Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials Research
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Accomplishments in Nanotechnology
U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretaiy Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretaiy of Commerce for Technology National Institute ofStandards and Technolog}' William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment used are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1052 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1052, 186 pages (August 2006) CODEN: NSPUE2 NIST Special Publication 1052 Accomplishments in Nanoteciinology Compiled and Edited by: Michael T. Postek, Assistant to the Director for Nanotechnology, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Joseph Kopanski, Program Office and David Wollman, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory U. S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 August 2006 National Institute of Standards and Teclinology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Thanks go to the NIST technical staff for providing the information outlined on this report. Each of the investigators is identified with their contribution. Contact information can be obtained by going to: http ://www. nist.gov Acknowledged as well, -
Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies
Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies Clayton Teague, Chief, APTD, MEL John Evans, Chief, ISD, MEL June 8, 1999 Contents of Presentation • What we (MEL) have done in meso-scale area • What is nanotechnology • Nanotechnology is important • Principal message • Why is it important to industry and NIST? – Examples of industry/NIST work at all scales • Challenges for NIST • Long term needs at the nano-scale • Short term needs at the meso/micro-scales • Priorities • Ideas • Discussion topics Background • During past 9 months, MEL has explored measurements and standards needs of meso and micro-scale manufacturing • Visited 20 companies • Conducted and participated in three workshops jointly sponsored with DARPA and NSF • Organized informal NIST-wide co-ordinating group for meso/micro/nano scale activities • All feedback from these efforts points toward an exploding growth of nanotechnology • We see a continuum of needs for NIST efforts from the macro-scale to the nano-scale What is Nanotechnology? • Technology on the scale of atoms -100 pm- up to biomolecular systems as large as cells - 10’s mm • “Top-down” - achieving increased miniaturization through extension of existing microfabrication schemes • “Bottom-up” - capability to construct functional components, devices, and systems from building blocks of atoms and molecules Nanotechnology Strategies Nanotechnology is important! • “We’ve got to learn how to build machines, materials, and devices with the ultimate finesse that life has always used: atom by atom, on the same nanometer scale as the machinery in living cells.” Richard Smalley, Nobel Laureate, 1995 • “I believe nanoscience and nanotechnology will be central to the next epoch of the information age …” John Armstrong, formerly Chief Scientist of IBM, 1991 • “If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” Neal Lane, Director OSTP, 1998 • “Nanotechnology has given us the tools to make contact with the world of the molecule and the atom. -
Nanomaterial Safety
Nanomaterial Safety What are Nanomaterials? Nanomaterials or nanoparticles are human engineered particles with at least one dimension in the range of one to one hundred nanometers. They can be composed of many different base materials (carbon, silicon, and various metals). Research involving nanomaterials ranges from nano-particle synthesis to antineoplastic drug implants to cell culture work. Material Scientists, Chemists, Biologists, Biochemists, Physicists, Microbiologists, Medical-related disciplines and many engineering disciplines (Mechanical, Chemical, Biological and Environmental, etc.) perform research using nanomaterials. Naturally created particles of this size range are normally called ultra-fine particles. Examples are welding fumes, volcanic ash, motor vehicle exhaust, and combustion products. Nanomaterials come in many different shapes and dimensions, such as: • 0-dimensional: quantum dots • 1-dimensional: nanowires, nanotubes, • 2-dimensional: nanoplates, nanoclays • 3-dimensional: Buckyballs, Fullerenes, nanoropes, crystalline structures Nanoparticles exhibit very different properties than their respective bulk materials, including greater strength, conductivity, fluorescence and surface reactivity. Health Effects Results from studies on rodents and in cell cultures exposed to ultrafine and nanoparticles have shown that these particles are more toxic than larger ones on a mass-for-mass basis. Animal studies indicate that nanoparticles cause more pulmonary inflammation, tissue damage, and lung tumors than larger particles Solubility, shape, surface area and surface chemistry are all determinants of nanoparticle toxicity There is uncertainty as to the levels above which these particles become toxic and whether the concentrations found in the workplace are hazardous Respiratory Hazards: • Nanoparticles are deposited in the lungs to a greater extent than larger particles • Based on animal studies, nanoparticles may enter the bloodstream from the lungs and translocate to other organs and they are able to cross the blood brain barrier. -
Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories
Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories Introduction The purpose of this document is to provide a readily-accessible summary of information currently available on safe work practices for research laboratories working with engineered nanomaterials at Missouri State University. This interim guidance has been compiled from guidance from governmental agencies and universities currently engaged in nanomaterial research sources such as: The Center for Disease Control (CDC), The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Department of Energy (DOE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Virginia Tech, and University of Florida. A list of sources can be found in the References section at the end of this document. It should be recognized that rapid changes in the understanding of these risks and management techniques may occur in this field, and researchers are strongly encouraged to stay abreast of these developments. It is anticipated that the internal MSU documents will be used in conjunction with the researcher’s Departmental (or University general) Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and that this guidance is subject to revision as new information or regulatory guidance becomes available. Nanomaterial Definitions Nanoparticles are particles having a diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm) that may or may not have size-related intensive properties. The precise definition of particle diameter depends on particle shape as well as how the diameter is measured. These materials often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties as compared to their parent compounds. They may be suspended in a gas as a nanoaerosol, suspended in a liquid as a colloid or nanohydrosol, or embedded in a matrix as a nanocomposite. -
Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications Chemical Engineering 2019 Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safee University of Rhode Island Mitchell Gravely University of Rhode Island Adeline Lamothe University of Rhode Island Megan McSweeney University of Rhode Island Daniel E. Roxbury University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/che_facpubs Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Citation/Publisher Attribution Safaee, M.M., Gravely, M., Lamothe, A. et al. Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA. Sci Rep 9, 11926 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical Engineering at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safaee , Mitchell Gravely, Adeline Lamothe, Megan McSweeney & Daniel Roxbury Received: 31 January 2019 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently been utilized as fllers that reduce the Accepted: 6 August 2019 fammability and enhance the strength and thermal conductivity of material composites. Enhancing Published: xx xx xxxx the thermal stability of SWCNTs is crucial when these materials are applied to high temperature applications. In many instances, SWCNTs are applied to composites with surface coatings that are toxic to living organisms. -
Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices
Mimicking Photosynthesis Carbon nanostructure-based donor- acceptor molecular assemblies can be engineered to mimic natural photo- synthesis. Fullerene C60 is an excellent electron acceptor for the design of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular systems. Photoinduced charge transfer processes in fullerene-based dyads and triads have been extensively investigated by several research groups during the last decade. In these cases the excited C60 accepts an electron from the linked donor group Carbon Nanomaterials: to give the charge-separated state under visible light excitation. Photoinduced charge separation in these dyads has Building Blocks in Energy been achieved using porphyrins, phtha- locyanine, ruthenium complexes, ferro- cene, and anilines as electron donors. Conversion Devices The rate of electron transfer and by Prashant Kamat charge separation efficiency is dependent on the molecular configuration, redox Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon potential of the donor, and the medium. Clustering the fullerene-donor systems structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with provides a unique way to stabilize properties that differ signifi cantly from other forms of carbon electron transfer products. The stability of C anions in cluster forms opens such as graphite and diamond. The ability to custom synthesize 60 up new ways to store and transport nanotubes with attached functional groups or to assemble photochemically harnessed charge. fullerene (C60 and analogues) clusters into three-dimensional Novel organic solar cells have (3D) arrays has opened up new avenues to design high surface been constructed by quaternary area catalyst supports and materials with high photochemical self-organization of porphyrin and fullerenes with gold nanoparticles. and electrochemical activity. -
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine
nanomaterials Review Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine Daniel Ziental 1 , Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska 2, Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk 3 , Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta 4, Beata Stanisz 5, Tomasz Goslinski 3,* and Lukasz Sobotta 1,* 1 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department and Clinic of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.G.); [email protected] (L.S.) Received: 4 January 2020; Accepted: 19 February 2020; Published: 23 February 2020 Abstract: Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), including titanium dioxide NPs, among polymeric NPs, liposomes, micelles, quantum dots, dendrimers, or fullerenes, are becoming more and more important due to their potential use in novel medical therapies. Titanium dioxide (titanium(IV) oxide, titania, TiO2) is an inorganic compound that owes its recent rise in scientific interest to photoactivity. After the illumination in aqueous media with UV light, TiO2 produces an array of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The capability to produce ROS and thus induce cell death has found application in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of a wide range of maladies, from psoriasis to cancer. -
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology -
Nanotechnology and Picotechnology to Increase Tissue Growth: a Summary of in Vivo Studies
Nanotechnology and picotechnology to increase tissue growth: a summary of in vivo studies Ece Alpaslan1 and Thomas J Webster1,2 Author information ► Copyright and License information ► Go to: Abstract The aim of tissue engineering is to develop functional substitutes for damaged tissues or malfunctioning organs. Since only nanomaterials can mimic the surface properties (ie, roughness) of natural tissues and have tunable properties (such as mechanical, magnetic, electrical, optical, and other properties), they are good candidates for increasing tissue growth, minimizing inflammation, and inhibiting infection. Recently, the use of nanomaterials in various tissue engineering applications has demonstrated improved tissue growth compared to what has been achieved until today with our conventional micron structured materials. This short report paper will summarize some of the more relevant advancements nanomaterials have made in regenerative medicine, specifically improving bone and bladder tissue growth. Moreover, this short report paper will also address the continued potential risks and toxicity concerns, which need to be accurately addressed by the use of nanomaterials. Lastly, this paper will emphasize a new field, picotechnology, in which researchers are altering electron distributions around atoms to promote surface energy to achieve similar increased tissue growth, decreased inflammation, and inhibited infection without potential nanomaterial toxicity concerns. Keywords: nanomaterials, tissue engineering, toxicity Go to: Introduction Bone tissue and other organ dysfunction can be provoked by poor eating habits, stress, age-related diseases such as osteoarthritis or osteoporosis, as well as accidents.1 To date, common procedures to restore or enhance life expectancy involve medical device insertion or organ transplantation.1 However, due to the low number of donors and its high cost, organ transplantation is limited. -
Introducing Nanoengineering and Nanotechnology to the First Year Students Through an Interactive Seminar Course
Introducing nanoengineering and nanotechnology to the first year students through an interactive seminar course Hassan Raza1, Tehseen Z. Raza2 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA [email protected] 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA [email protected] Abstract: We report a first year seminar course on nanoengineering, which provides a unique opportunity to get exposed to the bottom-up approach and novel nanotechnology applications in an informal small class setting early in the undergraduate engineering education. Our objective is not only to introduce the fundamentals and applications of nanoengineering but also the issues related to ethics, environmental and societal impact of nanotechnology used in engineering. To make the course more interactive, laboratory tours for microfabrication facility, microscopy facility, and nanoscale laboratory at the University of Iowa are included, which inculcate the practical feel of the technology. The course also involves active student participation through weekly student presentations, highlighting topics of interest to this field, with the incentive of “nano is everywhere!” Final term papers submitted by the students involve a rigorous technology analysis through various perspectives. Furthermore, a student based peer review process is developed which helps them to improve technical writing skills, as well as address the ethical issues of academic honesty while reviewing and getting introduced to a new aspect of the area presented by their colleagues. Based on the chosen paper topics and student ratings, the student seemed motivated to learn about the novel area introduced to them through theoretical, computational and experimental aspects of the bottom-up approach. -
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms
Biosensors 2015, 5, 712-735; doi:10.3390/bios5040712 OPEN ACCESS biosensors ISSN 2079-6374 www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensors/ Review Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms Sanaz Pilehvar * and Karolien De Wael AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-3265-3338. Academic Editors: Prabir Patra and Ashish Aphale Received: 9 September 2015 / Accepted: 14 October 2015 / Published: 23 November 2015 Abstract: Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important in the field of (bio)sensors. The performance and sensitivity of biosensors is greatly improved with the integration of nanomaterials into their construction. Since its first discovery, fullerene-C60 has been the object of extensive research. Its unique and favorable characteristics of easy chemical modification, conductivity, and electrochemical properties has led to its tremendous use in (bio)sensor applications. This paper provides a concise review of advances in fullerene-C60 research and its use as a nanomaterial for the development of biosensors. We examine the research work reported in the literature on the synthesis, functionalization, approaches to nanostructuring electrodes with fullerene, and outline some of the exciting applications in the field of (bio)sensing. Keywords: nanotechnology; nanostructures; nano-bio hybrids; fullerene-biomolecule; biosensors 1. Introduction Bio-nanotechnology is a new emerging field of nanotechnology and combines knowledge from engineering, physics, and molecular engineering with biology, chemistry, and biotechnology aimed at the development of novel devices, such as biosensors, nanomedicines, and bio-photonics [1]. -
Nanotoxicology: Toxicological and Biological Activities of Nanomaterials - Yuliang Zhao, Bing Wang, Weiyue Feng, Chunli Bai
NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES - Nanotoxicology: Toxicological and Biological Activities of Nanomaterials - Yuliang Zhao, Bing Wang, Weiyue Feng, Chunli Bai NANOTOXICOLOGY: TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NANOMATERIALS Yuliang Zhao, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, & National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China Bing Wang, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 Weiyue Feng, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 Chunli Bai National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China Keywords: Nanotoxicology, Nanosafety, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Contents 1. Introduction 2. Target organ toxicity of nanoparticles 2.1. Respiratory System 2.1.1. Deposition of Nanoparticles in the Respiratory Tract 2.1.2. Clearance of Nanoparticles in the Respiratory Tract 2.1.3. Nanotoxic Response of Respiratory System 2.2. Gastrointestinal System 2.3. Cardiovascular System 2.4. Central Nervous System 2.5. Skin 3. Absorption,UNESCO distribution, metabolism and excretion– EOLSS of nanoparticles (ADME) 3.1. ADME of Nanoparticle Following Inhalation Exposure 3.1.1. Absorption and Retention of Nanoparticles Following Respiratory Tract Exposure 3.1.2. Translocation and Distribution of Nanoparticles Following Respiratory Tract Exposure SAMPLE CHAPTERS 3.1.3. Metabolism and Excretion of Nanoparticles in the Lung 3.2. ADME of Nanoparticle via Gastrointestinal Tract 3.3. ADME of Nanoparticles via Skin 4.