 1 5-121Bwl 14.31 0.63 1 112-32IBw2 14.41 0.63 !

I I II I Springfield silt] I I I I loam: 1 0-3 ;A 14.71 2.00 1 (s~~LA-63-29)1 3-101Egl 14.61 0.54 1 110-131Eg2 14.91 0.63 1 113-201Btg 15-01 0.68 1 120-311Btl 15.41 0.37 1 131-601Bt2 17.11 0.01 1 I I I I I I I I i iiii .I .I I I II I I II I II I I I I I I II I II See footnotes at end of table. Morphelogy." This Bude pedon is similar to the Bude series, but the organic matter content of the surface layer is slightly higher than allowed in the series range. This pedon is not considered a taxadjunct because this difference is within the normal error of observation. The sample site is 50 feet east of the representative pedon for the survey area. For location of the reprefentative pedon see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." This Calhoun pedon is located 0.25 miles east of Walker, 2,700 feet south of Interstate 12, about 5,100 feet east of Louisiana Highway 447, Spanish Land Grant sec. 6, T. 7 S., R. 4 E. This pedon is similar to the Calhoun series, but the exchangeable sodium percentage in the Btgnl and Btgn2 horizons is slightly higher than allowed in the series range. The pedon is no& considered a taxadjunct because this difference is within the normal error of observation. This Colyell pedon is located 3.0 miles northeast of Killian, 8,300 feet east of Louisiana Highway 22, about 3,200 feet south of the Tickfaw River, Spanish Land Grant sec. 39, T. 8 S., R. 7 E. This pedon is a taxadjunct to the Colyell series becauge the exchangeable sodium percentage at a depth of 30 to 50 inches is lower than allowed in the series range. This Colyell pedon is located 50 feet north of the representative pedon. This Encrow pedon is located 15 feet east of the typical pedon for the Encrow series. This Guyton pedon is located 1.25 miles southeast of Magnolia, 3,900 feet south of Louisiana Highway 442, about 4,300 feet west of Louisiana Highway 1036, sec. 4, T. 6 S., R. 5 E. This Guyton pedon is a taxadjunct to the Guyton series because the b~sesaturation at a depth of 50 inches below the top of the argillic horizon is slightly less than 35 percent. This Olivier pedon is located 0.5 miles north of French Settlement, 1,600 feet north of Louisiana Highway 444, about 300 feet east of Louisiana Highway 16, sec. 41, T. 8 S., R. 4 E. This pedon is a taxadjunct to the Olivier series because the base saturation at a depth of 30 inches below the top of the fragipan is slightly less than 35 percent.

TABLE 19.--PHYSICAL TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS--Continued r -.< I I I I I 3 I I I Particle-size distribution Water I Bulk LO I I I , , I I Sand I content I density 2 0 Soil name and IHori-!Depth; Very I 1Medium)Fine ) 1 Silt 1 I I 3 sample number 1 zon 1 ;coarse 1 Coarse 1(0.5- 1 (0.25-;Very fine1 (0.25-1 Clay 11/3 1 15 1 Water 1 I I Field 71 I I 1(2.0-1.01 (1.0-0.51 0.25 ) 0.1 i(0.1-0.05;0.002 ) (0.0021bar lhar Ireten- ;Air- [Oven- 1 mois- I I mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) mm) 1 tion dry dry 1 ture %. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 In 1 In I------pet------I-----Pct(wt)-----I 31 , 1 3- I I- I I I I- I I I 3 I 1- Ig/cm ;g/cm- 1 g/cm I- I I I I I I I I I I I I 1-1- I -- 0 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C. I I I I cn. Springfield silt I I i m loam: !A / 0-5 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 0.6 j 2.5 / 8.3 / 74.3 114.3 /29.2112.5: 16.7 / 1.32: 1.34 11.25 m3 (S85LA-63-21 1Egl 15-18! 0.0 1 0.6 1 0.3 j 0.8 1 6.7 166.9 124.7 128.4115.01 13.4 11.491 1.51 11.42 IEg2 118-231 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.2 0.6 1 5.6 169.2 123.7 128.4113.31 15.1 11.51: 1.52 11.43 1Etgl 123-381 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.5 1 3.4 1 49.4 1 46.4 134.8122.81 12.0 1 1-77: 1.82 1 1.47 IBtg2 138-441 0.1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.8 1 5.0 1 59.9 1 33.8 130.0120.41 9.6 1 1.87; 1.90 1 1.70 1Btl 144-571 0.1 1 0.2 1 0.3 1 0.9 1 5.1 1 64.6 1 28.8 127.9118.41 9.5 1 1.781 1.80 1 1.69 1Bt2 157-721 0.2 1 0.3 1 0.3 1 0.9) 4.8 165.5 128.0 127.0117.61 9.4 11-77; 1.78) 1.67 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Toula silt loam:4 :A 10-6 / 0.9 j 1.5 2.1 / 2.5 j 4.8 / 79.9 / 8.3 j22.4; 6.9: 15.5 ! 1-35: 1.36 / 1.32 (S85LA-63-61 1Btl 16-11: 0.8 1 0.9 1 0.8 1 1.0 1 3.2 173.1 120.2 123.21 8.51 14.7 1 1-69! 1.71 1 1.64 IBt2 111-251 0.5 1 0.4 1 0.4 1 0.5 1 1.8 1 66.5 1 29.9 126.5111.11 15.4 1 1.671 1.68 1 1.66 1Bt3 125-311 0.6 1 3.9 1 0.3 1 0.6 1 2.5 1 67.5 1 24.6 124.91 9.81 15.1 1 1-66! 1.67 1 1.59 1Btxl 131-361 0.7 1 5.0 1 0.5 1 1.1 1 3.5 1 68.7 1 20.5 125.81 8.61 17.2 1 1.681 1.70 1 1.67 12Btx2136-491 0.3 1 8.0 1 0.61 1.11 5.5 164.2120.3123.818.11 15.711.7911.7911.78 12~tx3149-651 0.5 1 3.1 1 0.4 1 1.3 1 7.4 169.4 117.9 123.21 8.11 15.1 11.791 1.80 11.76 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Verdun silt loam:4 /A / 0-4 j 0.7 j 3.5 7.4 / 2.7 / 2.5 1 73.1 / 10.1 / ---/ ---I I --- / 1.281 1.29 1 1.24 (S85LA-63-51 ;E/Bg 1 4-12; 1.0 1 3.5 1 5.9 1 1.6 1 1.6 1 72.6 ) 13.8 1 ---I ---I --- 1 1.651 1.85 1 1.57 [Btng 112-221 0.3 1 2.0 1 4.9 1 1.4 1 1.5 1 65.7 1 24.2 1 ---I ---I --- 1 1.821 1.85 1 1.59 1Btn 122-311 0.4 1 1.8 1 3.8 1 0.9 1 0.3 1 58.2 1 34.6 1 ---I ---I I --- 1 1.811 1.84 1 1.66 1BCnl 131-451 0.3 1 2.5 1 5.8 1 1.1 1 1.3 1 66.2 1 22.8 ---I ---I I --- 1 1.831 1.85 1 1.69 lBCn2145-601 0.5 1 4.7 (10.01 1.81 1.7 158.7122.61---I : ---I --- 1 1.831 1.88 1 1.77 jCnk 160-701 0.6 1 4.5 1 10.2 1 1.8 1 1.8 1 58.9 1 22.2 1 ---I ---I --- 'I 1.851 1.88 1 1.75 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Verdun silt /A 1 0-8 / 0.3 0.6 / 3.7 15.3 8.6 / 67.5 / 4.0 ------1 1.471 1.47 1 1.43 (S85LA-63-41 IE~ 18-18; 0.0 1 0.1 1 1.6110.71 5.8 173.71 8.11---I---' I --- 1 1.741 1.75 1 1.71 IE/B 118-261 0.0 1 0.1 1 1.4 1 9.7 1 5.6 1 70.2 1 13.0 1 ---I ---I --- 1 1.651 1.66 1 1.60 ;B/E 126-341 0.3 1 0.3 1 1.31 8.41 5.0 163.7121.01---;---I ---11.7611.8111.60 1Btnl 134-521 0.3 1 0.3 1 1.3 1 8.3 1 5.0 1 62.4 1 22.4 1 ---I I ---I --- ) 1.811 1.85 1 1.68 iBtn2 152-641 0.3 1 0.3 1 1.3 1 9.5 1 5.3 1 61.8 1 21.5 1 ---I ---I 1 --- 1 1.861 1.88 1 1.71 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Typical pedon for the series. For the description and location see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." Sample site is 1.75 miles southeast of Watson, 0.25 miles north of Louisiana Highway 1024, about 0.66 miles west of Molar3Creek, sec. 32, T. 5 S., R. 3 E. Sample site is 2.8 miles southeast of Frost, 4,500 feet south of Gum Swamp, 900 feet east of Indian Camp Ridge, 100 feet tast of dirt road, sec. 3, T. 8 S., R. 5 E. Typical pedon for the survey area. For the description and location see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." This Verdun pedon is a taxadjunct to the Verdun series because the reaction of the A horizon is lower than allowed in the series range. Also, the family mineralogy class is siliceous rather than mixed. The sample site is 2.0 miles east of Frost, 400 feet west of Gum Swamp, 32 feet east of Greasy Branch, sec. 28, T. 7 S., R. 5 E. TABLE 20.--CHEMICAL TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS (Dashes indicate analyses not made. The symbol < means less than)

I 1 I I I PH I I I I I I j Extractable j Ex- j~ation-j ase el j I 1 Ex- 1 Ex- 1 Ex- j Soil name and IHori- !Depth 1 cations 1 tract- 1 exchange 1 satura- 1 Organic 1-1 tract- 1 tract-!tract-! Extractable sample number 1 zon 1 I I I 1 able ;capacity; tion !matter 11:111:11 1:2 1 able 1 able 1 able 1 phosphorus I I / Ca 1 Mg 1I K INaI Ilacid- 1 NH40Ac I IH O1KCljCaCl2( iron lalumi-;hydro-; I I I I I ,ity 1 I2! I I 1 nwn 1 gen !Bray 1;Bray 2 I 9-;---;pet I------pet------/ In ;----Meq/100, , =I 1 1 j = j--Meq/?OOg---I-----+----- I I I- I 7 I I I I I 111 I I I I 1 I I I I ! ! I I .I!: . . I I I 1... I I I I I I I Ill I I I I Colyell silt I I I Ill I I I loam: /A 1 0-3 j 3.9j 0.210.110.21 17.4 14.613.81 4.0 1 (S86LA-63-38) IE 1 3-8 1 0.61 0.110.010.11 7.8 14.913.71 4.0 1 IEB 1 6-12! 0.71 0.210.110.21 10.8 14.713.51 3.9 1 12B/E 112-151 2.51 4.610.210.71 18.6 15.013.51 4.1 1 12Btl 115-231 2.11 3.010.211.21 21.0 15.013.51 4.2 1 12Bt2 123-391 4.11 9.010.211.71 7.8 15.113.71 4.5 1 13Btn1139-481 5.7115.310.113.31 4.8 15.414.51 5.1 1 13Btn2148-601 5.9111.610.1!3.31 4.2 15.814.81 5.9 1 I 1 I I I I I 111 I I I Ill I I I I I Ill Ill I I I I Ill I Ill I Encrow2silt I I I I IIII I I I I I I loam: !A 1 0-4 1 1.71 0.510.110.1.1 10.8 14.713.61 3.9 1 (S86LA-63-39) IEg 1 4-12: 0.51 0.410.110.01 8.4 14.613.51 3.8 1 IE/Btg112-271 2.01 0.910.110.11 7.8 14.713.51 4.0 1 12Etg1127-361 3.71 1.010.110.11 10.2 14.113.41 3.9 1 12Btg2136-421 9.71 0.510.210.51 17.4 14.313.41 3.9 1 12Btg3142-48112.51 0.610.310.71 12.6 14.413.41 3.9 1 jZBCng148-60115.81 0.710.111.71 10.5 14.413.41 4.1 1 I I I I 111 I I 1 1 I I I 111 I Ill Ill I I I I I Ill I I I I I I I I Natalbany silty ' I I 111 I clay loam: /A j0-5j6.6j3.410.210.5115.6j j4.7j3.5j 4.3 j (S85LA-63-3) I~tgl1 5-17; 6.61 3.410.210.51 18.2 1 14.613.31 4.1 1 IBtg2 117-321 9.21 4.410.310.91 23.0 1 14.513.31 4.1 1 jBtg3 132-42113.21 5.710.311.11 18.0 1 14.413.31 4.1 1 ,BCa 142-6OI17.21 7.1!0.3!1.3! 12.2 1 14.513.41 4.4 1 16.715.51 4.6 1 Ill I i iii I I I I I 111 Ill I I I I Ill I I I I 111 I Satsum3 silt 111 loam: :A / 0-5 0.810.110.31 j5.oi4.oi 4.3 j (S86LA-63-40) IBw 1 5-10 0.510.010.9 1 15.313.81 4.0 1 (B/E 110-15 3.510.110.91 15.113.51 4.0 1 1Btl 115-29 5.610.111.81 15.213.6; 4.1 1 12Bt2 129-41 5.810.112.21 15.413.61 4.4 1 12Btnx141-56 3.510.011.21 15.413.91 4.4 1 12BCn 156-65 2.610.010.61 15.413.91 4.4 1 I I 111 Ill I Ill 111 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 20.--CHEMICAL TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS--Continued C: 5.

See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 20.--CHEMICAL TEST DATA FOR SELECTED SOILS--Continued

I i ~n I / ! Extractable / Ex- :Cation- j ~ase' ! / Ex- j Ex- 1 Ex- j Soil name and [Hori-;Depth; cations 1 tract- Iexchange!satura-;Organic 1-1 tract-; tract-! tract-! Extractable I I sample number 1 zon 1 I 1 1 able ;capacity[ tion ;matterI 11:111:11 1:2 1 able 1 able 1 able 1 phosphorus I 1 Ca 1 Mg 1 K 1Na lacid- 1 NH40Ac IH OIKCl jCaC12 1 iron ialumi-;hydro-; I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 ity 1 I i21 I 1 num 1 gen !Bray 1;Bray 2 I j 2 1----Meq/lOOg-----I Pct I------pet------:=I 1 1 j Pet j--Meq/100, 4---j-----p+,----- I I -1 I- I Ill I Ill I I I I ! ! ! ! ...I!! I 7 ...,I, I I I I III I I I III I I I i i 111 I I I Verdun6silt I I I III loam: /A 10-8 11.41 0.610.111.81 9.0 j 8.1 1 48.1 / 1.39 14.213.51 3.9 / 0.1 / 1.7 / 0.5 / <1 / 4

To calculate percent base saturation by sum of cations, divide the sum of extractable bases by the sum of extractable acidi y multiplied by 100. 1 Typicil pedon for the series. For the description and location see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology.'' The sample site is 1.75 miles southeast of Watson, 0.25 miles north of Louisiana Highway 1024, about 0.66 miles west of Molar4Creek, sec. 32, T. 5 S., R. 3 E. The sample site is 2.8 miles southeast of Frost, 4,500 feet south of Gum Swamp, 900 feet east of Indian Camp Ridge, 100 feet east gf dirt road, sec. 3, T. 8 S., R. 5 E. Typical pedon for the survey area. For the description and location see the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." This Verdun pedon is a taxadjunct to the Verdun series because the reaction of the A horizon is lower than allowed in the series range. Also, the family mineralogy class is siliceous rather than mixed. The sample site is 2.0 miles east of Fros,t, 400 feet west of Gum Swamp, 32 feet east of Greasy Branch, sec. 28, T. 7 S., R. 5 E. Livingston Parish, Louisiana

TABLE 21.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS

(An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series)

i Soil name I Family or higher taxonomic class I

1 bit^------) Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Glossaquic Paleudalfs ~~~~~t~------Aquents *rentS------I Arents B~~~~~Y------I Very fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Typic Hydraquents XB~~~S~O~~------I Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Glossic Natraqualfs *~~d~------Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Glossaquic Fragiudalfs cahaba------f Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults ca1houn------Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs colyell------I Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs ~~~=f~~d------Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Albic Glossic Natraqualfs ~~~t~~------( Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs E~~~~~------Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs ~ilb~~t------I Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs GUY~O~------Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs M~~~~P~S------I Euic, thermic Typic Medisaprists ~~~tt------I Fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Ochraquults Natalbany------f Fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Vertic Ochraqualfs ~~hl~~k~~~~------Coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic Typic Udifluvents 0livier------Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Aquic Fragiudalfs ouachita------I Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts satswna------Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Glossaquic Hapludalfs springfield------I Fine, mixed, thermic Aeric Albaqualfs stough------Coarse-loamy, siliceous, thermic Fragiaquic Paleudults TO^^^------I Fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Fragiudults *verdun------Fine-silty, mixed, thermic Glossic Natraqualfs Accessibility Statement

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