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Efficacy of Traps, Lures, and Repellents for Xylosandrus

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Efficacy of Traps, Lures, and Repellents for Xylosandrus SAMPLING Efficacy of Traps, Lures, and Repellents for Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Other Ambrosia Beetles on Coffea arabica Plantations and Acacia koa Nurseries in Hawaii E. G. BURBANO,1,2 M. G. WRIGHT,1 N. E. GILLETTE,3 S. MORI,3 N. DUDLEY,4 T. JONES,4 4 AND M. KAUFMANN Environ. Entomol. 41(1): 133Ð140 (2012); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN11112 ABSTRACT The black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is a pest of coffee and many endemic Hawaiian plants. Traps baited with chemical attractants commonly are used to capture ambrosia beetles for purposes of monitoring, studying population dynamics, predicting outbreaks, and mass trapping to reduce damage. The objectives of this research were to optimize trapping systems for X. compactus and other ambrosia beetles such as Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) by comparing efÞcacy of several attractants, repellents, and trap types. The ability of certain chemicals to act as beetle repellents and thus interfere with trap catch was tested for purposes of protecting host plants from attack. Potential attractants and application methods tested were as follows: ethyl alcohol pouch delivery system, ethyl alcohol vial delivery system, ␣-pinene in Eppendorf tubes, eugenol bubblecaps, ginger oil bubblecaps, manuka oil bubblecaps, phoebe oil bubblecaps, and an unbaited control. Potential repellents tested were limonene and verbenone. Ethyl alcohol vials were as attractive as ethyl alcohol sleeves, and were more effective than traps baited with eugenol and ␣-pinene. Japanese beetle traps were more effective for black twig borer trapping than Lindgren funnel traps, and were easier to deploy. Verbenone and limonene signiÞcantly reduced trap catch of Xylosandrus compactus and X. crassiusculus, suggesting that they may be effective for reducing attraction to host plants. These results show the importance of developing a combination of several monitoring techniques to enhance management procedures for the black twig borer. KEY WORDS ambrosia beetles, semiochemicals, traps The black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eich- leries in a cuticular invagination known as mycangium hoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), origi- (Beaver 1989, Six 2003) and serve as source of nutri- nally is from Asia and is one of the most serious pests tion for larval and adult beetles (Hara 1977). Conse- in coffee plantations as well as a number of endemic quently, damage is caused by the physical excavation forest trees in Hawaii (Hara and Beardsley 1979, Mars- and the inoculation of pathogens into the host plants den 1979). Xylosandrus compactus attacks Ͼ200 plant (Hara and Beardsley 1979). This ambrosia beetle species including agricultural crops such as cacao causes signiÞcant mortality in koa seedlings and small (Theobroma cacao L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), saplings (Daehler and Dudley 2002), so efforts to avocado (Persea americana Mill), macadamia (Maca- propagate this endemic species are hampered by black damia integrifolia Maiden and Betche), and native twig borer attack. Damage by the black twig borer to Hawaiian forest trees to Hawaii such as ohia (Metro- koa tree also is a signiÞcant concern because koa is a sideros polymorpha Gaudich), koa (Acacia koa A. culturally important forest species used to make fur- Gray), mamaki (Pipterus spp.), and the endangered niture, canoes, and musical instruments (Yanagida et Mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea W. J. Hayden). al. 1993). Black twig borer also is a coffee pest in The black twig borer is considered an ambrosia beetle. Hawaii (Trujillo et al. 1995, Jones and Johnson 1996, Female black twig borers construct an entry hole into Bittenbender and Smith 1999). Coffee is an important the heartwood and make galleries that are inoculated crop for Hawaii, not only because Hawaii is the only with an ambrosia fungus (Daehler and Dudley 2002). state that grows coffee commercially, but also because Females transport the symbiotic fungus to their gal- of its heritage value as a traditional industry in the islands (Bittenbender and Smith 1999). In the Kona 1 University of Hawaii, Department of Plant and Environmental area, losses to X. compactus incurred by the typically Protection Sciences, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822. small-scale coffee growers are a serious concern. This 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. 3 USDA Forest Service, PSW, Albany, CA 94710. problem has prompted a search for pest management 4 Hawaii Agricultural Research Center, Aiea, HI 96701. alternatives such as attractants for mass trapping and 0046-225X/12/0133Ð0140$04.00/0 ᭧ 2012 Entomological Society of America 134 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 41, no. 1 repellents that can be deployed on host plants to Company, Salinas, CA) were deployed on three plots protect them from damage by the black twig borer. that were chosen randomly, with 30-m buffer rows of Ethanol, manuka oil, ␣-pinene, and other lures have coffee trees among plots. This Japanese beetle trap been proven attractive to ambrosia beetles (Oliver consisted of a green plastic funnel with four vertical and Mannion 2001, Hanula and Sullivan 2008, Miller blades and a collection cup at the bottom of the funnel. and Rabaglia 2009). Repellents such as verbenone and The diameter of the funnel was 15 cm and height trap limonene, which are effective repellents for other was 23 cm. The container cup consisted of a wide- beetle species (Livingston et al. 1983, Phillips et al. mouth 250-ml jar (NalgeneLabware, Thermo-Fisher 1988, Payne and Billings 1989, Paine and Hanlon 1991, ScientiÞc, Waltham, MA) with a drain hole at the Bertram and Paine 1994, Miller et al. 1995, Rappaport bottom covered with metal mesh. Traps were hung et al. 2001, Bentz et al. 2005, Progar 2005, Miller 2007) from tree branches in a regular grid throughout each could be used in combination with attractants and act plot at a height of 1.5 m, with a distance of 20 m in a pushÐpull manner to deter the settling of dispers- between traps and 10 m away from the border of the ing beetles while the attractant might lure the repelled Þeld. Individual traps were baited with one of four beetles to a trap placed some distance from the pro- different lures and unbaited traps served as controls. tected plants (Cooke et al. 2007). The treatments consisted of 1) ethanol sleeves (con- Lindgren funnel traps generally are efÞcient for structed of a thick PVC plastic charged with 3 ml of monitoring and surveys of invasive ambrosia and bark 95% ethanol and 27-ppm Bitrex as a denaturant, 2) beetles in the United States (Lindgren 1983, Miller and ethanol lures deployed in 15-ml low-density polyeth- Duerr 2008, Kendra et al. 2011). It has been shown that ylene (LDPE) vials Þlled with 95% ethanol with a Japanese beetle traps also are very effective for a wide 1-mm-diameter hole in the lid, 3) ␣-pinene lures com- variety of Scolytinae in coastal California (N. E. Gil- posed of 1.8-ml polyethylene tubes charged with 300 lette 2010, personal communication). Because Japa- ␮lof␣-pinene, 4) eugenol bubble cap dispensers con- nese beetle traps have the potential for efÞciently structed from a laminated 10-ml clear LDPE bubble monitoring black twig borer populations and are less with a 40-␮m clear LDPE release membrane, charged expensive and easier to use than Lindgren traps, we with 320 mg of 99% eugenol, and 5) an unbaited designed tests to compare the two trap types. Two control trap. The release rates of the compounds used other ambrosia beetles, Xylosandrus crassiusculus were: 7 mg/d at 20ЊC for ethanol sleeves, 0.33 ml/ day (Motschulsky) and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratze- at 20ЊC for ethanol vials, 1.2 mg/d at 20ЊC for ␣-pinene, burg), were included in this study because they can be and 1 mg/d at 20ЊC for eugenol. serious pests, co-occur with black twig borer in Ha- The ethanol vials were provided as an inexpensive waii, and respond to many of the same trapping sys- alternative that small-scale farmers easily could du- tems (Kovach and Gorsuch 1985, Coyle et al. 2005). plicate. The choice of the attractants was based on Xylosandrus crassiusculus and X. saxesenii are of Asian commercial availability as well as published evidence origin and have become pests of fruit orchards, orna- of attractiveness to other ambrosia beetle species, so mental trees, and conifers throughout North America that an appropriate trapping method could be devel- (Atkinson et al. 1988, Oliver and Mannion 2001, Coyle oped quickly for Þeld implementation. Two traps per et al. 2005). Therefore, this study compared the ef- treatment were installed in each plot. This study was fectiveness of known attractants, repellents, and two conducted for 4 mo (March to July) and each 2-wk trapping systems for the black twig borer X. compactus, trap collection, lures were rotated in each plot and the X. crassiusculus, and X. saxesenii on coffee plantations 15-ml ethanol vials were reÞlled. Rotation of lures was and A. koa trees. conducted to minimize bias from potential location effects. To maintain a consistent release rate through- out the study, all lures were replaced in the Þeld every Materials and Methods 2 mo as recommended by Contech, Inc. (Delta, BC). To kill the captured beetles and minimize predation Comparison of Trap Baits in Coffee Plantations by trapped predatory insects, a 2-cm strip of Hercon Study Location. This study was conducted in a 15- VaporTape II (10% 2,2 dichlorvos) (Hercon Environ- yr-old commercial Kona coffee plantation (Coffea ara- mental, Emigsville, PA) was placed in the trap collec- bica L.) of the variety Guatemalan (also known as tion containers. All the captured insects were refrig- ÔKona typicaÕ) located at 538 m elevation (19Њ 33.361Ј erated in the collection container until examination. N, 155Њ 55.730Ј W) in the district of Kona, Island of Beetles collected from each treatment were separated Hawaii, United States.
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