Techniques for Sampling Fungi Involved in Gardening
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Insect Ecology-An Ecosystem Approach
FM-P088772.qxd 1/24/06 11:11 AM Page xi PREFACE his second edition provides an updated and expanded synthesis of feedbacks and interactions between insects and their environment. A number of recent studies have T advanced understanding of feedbacks or provided useful examples of principles. Mo- lecular methods have provided new tools for addressing dispersal and interactions among organisms and have clarified mechanisms of feedback between insect effects on, and responses to, environmental changes. Recent studies of factors controlling energy and nutri- ent fluxes have advanced understanding and prediction of interactions among organisms and abiotic nutrient pools. The traditional focus of insect ecology has provided valuable examples of adaptation to environmental conditions and evolution of interactions with other organisms. By contrast, research at the ecosystem level in the last 3 decades has addressed the integral role of her- bivores and detritivores in shaping ecosystem conditions and contributing to energy and matter fluxes that influence global processes. This text is intended to provide a modern per- spective of insect ecology that integrates these two traditions to approach the study of insect adaptations from an ecosystem context. This integration substantially broadens the scope of insect ecology and contributes to prediction and resolution of the effects of current envi- ronmental changes as these affect and are affected by insects. This text demonstrates how evolutionary and ecosystem approaches complement each other, and is intended to stimulate further integration of these approaches in experiments that address insect roles in ecosystems. Both approaches are necessary to understand and predict the consequences of environmental changes, including anthropogenic changes, for insects and their contributions to ecosystem structure and processes (such as primary pro- ductivity, biogeochemical cycling, carbon flux, and community dynamics). -
Fungi-Insect Symbiosis Laboulbeniomycetes
Important Dates zDecember 6th – Last lecture. zDecember 12th – Study session at 2:30? Where? Fungi-Insect zDecember 13th – Final Exam: 12:00-2:00 Symbiosis Fungi-Insect Symbiosis Fungi-Insect Symbiosis zMany examples of fungi-insect zMany examples of fungi-insect symbiosis. symbiosis (continue). zCover the following examples zInsects that cultivate fungi: Laboulbeniomycetes – Class of Attine Ants Ascomycota. Mostly on insects. Septobasidium –Genus of Mound Building Termites Basidiomycota Ambrosia Beetles Laboulbeniomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes zAscocarps occur on very specific zVery poorly known example. localities in some species: zRelationship between fungi and insects unclear. One species parasitic? Species of this fungus probably occurs on all insects Fungus is a member of Ascomycota zRickia dendroiuli Only found on forelegs of millipedes 1 Rickia dendroiuli Rickia dendroiuli Mature ascocarp zLow magnification showing three ascocarps zHigh magnification showing two ascocarps, as seen through the microscope. left is mature Laboulbeniomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes zIn some species specific localities zVariations were based on mating habit misleading. For example: of insects involved. In some insects, “species A” may have ascocarps arising only on front, upper pair of legs of males However, “Species A” have ascocarps arising only on the back, lower pair of legs of females of same insect species. Peyritschiella protea Peyritschiella protea zAscocarps not zHigh magnification always in specific of ascocarps and localities. ascospores. ascocarps and ascospores 2 Stigmatomyces majewski Stigmatomyces majewskii zLow and high z Ascocarps occur magnification mostly on of ascocarps. segment. zNote one on wing. Laboulbenia cristata Laboulbenia cristata zAscocarps occur on zHigh magnification middle segment of ascocarp with legs. ascospores. SeptobasidiuSeptobasidiumm SeptobasidiuSeptobasidiumm zGenus of Basidiomycota that forms a zMore examples: symbiotic relationship with scale insects. -
Interactions Between Southern Pine Beetle, Mites, Microbes, and Trees Kier D
From Attack to Emergence: Interactions between Southern Pine Beetle, Mites, Microbes, and Trees Kier D. Klepzig1 and Richard W. Hofstetter2 9 1 Assistant Director-Research, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, 28804 2Assistant Professor, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5018 Abstract Bark beetles are among the most ecologically and economically influential organisms in forest ecosystems worldwide. These important organisms are consistently associated in complex symbioses with fungi. Despite this, little is known of the net impacts of the fungi on their vectors, and mites are often completely overlooked. In this chapter, we will describe interactions involving the southern pine beetle (SPB), among the most economically damaging of North American forest insects. We examine SPB interactions with mites, fungi, and other microbes, following the natural temporal progression from beetle attack to offspring emergence from trees. Associations with fungi are universal within bark beetles. Many beetle species possess specialized structures, termed mycangia, for the transport of fungi. The SPB consistently carries three main Keywords fungi and numerous mites into the trees it attacks. One fungus, Ophiostoma minus, is carried phoretically on the SPB exoskeleton and by phoretic mites. actinomycetes symbiosis The mycangium of each female SPB may contain a pure culture of either Dendroctonus frontalis Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus or Entomocorticium sp. A. The mycangial fungi Ceratocystiopsis are, by definition, transferred in a specific fashion. The SPB possesses two types Entomocorticiun of gland cells associated with the mycangium. The role of these cells and their mycangium products remains unknown. Preliminary studies have observed yeast-like fungal Ophiostoma minus, spores in the mycangium and several surrounding tubes that presumably carry secreted chemicals from gland cells (or bacteria) to the mycangium. -
Co-Adaptations Between Ceratocystidaceae Ambrosia Fungi and the Mycangia of Their Associated Ambrosia Beetles
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles Chase Gabriel Mayers Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Developmental Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Mayers, Chase Gabriel, "Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16731. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16731 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles by Chase Gabriel Mayers A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Microbiology Program of Study Committee: Thomas C. Harrington, Major Professor Mark L. Gleason Larry J. Halverson Dennis V. Lavrov John D. Nason The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2018 Copyright © Chase Gabriel Mayers, 2018. -
Xylosandrus Compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae - Black Twig Borer) Is a Highly Polyphagous Pest of Woody Plants Which Has Recently Been Reported from Italy and France
EPPO, 2020 Mini data sheet on Xylosandrus compactus Added to the EPPO Alert List in 2017 – Deleted in 2020 Reasons for deletion: Xylosandrus compactus and its associated fungi have been included in EPPO Alert List for more than 3 years and during this period no particular international action was requested by the EPPO member countries. In 2020, the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations agreed that it could be deleted, considering that sufficient alert has been given. Why: Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae - black twig borer) is a highly polyphagous pest of woody plants which has recently been reported from Italy and France. It probably originates from Asia and has been introduced to other parts of the world, most probably with trade of plants and wood. In parts of Italy (Lazio), serious damage has recently been observed on Mediterranean maquis plants in a natural environment. As this pest might also present a risk to many woody plants in nurseries, plantations, orchards, parks and gardens, scientists who had observed this outbreak in Lazio recommended that X. compactus should be added to the EPPO Alert List. Where: X. compactus is widely distributed in Africa, Asia and South America. It has been introduced in the Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Southeastern USA, and more recently in Europe in Italy and Southern France. X. compactus is thought to originate from East Asia. EPPO region: Italy (first found in 2011 - Campania, Lazio, Liguria, Sicilia and Toscana), France (first found in 2016 - Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur region), Greece (first found in 2019), Spain (Baleares only). Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Congo (Democratic Republic of), Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe. -
The Mystery of the Lesser Stag Beetle Dorcus Parallelipipedus (L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Mycangium Yeasts by Masahiko Tanahashi 1 and Maria Fremlin *2
146 Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society The mystery of the lesser stag beetle Dorcus parallelipipedus (L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) mycangium yeasts by Masahiko Tanahashi 1 and Maria Fremlin *2 1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Central 6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, J apan 2 25 Ireton Rd, Colch ester, Essex, CO3 3AT, UK - E-mail: [email protected] (Correspondence) Introduction The mycangium is a microbe-storage organ present in several wood-feeding invertebrates; for example, it has been known for some time that bark and ambrosia beetles, and even leaf-roller weevils carry symbiotic fungi in special structures on their bodies (Beaver, 1989; Kobayashi et al , 2008). However, this organ has only been discovered recently in stag beetles (Tanahashi et al. , 2010) and in a certain lizard beetle ( Toki et al ., 2012 ), probably because it is not an external structure. In their case, the mycangium is an ovipositor- associated organ, that is, an exoskeletal organ normally folded and hidden under the last tergal plate of the female’s abdomen. Remarkably, this organ is clearly represented, albeit without a description, in Franciscolo’s drawings of the dorsal view of the female reproductive system for a couple of Lucanidae species: Lucanus cervus and L. tetraodon (1997). However, he opted for ventral views of all the other species, including Dorcus parallelipipedus , in which case the mycangium is obscured by the reproductive organs. Since the author is no longer alive and the book is currently out of print, we reproduce below one of his diagrams with the mycangium marked by us (Figure 1). -
1985: Insects and Diseases of Southern Forests Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons Forestry Symposia School of Renewable Natural Resources 1985 1985: Insects and Diseases of Southern Forests Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agrnr_symposia Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, "1985: Insects and Diseases of Southern Forests" (1985). Forestry Symposia. 33. http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/agrnr_symposia/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Renewable Natural Resources at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Forestry Symposia by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 34th Annual Forestry Sym posium 1 9 8 5 INSECTS AND DISEASES OF FORESTSS O U T H E R N SCHOOL OF FORESTRY WILDLIFE, AND FISHE R IE S lOUISIANA EXPERIMENTAGRICULTURAL STATION LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL CENTER 34th Annual Forestry Symposium 1985 INSECTS AND DISEASES OF SOUTHERN FORESTS EDITED BY RICHARD A. GOYER Professor of Entomology and JOHN P. JONES Associate Professor of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology Published through the academic direction of SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, WILDLIFE, AND FISHERIES LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL CENTER In cooperation with LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL CENTER TABLE OF CONTENTS Page iii John P. Jones Acknowledgments................ iv SESSION I How Insect and Disease Problems Manifest Themselves in the Landscape and Urban Forestry Industry............... 2 Managing Forest Insect and Disease Losses............... 5 Impact of Insects and Diseases on Large Industrial 8 and Stephen W. Coleman Recent Advances in Insect Control 16 Nursing Diseases - Outplanting Survival as Affected by 24 SESSION II A Decision Support System for 35 Michael C. -
Wood Decay Fungus Flavodon Ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) Is Widely Farmed by Two Genera of Ambrosia Beetles
fungal biology 121 (2017) 984e989 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funbio Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles You LIa, Craig Christopher BATEMANb, James SKELTONa, Michelle Alice JUSINOc, Zachary John NOLENa, David Rabern SIMMONSd, Jiri HULCRa,b,* aSchool of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA bDepartment of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA cUnited States Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, WI, USA dDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA article info abstract Article history: The ambrosia fungus Flavodon ambrosius is the primary nutritional mutualist of ambrosia Received 18 April 2017 beetles Ambrosiodmus and Ambrosiophilus in North America. F. ambrosius is the only known Received in revised form ambrosial basidiomycete, unique in its efficient lignocellulose degradation. F. ambrosius is 1 August 2017 associated with both native American beetle species and species introduced from Asia. It re- Accepted 18 August 2017 mains unknown whether F. ambrosius is strictly a North American fungus, or whether it is Available online 26 August 2017 also associated with these ambrosia beetle genera on other continents. We isolated fungi Corresponding Editor: from the mycangia and galleries of ambrosia beetles Ambrosiodmus rubricollis, Ambrosiodmus Alga Zuccaro minor, Ambrosiophilus atratus, and Ambrosiophilus subnepotulus in China, South Korea, and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that all Asian and North American isolates repre- Keywords: sent a single haplotype. These results confirm Flavodon ambrosius as the exclusive mutualis- Ambrosia beetle tic fungus of multiple Ambrosiodmus and Ambrosiophilus beetle species around the world, Ambrosiodmus making it the most widespread known ambrosia fungus species, both geographically and Ambrosiophilus in terms of the number of beetle species. -
Efficacy of Traps, Lures, and Repellents for Xylosandrus
SAMPLING Efficacy of Traps, Lures, and Repellents for Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Other Ambrosia Beetles on Coffea arabica Plantations and Acacia koa Nurseries in Hawaii E. G. BURBANO,1,2 M. G. WRIGHT,1 N. E. GILLETTE,3 S. MORI,3 N. DUDLEY,4 T. JONES,4 4 AND M. KAUFMANN Environ. Entomol. 41(1): 133Ð140 (2012); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN11112 ABSTRACT The black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a pest of coffee and many endemic Hawaiian plants. Traps baited with chemical attractants commonly are used to capture ambrosia beetles for purposes of monitoring, studying population dynamics, predicting outbreaks, and mass trapping to reduce damage. The objectives of this research were to optimize trapping systems for X. compactus and other ambrosia beetles such as Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) by comparing efÞcacy of several attractants, repellents, and trap types. The ability of certain chemicals to act as beetle repellents and thus interfere with trap catch was tested for purposes of protecting host plants from attack. Potential attractants and application methods tested were as follows: ethyl alcohol pouch delivery system, ethyl alcohol vial delivery system, ␣-pinene in Eppendorf tubes, eugenol bubblecaps, ginger oil bubblecaps, manuka oil bubblecaps, phoebe oil bubblecaps, and an unbaited control. Potential repellents tested were limonene and verbenone. Ethyl alcohol vials were as attractive as ethyl alcohol sleeves, and were more effective than traps baited with eugenol and ␣-pinene. Japanese beetle traps were more effective for black twig borer trapping than Lindgren funnel traps, and were easier to deploy. -
Utilization of the Nutrients in the Soluble and Insoluble Fractions of Fungal Mycelium by Larvae of the Stag Beetle, Dorcus Rectus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)
Eur. J. Entomol. 110(4): 611–615, 2013 http://www.eje.cz/pdfs/110/4/611 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Utilization of the nutrients in the soluble and insoluble fractions of fungal mycelium by larvae of the stag beetle, Dorcus rectus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) 1 2 MASAHIKO TANAHASHI and KÔHEI KUBOTA 1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Dorcus rectus, saproxylophagous insects, fungal cell wall, chitin, digestion, symbiotic microorganisms, Bjerkandera adusta mycelium Abstract. Larvae of the stag beetle, Dorcus rectus, feed on decaying wood, which they digest with the aid of symbiotic yeasts; how- ever, they can be successfully reared on artificial diets containing only fungal tissue. In this study we tested whether D. rectus larvae can utilize fungal cell walls, which are an insoluble component of mycelium. Lyophilized Bjerkandera adusta mycelium cultured in potato-dextrose liquid medium consisted of a 47.6% hot-water insoluble fraction by mass, which contains 53.7% of the total nitrogen in the mycelium. D. rectus larvae that hatched from surface-sterilized eggs were reared for 14 days on agar-based diets containing either the soluble fraction, insoluble fraction or both, extracted from 100 mg of mycelium. The larvae increased in mass most on the mixed diet, and there was no difference in their growth on the mixed and positive control diets. -
Li Etal Flavodon 2017
Accepted Manuscript Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles You Li, Craig C. Bateman, James Skelton, Michelle A. Jusino, Zachary J. Nolen, D. Rabern Simmons, Jiri Hulcr PII: S1878-6146(17)30107-1 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004 Reference: FUNBIO 839 To appear in: Fungal Biology Received Date: 18 April 2017 Revised Date: 1 August 2017 Accepted Date: 18 August 2017 Please cite this article as: Li, Y., Bateman, C.C., Skelton, J., Jusino, M.A., Nolen, Z.J., Simmons, D.R., Hulcr, J., Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles, Fungal Biology (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.004. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Wood decay fungus Flavodon ambrosius (Basidiomycota: Polyporales) is widely farmed by two genera of ambrosia beetles You Li a, Craig C. Bateman b, James Skelton a, Michelle A. Jusino c, Zachary J. Nolen a, D. Rabern Simmons d, Jiri Hulcr a, b, * a School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA b Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA c United States Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA d Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA MANUSCRIPT * Corresponding author. -
The Ambrosia Symbiosis Is Specific in Some Species and Promiscuous in Others: Evidence from Community Pyrosequencing
The ISME Journal (2015) 9, 126–138 & 2015 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/15 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE The ambrosia symbiosis is specific in some species and promiscuous in others: evidence from community pyrosequencing Martin Kostovcik1,2,3, Craig C Bateman4, Miroslav Kolarik3,5, Lukasz L Stelinski6, Bjarte H Jordal7 and Jiri Hulcr1,4 1School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 2Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic; 3Institute of Microbiology AS CR, Praha 4, Czech Republic; 4Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 5Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic; 6Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA and 7Natural History Museum, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Symbioses are increasingly seen as dynamic ecosystems with multiple associates and varying fidelity. Symbiont specificity remains elusive in one of the most ecologically successful and economically damaging eukaryotic symbioses: the ambrosia symbiosis of wood-boring beetles and fungi. We used multiplexed pyrosequencing of amplified internal transcribed spacer II (ITS2) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) libraries to document the communities of fungal associates and symbionts inside the mycangia (fungus transfer organ) of three ambrosia beetle species, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus and Xylosandrus crassiusculus. We processed 93 beetle samples from 5 locations across Florida, including reference communities. Fungal communities within mycangia included 14–20 fungus species, many more than reported by culture-based studies.