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NANOTECHNOLOGY &&N NAANOMATERIALSNOMATERIALS RESEARCH opportunities for • NanomNanomaaterialsterials & Sustainability the development • EnhancEnhanciingng Collaborative of innovative ResearResearcch h & Partnerships products that provide advances Exposure aanndd Characterizing in technologies NanomaterNanomateriialsals Properties and medicine. The US Environmental NanomateriNanomateriaal l p roperties such as Protection Agency reactivity, meltingmelting point, (EPA) is using fluorescencfluorescencee, , mechanical strength scientific methods and electricelectricaall conductivity can be to research what altered at ththee nano scale level which nanomaterials are, makes it haharrd d to determine ho w how they act, travel and change over these matermateriialsals interact with humans Background time. and in the eennvi vironment. EPA is: Nanotechnology is the under­ • ResearResearcching hing how nanomaterials standing and control of matter at the Nanomaterials are very useful, but affect eeccosystemosystem and human nanoscale, at dimensions between there is little research about how health. approximately 1 and 100 they affect human and ecosystem • DetectiDetectinng, g, quantifying and nanometers. A nanometer is one health. charactcharacteerizing rizing nanomaterials. billionth of a meter. While it is • Assessisinng, ranking and difficult to imagine just how small To fill these research gaps, EPA’s predictinging nanomaterial health that is, here are some examples: Chemical Safety Research Program, effects usingusing rapid, automated chemicchemicaal l screening called high - • along with scientific collaborators A sheet of paper is about worldwide, is researching how througthroughhputput testi ng methods. 100,000 nanometers thick. nanomaterials interact with • A strand of human DNA is 2.5 biological processes important to Exposure aanndd characterizing nanometers in diameter. human and ecosystem health. nanomaterinanomateriaal l properties research will • A human hair is approximately allow risk aasssessment sessment of nano ­ 80,000 nanometers wide. This research is used by EPA's materials at multiple levels and will Chemical Safety and Pollution provide quaquallifiedified and credible Nanotechnology relies on the ability Prevention Office and others making alternative tteestingsting methods that can to design, manipulate, and chemical related policy decisions to be used to pprredictedict toxicity. Results manufacture materials at the better protect human health and the from this reressearchearch will be used to nanoscale. These materials are called environment. build a datadatabbasease that identifies what nanomaterials. nanomaterinanomateriaal l structures are more likely to resresuultlt in toxicity and the EPA’s chemical safety research Commercial processes and products types of strstruucturesctures that make up focuses on the following priority that use nanomaterials are growing nanomaterinanomateriaal ls that are safer which categories of nanomaterial research: rapidly and these tiny products are can be used to design or engineer increasingly found in paint, fabrics, • Exposure and Characterizing safer nanonanommaterialsaterials . cosmetics, treated wood, electronics Nanomaterials Properties and sunscreen. Nanomaterials • Life Cycle Assessment of EPA is also assessing the potential exhibit unique properties different Nanomaterials effects of nnaano no-titanium dioxide than chemical substances that are • Nanomaterials Risk (used in coscosmmeticetic and sunscreen larger in size. Nanomaterials provide Assessments products), nnaanono silver, carbon nanotubes, nanonano cerium oxide and 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Ag Agency ency CCoontinuedntinued on back Office of Research and Developme Development nt Continued from front nano copper on the health of assessing the impacts of using emerging option for the treatment of ecosystems. Researchers are testing particular nanomaterials in specific contaminated soil and groundwater toxicity of nanomaterials in aquatic applications. Two case studies on and a nanomaterial called cerium species, determining modes of nanoscale titanium dioxide oxide that is being added to fuel exposure and how these materials (nanoTiO2) are available. One used in diesel buses to reduce can accumulate in both the marine examines the use of nanomaterials emissions. and freshwater ecosystems. for water treatment in the removal of arsenic, and the other looks at its use Collaborative Research Efforts These efforts will allow more as an ingredient in topical sustainable development and usage sunscreens. A similar case study on Collaborations are essential to the of nanomaterials. nanoscale silver in disinfectant success of EPA’s chemical safety sprays is also available. Current research. EPA currently partners Life Cycle Assessment of efforts are focused on developing a with different organizations ranging Nanomaterials case study on multiwalled carbon from industry, academia, trade nanotubes (MWCNT) in flame- associations, other federal agencies EPA researchers are evaluating the retardant coatings applied to and non-governmental life cycle of consumer products upholstery textiles. organizations. All partners have an containing nanomaterials starting interest in advancing nanomaterials with raw material extraction and The case studies are developed using research. ending with the ultimate disposal. input from a diverse expert This research assembles a complete stakeholder group to support The United States government’s life cycle inventory for specified consideration of potential impacts in efforts to assess nanomaterials are nano products. Using the principles the environment as well as coordinated by the U.S. National of “green chemistry” and “life cycle ecological and human health. Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). assessment,” researchers are NNI is a collaborative project of 25 developing more environmentally Sustainability agencies, including EPA. friendly methods to produce EPA has made significant progress nanomaterials and crafting In addition to research in nanotechnology and sustainability innovative technologies that collaborations, EPA provides research in the past five years. This minimize the impacts on health and funding to external organizations to research has developed alternative the environment. The innovative advance nanomaterials research. ways to apply nanomaterials to technologies being developed by Solicitations for proposals to fund minimize environmental and health EPA researchers are being used in external research can be found at impacts. environmental remediation www.epa.gov/ncer/rfa/. EPA also technologies and are being offers opportunities for small The method uses a “bottom-up” commercialized in collaboration business research grants and approach to assemble nanomaterials with private companies. fellowships for both undergraduate at the molecular level. It avoids the and graduate students. use of hazardous reducing agents Risk Assessments and instead employs benign metallic More information: salts (such as iron), water, and EPA uses the comprehensive www.epa.gov/nanoscience/ polyphenols from plant materials to environmental assessment (CEA) act as reducing or capping agent to approach to identify and prioritize Contact: Monica Linnenbrink, prevent nanomaterials from research to support future [email protected], collecting in larger clumps during assessments and risk management 919-541-1522. decisions. production. A series of risk assessment case In 2008, EPA’s nano research team studies are in development designed a nanoparticle that has pertaining to the product life cycle, become very useful in cleaning up how nanomaterials move in the environmental contaminants, environment, how they interact with particularly families of chemicals important biological processes, that are harmful to humans called determining how much “Polychlorinated Biphenyls.” Other nanomaterials people and the real world applications in the works environment are exposed to and are nano zero valent iron which is an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2 Office of Research and Development .
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  • Accomplishments in Nanotechnology

    U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretaiy Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretaiy of Commerce for Technology National Institute ofStandards and Technolog}' William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment used are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1052 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1052, 186 pages (August 2006) CODEN: NSPUE2 NIST Special Publication 1052 Accomplishments in Nanoteciinology Compiled and Edited by: Michael T. Postek, Assistant to the Director for Nanotechnology, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory Joseph Kopanski, Program Office and David Wollman, Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory U. S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 August 2006 National Institute of Standards and Teclinology • Technology Administration • U.S. Department of Commerce Acknowledgments Thanks go to the NIST technical staff for providing the information outlined on this report. Each of the investigators is identified with their contribution. Contact information can be obtained by going to: http ://www. nist.gov Acknowledged as well,
  • Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies

    Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies

    Meso/Micro/Nano Scale Technologies Clayton Teague, Chief, APTD, MEL John Evans, Chief, ISD, MEL June 8, 1999 Contents of Presentation • What we (MEL) have done in meso-scale area • What is nanotechnology • Nanotechnology is important • Principal message • Why is it important to industry and NIST? – Examples of industry/NIST work at all scales • Challenges for NIST • Long term needs at the nano-scale • Short term needs at the meso/micro-scales • Priorities • Ideas • Discussion topics Background • During past 9 months, MEL has explored measurements and standards needs of meso and micro-scale manufacturing • Visited 20 companies • Conducted and participated in three workshops jointly sponsored with DARPA and NSF • Organized informal NIST-wide co-ordinating group for meso/micro/nano scale activities • All feedback from these efforts points toward an exploding growth of nanotechnology • We see a continuum of needs for NIST efforts from the macro-scale to the nano-scale What is Nanotechnology? • Technology on the scale of atoms -100 pm- up to biomolecular systems as large as cells - 10’s mm • “Top-down” - achieving increased miniaturization through extension of existing microfabrication schemes • “Bottom-up” - capability to construct functional components, devices, and systems from building blocks of atoms and molecules Nanotechnology Strategies Nanotechnology is important! • “We’ve got to learn how to build machines, materials, and devices with the ultimate finesse that life has always used: atom by atom, on the same nanometer scale as the machinery in living cells.” Richard Smalley, Nobel Laureate, 1995 • “I believe nanoscience and nanotechnology will be central to the next epoch of the information age …” John Armstrong, formerly Chief Scientist of IBM, 1991 • “If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” Neal Lane, Director OSTP, 1998 • “Nanotechnology has given us the tools to make contact with the world of the molecule and the atom.
  • Nanomaterial Safety

    Nanomaterial Safety

    Nanomaterial Safety What are Nanomaterials? Nanomaterials or nanoparticles are human engineered particles with at least one dimension in the range of one to one hundred nanometers. They can be composed of many different base materials (carbon, silicon, and various metals). Research involving nanomaterials ranges from nano-particle synthesis to antineoplastic drug implants to cell culture work. Material Scientists, Chemists, Biologists, Biochemists, Physicists, Microbiologists, Medical-related disciplines and many engineering disciplines (Mechanical, Chemical, Biological and Environmental, etc.) perform research using nanomaterials. Naturally created particles of this size range are normally called ultra-fine particles. Examples are welding fumes, volcanic ash, motor vehicle exhaust, and combustion products. Nanomaterials come in many different shapes and dimensions, such as: • 0-dimensional: quantum dots • 1-dimensional: nanowires, nanotubes, • 2-dimensional: nanoplates, nanoclays • 3-dimensional: Buckyballs, Fullerenes, nanoropes, crystalline structures Nanoparticles exhibit very different properties than their respective bulk materials, including greater strength, conductivity, fluorescence and surface reactivity. Health Effects Results from studies on rodents and in cell cultures exposed to ultrafine and nanoparticles have shown that these particles are more toxic than larger ones on a mass-for-mass basis. Animal studies indicate that nanoparticles cause more pulmonary inflammation, tissue damage, and lung tumors than larger particles Solubility, shape, surface area and surface chemistry are all determinants of nanoparticle toxicity There is uncertainty as to the levels above which these particles become toxic and whether the concentrations found in the workplace are hazardous Respiratory Hazards: • Nanoparticles are deposited in the lungs to a greater extent than larger particles • Based on animal studies, nanoparticles may enter the bloodstream from the lungs and translocate to other organs and they are able to cross the blood brain barrier.
  • Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories

    Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories

    Best Practices for Handling Nanoparticles in Laboratories Introduction The purpose of this document is to provide a readily-accessible summary of information currently available on safe work practices for research laboratories working with engineered nanomaterials at Missouri State University. This interim guidance has been compiled from guidance from governmental agencies and universities currently engaged in nanomaterial research sources such as: The Center for Disease Control (CDC), The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Department of Energy (DOE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Virginia Tech, and University of Florida. A list of sources can be found in the References section at the end of this document. It should be recognized that rapid changes in the understanding of these risks and management techniques may occur in this field, and researchers are strongly encouraged to stay abreast of these developments. It is anticipated that the internal MSU documents will be used in conjunction with the researcher’s Departmental (or University general) Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), and that this guidance is subject to revision as new information or regulatory guidance becomes available. Nanomaterial Definitions Nanoparticles are particles having a diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm) that may or may not have size-related intensive properties. The precise definition of particle diameter depends on particle shape as well as how the diameter is measured. These materials often exhibit unique physical and chemical properties as compared to their parent compounds. They may be suspended in a gas as a nanoaerosol, suspended in a liquid as a colloid or nanohydrosol, or embedded in a matrix as a nanocomposite.
  • Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA

    Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA

    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications Chemical Engineering 2019 Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safee University of Rhode Island Mitchell Gravely University of Rhode Island Adeline Lamothe University of Rhode Island Megan McSweeney University of Rhode Island Daniel E. Roxbury University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/che_facpubs Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Citation/Publisher Attribution Safaee, M.M., Gravely, M., Lamothe, A. et al. Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA. Sci Rep 9, 11926 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48449-x This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical Engineering at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA Mohammad Moein Safaee , Mitchell Gravely, Adeline Lamothe, Megan McSweeney & Daniel Roxbury Received: 31 January 2019 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently been utilized as fllers that reduce the Accepted: 6 August 2019 fammability and enhance the strength and thermal conductivity of material composites. Enhancing Published: xx xx xxxx the thermal stability of SWCNTs is crucial when these materials are applied to high temperature applications. In many instances, SWCNTs are applied to composites with surface coatings that are toxic to living organisms.
  • Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices

    Carbon Nanomaterials: Building Blocks in Energy Conversion Devices

    Mimicking Photosynthesis Carbon nanostructure-based donor- acceptor molecular assemblies can be engineered to mimic natural photo- synthesis. Fullerene C60 is an excellent electron acceptor for the design of donor-bridge-acceptor molecular systems. Photoinduced charge transfer processes in fullerene-based dyads and triads have been extensively investigated by several research groups during the last decade. In these cases the excited C60 accepts an electron from the linked donor group Carbon Nanomaterials: to give the charge-separated state under visible light excitation. Photoinduced charge separation in these dyads has Building Blocks in Energy been achieved using porphyrins, phtha- locyanine, ruthenium complexes, ferro- cene, and anilines as electron donors. Conversion Devices The rate of electron transfer and by Prashant Kamat charge separation efficiency is dependent on the molecular configuration, redox Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and mesoporous carbon potential of the donor, and the medium. Clustering the fullerene-donor systems structures constitute a new class of carbon nanomaterials with provides a unique way to stabilize properties that differ signifi cantly from other forms of carbon electron transfer products. The stability of C anions in cluster forms opens such as graphite and diamond. The ability to custom synthesize 60 up new ways to store and transport nanotubes with attached functional groups or to assemble photochemically harnessed charge. fullerene (C60 and analogues) clusters into three-dimensional Novel organic solar cells have (3D) arrays has opened up new avenues to design high surface been constructed by quaternary area catalyst supports and materials with high photochemical self-organization of porphyrin and fullerenes with gold nanoparticles. and electrochemical activity.
  • Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine

    Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine

    nanomaterials Review Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine Daniel Ziental 1 , Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska 2, Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk 3 , Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta 4, Beata Stanisz 5, Tomasz Goslinski 3,* and Lukasz Sobotta 1,* 1 Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department and Clinic of Maxillofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.G.); [email protected] (L.S.) Received: 4 January 2020; Accepted: 19 February 2020; Published: 23 February 2020 Abstract: Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), including titanium dioxide NPs, among polymeric NPs, liposomes, micelles, quantum dots, dendrimers, or fullerenes, are becoming more and more important due to their potential use in novel medical therapies. Titanium dioxide (titanium(IV) oxide, titania, TiO2) is an inorganic compound that owes its recent rise in scientific interest to photoactivity. After the illumination in aqueous media with UV light, TiO2 produces an array of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The capability to produce ROS and thus induce cell death has found application in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of a wide range of maladies, from psoriasis to cancer.
  • Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties

    Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties

    ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology
  • Nanotechnology and Picotechnology to Increase Tissue Growth: a Summary of in Vivo Studies

    Nanotechnology and Picotechnology to Increase Tissue Growth: a Summary of in Vivo Studies

    Nanotechnology and picotechnology to increase tissue growth: a summary of in vivo studies Ece Alpaslan1 and Thomas J Webster1,2 Author information ► Copyright and License information ► Go to: Abstract The aim of tissue engineering is to develop functional substitutes for damaged tissues or malfunctioning organs. Since only nanomaterials can mimic the surface properties (ie, roughness) of natural tissues and have tunable properties (such as mechanical, magnetic, electrical, optical, and other properties), they are good candidates for increasing tissue growth, minimizing inflammation, and inhibiting infection. Recently, the use of nanomaterials in various tissue engineering applications has demonstrated improved tissue growth compared to what has been achieved until today with our conventional micron structured materials. This short report paper will summarize some of the more relevant advancements nanomaterials have made in regenerative medicine, specifically improving bone and bladder tissue growth. Moreover, this short report paper will also address the continued potential risks and toxicity concerns, which need to be accurately addressed by the use of nanomaterials. Lastly, this paper will emphasize a new field, picotechnology, in which researchers are altering electron distributions around atoms to promote surface energy to achieve similar increased tissue growth, decreased inflammation, and inhibited infection without potential nanomaterial toxicity concerns. Keywords: nanomaterials, tissue engineering, toxicity Go to: Introduction Bone tissue and other organ dysfunction can be provoked by poor eating habits, stress, age-related diseases such as osteoarthritis or osteoporosis, as well as accidents.1 To date, common procedures to restore or enhance life expectancy involve medical device insertion or organ transplantation.1 However, due to the low number of donors and its high cost, organ transplantation is limited.
  • Introducing Nanoengineering and Nanotechnology to the First Year Students Through an Interactive Seminar Course

    Introducing Nanoengineering and Nanotechnology to the First Year Students Through an Interactive Seminar Course

    Introducing nanoengineering and nanotechnology to the first year students through an interactive seminar course Hassan Raza1, Tehseen Z. Raza2 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA [email protected] 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA [email protected] Abstract: We report a first year seminar course on nanoengineering, which provides a unique opportunity to get exposed to the bottom-up approach and novel nanotechnology applications in an informal small class setting early in the undergraduate engineering education. Our objective is not only to introduce the fundamentals and applications of nanoengineering but also the issues related to ethics, environmental and societal impact of nanotechnology used in engineering. To make the course more interactive, laboratory tours for microfabrication facility, microscopy facility, and nanoscale laboratory at the University of Iowa are included, which inculcate the practical feel of the technology. The course also involves active student participation through weekly student presentations, highlighting topics of interest to this field, with the incentive of “nano is everywhere!” Final term papers submitted by the students involve a rigorous technology analysis through various perspectives. Furthermore, a student based peer review process is developed which helps them to improve technical writing skills, as well as address the ethical issues of academic honesty while reviewing and getting introduced to a new aspect of the area presented by their colleagues. Based on the chosen paper topics and student ratings, the student seemed motivated to learn about the novel area introduced to them through theoretical, computational and experimental aspects of the bottom-up approach.
  • Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms

    Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms

    Biosensors 2015, 5, 712-735; doi:10.3390/bios5040712 OPEN ACCESS biosensors ISSN 2079-6374 www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensors/ Review Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Fullerene-C60 Nano-Structured Platforms Sanaz Pilehvar * and Karolien De Wael AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-3265-3338. Academic Editors: Prabir Patra and Ashish Aphale Received: 9 September 2015 / Accepted: 14 October 2015 / Published: 23 November 2015 Abstract: Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important in the field of (bio)sensors. The performance and sensitivity of biosensors is greatly improved with the integration of nanomaterials into their construction. Since its first discovery, fullerene-C60 has been the object of extensive research. Its unique and favorable characteristics of easy chemical modification, conductivity, and electrochemical properties has led to its tremendous use in (bio)sensor applications. This paper provides a concise review of advances in fullerene-C60 research and its use as a nanomaterial for the development of biosensors. We examine the research work reported in the literature on the synthesis, functionalization, approaches to nanostructuring electrodes with fullerene, and outline some of the exciting applications in the field of (bio)sensing. Keywords: nanotechnology; nanostructures; nano-bio hybrids; fullerene-biomolecule; biosensors 1. Introduction Bio-nanotechnology is a new emerging field of nanotechnology and combines knowledge from engineering, physics, and molecular engineering with biology, chemistry, and biotechnology aimed at the development of novel devices, such as biosensors, nanomedicines, and bio-photonics [1].
  • Nanotoxicology: Toxicological and Biological Activities of Nanomaterials - Yuliang Zhao, Bing Wang, Weiyue Feng, Chunli Bai

    Nanotoxicology: Toxicological and Biological Activities of Nanomaterials - Yuliang Zhao, Bing Wang, Weiyue Feng, Chunli Bai

    NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES - Nanotoxicology: Toxicological and Biological Activities of Nanomaterials - Yuliang Zhao, Bing Wang, Weiyue Feng, Chunli Bai NANOTOXICOLOGY: TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NANOMATERIALS Yuliang Zhao, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, & National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China Bing Wang, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 Weiyue Feng, CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 Chunli Bai National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China Keywords: Nanotoxicology, Nanosafety, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, Contents 1. Introduction 2. Target organ toxicity of nanoparticles 2.1. Respiratory System 2.1.1. Deposition of Nanoparticles in the Respiratory Tract 2.1.2. Clearance of Nanoparticles in the Respiratory Tract 2.1.3. Nanotoxic Response of Respiratory System 2.2. Gastrointestinal System 2.3. Cardiovascular System 2.4. Central Nervous System 2.5. Skin 3. Absorption,UNESCO distribution, metabolism and excretion– EOLSS of nanoparticles (ADME) 3.1. ADME of Nanoparticle Following Inhalation Exposure 3.1.1. Absorption and Retention of Nanoparticles Following Respiratory Tract Exposure 3.1.2. Translocation and Distribution of Nanoparticles Following Respiratory Tract Exposure SAMPLE CHAPTERS 3.1.3. Metabolism and Excretion of Nanoparticles in the Lung 3.2. ADME of Nanoparticle via Gastrointestinal Tract 3.3. ADME of Nanoparticles via Skin 4.