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Co-Adaptations Between Ceratocystidaceae Ambrosia Fungi and the Mycangia of Their Associated Ambrosia Beetles

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Co-Adaptations Between Ceratocystidaceae Ambrosia Fungi and the Mycangia of Their Associated Ambrosia Beetles Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles Chase Gabriel Mayers Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Developmental Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Mayers, Chase Gabriel, "Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16731. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16731 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles by Chase Gabriel Mayers A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Microbiology Program of Study Committee: Thomas C. Harrington, Major Professor Mark L. Gleason Larry J. Halverson Dennis V. Lavrov John D. Nason The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2018 Copyright © Chase Gabriel Mayers, 2018. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION Dedicated to those that came before me, who achieved a sort of immortality through their study of the ambrosia symbiosis, just as the Greek gods of legend derived immortality from their ambrosia. Many of the taxa proposed herein are named in their honor. Also dedicated to those who should follow me, and continue to build upon history. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................ 1 Dissertation Organization .............................................................................................. 1 Section 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Section 2. Early History ................................................................................................. 3 Section 3. The ambrosia symbiosis ............................................................................... 5 Ecology ..................................................................................................................... 5 Insect agriculture ................................................................................................. 5 An obligate symbiosis ......................................................................................... 8 Evolution ................................................................................................................ 10 Origins of the ambrosia symbiosis .................................................................... 10 Defining ambrosia fungi ......................................................................................... 12 Section 4. Mycangia .................................................................................................... 14 Non-glandular mycangia ........................................................................................ 18 Glandular mycangia ............................................................................................... 18 Pronotal pit mycangia ....................................................................................... 18 Oral mycangia ................................................................................................... 19 Elytral mycangia ............................................................................................... 20 Mesonotal pouch mycangia .............................................................................. 20 Subcoxal mycangia ........................................................................................... 22 Prothoracic coil mycangia ................................................................................. 22 Prothoracic pleural mycangia ............................................................................ 22 Prothoracic basin mycangia .............................................................................. 23 Pronotal disk mycangia ..................................................................................... 24 Mycangia with unconfirmed glandular nature ....................................................... 24 Section 5. Ambrosia fungi ........................................................................................... 25 Raffaelea ................................................................................................................. 25 Ambrosiella ............................................................................................................ 27 Other ambrosia fungi .............................................................................................. 28 Section 6. Gaps in understanding ................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 2. THREE LINEAGES IN THE CERATOCYSTIDACEAE ARE THE RESPECTIVE SYMBIONTS OF THREE INDEPENDENT LINEAGES OF AMBROSIA BEETLES WITH LARGE, COMPLEX MYCANGIA ............................. 31 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 31 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 32 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 36 Beetle collection and fungal isolation .................................................................... 36 DNA extraction and sequencing............................................................................. 37 iv ITS barcoding ......................................................................................................... 38 Phylogenetic analysis ............................................................................................. 39 Species descriptions ............................................................................................... 40 Results ......................................................................................................................... 41 Beetle associations ................................................................................................. 41 Xyleborini ......................................................................................................... 41 Corthylini .......................................................................................................... 47 Xyloterini .......................................................................................................... 47 Phylogenetic analysis ............................................................................................. 48 Taxonomy ............................................................................................................... 51 Uncertain or excluded species of Phialophoropsis ........................................... 63 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 64 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 71 Tables ........................................................................................................................... 72 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 73 CHAPTER 3. FIRST REPORT OF A SEXUAL STATE IN AN AMBROSIA FUNGUS: AMBROSIELLA CLEISTOMINUTA SP. NOV. ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMBROSIA BEETLE ANISANDRUS MAICHE .................................................... 82 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 82 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 83 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 84 Beetle collection ..................................................................................................... 84 Mycangia ................................................................................................................ 85 Fungal isolations..................................................................................................... 85 Hyphal tip and single spore cultures ...................................................................... 86 Artificially-infested stem segments .......................................................................
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