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Cultural Diversity in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Populations in Northwest South America and Lower Central America

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Cultural Diversity in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Populations in Northwest South America and Lower Central America IJSA International Journal of South American Archaeology - IJSA (eISSN 2011-0626) www.ijsa.syllabapress.com Cultural Diversity in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Populations in Northwest South America and Lower Central America Anthony J. Ranere Temple University, Philadelphia, USA Email address: [email protected] Carlos E. López Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia Email address: [email protected] Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 25-31 (2007) ID: ijsa00003 This information is current as of September 2007 E-mails Alerts To receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sing up in the box at the top right corner of the article, see: http://www.ejournals.syllabapress.com/ealerts.html Rights & Permissions To reproduce this article in part (figures, tables) or in entirety, see: http://www.ejournals.syllabapress.com/rightperm.html Reprints To order reprints, see: http://www.ejournals.syllabapress.com/reprints.html © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved. Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 25-31 (2007) Cultural Diversity in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Populations in Northwest South America and Lower Central America Anthony J. Ranere Temple University, Philadelphia, USA Email address: [email protected] Carlos E. López Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Colombia Email address: [email protected] Available online 30 September 2007 Abstract Hunter-gatherer populations lived in wildly different geographic settings in the Americas and, not surprisingly, developed a wide range of subsistence, settlement and organizational patterns over time. This variability is evident even looking only at a restricted geographic area - Northwest South America and lower Central America. Distinctive cultural trajectories are already documented at the end of the Pleistocene in some localities, while others remain unexplored at this early period. This article summarizes these regional differences and attempts to account for them in terms of the environmental settings, changing climatic conditions, arrival of new populations and landscape domestication. © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved Keywords: Lower Central America; Northwest South America; Hunter-gatherers; Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene; Cultural Diversity. Resumen Las poblaciones de cazadores recolectores vivieron en diferentes entornos geográficos en América y no es de extrañar que desarrollaran amplios rangos de subsistencia, asentamiento y patrones de organización a través del tiempo. Esta variabilidad es evidente incluso observando áreas restringidas del Noroeste de Suramérica y baja Centroamérica. Para los periodos tempranos, distintas trayectorias culturales han sido documentadas al final del Pleistoceno en algunas localidades, mientras otras permanecen inexploradas. Este artículo resume estas diferencias regionales y busca dar explicaciones en términos de contextos ambientales, cambios en las condiciones climáticas, arribo de nuevas poblaciones y domesticación de paisajes. © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved Palabras Claves: Baja Centromerica; Noroeste de Suramérica; Cazadores-recolectores; Pleistoceno Final y Holoceno Temprano; Diversidad Cultural. Introduction risky, we can at least note that cultivation of crops has already commenced in some parts of the region by the In this paper we look at the archaeological record 9th millennium BP. By the 7th millennium BP there for lower Central America and Northwestern South are a wide variety of crops being grown throughout America from the initial settlement of the region the region, some domesticated locally, others through the Early Holocene. We can recognize at least imported from great distances. two early episodes of migration into the region from North America; the well documented Clovis migration Before Clovis that penetrated northern South America and at least one earlier migration and two earlier traditions As in most parts of the Americas, the evidence (Abriense and El Jobo). By the 10th millennium BP for pre-Clovis settlement in the Central Area is not as we can identify several distinct lithic traditions in the toothsome as we would like. Nonetheless, early dates the region, some extending well beyond areal and megafaunal associations that are, in Venezuela, boundaries. Although identifying settlement/ associated with a lithic industry characterized by subsistence patterns at this time depth are somewhat bifacial El Jobo points, and in Colombia associated 2011-0626/$ - see font matter © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved. ID: ijsa00003 http://www.ijsa.syllabapress.com/issues/ijsa01art03.html 26 A. J. Ranere and C. E. López / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 25-31 (2007) with a lithic industry characterized by simple flake tools (called Abriense) identify a human presence in the area before 11500 B.P. (all dates used in this paper refer to the uncalibrated C14 chronology). Whether these two industries diverged from a common ancestral pattern carried into the region by a single pre -Clovis migration or whether they represent industries carried into the region by two separate migrations is a question not answerable with the data at hand. According to the recent data published by van der Hammen and Correal (2001), the earliest human presence in Colombia comes from the site of Pubenza in the Magdalena valley lowlands. Twelve lithic artifacts, including an obsidian flake (brought from Figure 2. Pelvis of Juvenile Mastodont, Taima-Taima, Venezuela. Central Cordillera) were found near the remains of mastodon dated from about 16000 to 16500 BP. The artifacts are reported to be from the same layer as the mastodons, who seem to have perished after becoming mired in marsh sediments (Correal 1993). A larger, well reported Abriense assemblage is that of Tibitó, located in the Sabana de Bogota and excavated by Correal (1981). Here bones of mastodons (Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon) and horse (Equus Amerhippus) as well as deer (Odocoileus) and fox (Cerdoycon) were recovered with the simple flake tools and dated to 11740 ± 110 B.P. There are a number of sites in Venezuela where the narrow bipointed El Jobo points (Figure 1) have been found in association with extinct fauna. Taima Taima provides the best known (if not the best) Figure 3. Landscape of Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela. evidence for this association. Here a juvenile Clovis, Contemporaries and Immediate Haplomastodon was excavated with a quartzite Descendants midsection of an El Jobo point within the cavity of the right pubis. Four radiocarbon dates on sheared twigs The Clovis fluted point tradition is relatively well at the site, thought to be from the mastodon's stomach represented in lower Central America where it is the or intestines, were dated to 12980 ± 85 B.P., 13000 ± earliest tradition yet to be recognized (Figure 4). (One 200 B.P., 13880 ± 120 B.P. and 14200 ± 300 (Figure possible exception is the midsection of an El Jobo-like 2) Other sites in northern Venezuela (Figure 3) with point was recovered from surface contexts at Lake extinct fauna associated with El Jobo points include Alajuela, Panama.) A workshop where Clovis points Cucuruchu and El Vano (Jaimes 1999). were manufactured has been identified in Central Panama near the current shoreline of Parita Bay (the coastline would have been ca 50 km distant at 11,000 BP (Ranere and Cooke 2003). La Mula-West is located on a small hill overlooking an intermittent stream. Figure 1. El Jobo Projectil Points from Taima-Taima, Venezuela. Figure 4. Fluted Point Localities in Central America. A. J. Ranere and C. E. López / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 25-31 (2007) 27 Erosion has left Paleoindian stone tools on the The largest Paleoindian site yet reported in sloping surface of the hillside as a lag deposit. The Central America is Turrialba (Finca Guardiria), which site activity best documented is the manufacture of is located at an altitude of ca. 700 m on terraces of the bifacial points. We have recovered over 80 biface Reventazon River on the Atlantic watershed of Costa fragments in total, of which most were broken in the Rica (Castillo et al. 1987; Pearson 1998a,b; Snarskis manufacturing process. Twelve of the 15 basal 1979). Coarse-grained cherts, which are still abundant fragments are either fluted or extensively basally as cobbles and sometimes huge boulders in the thinned (Figure 5). The reduction sequence adjacent stream beds, were used in the production of a represented at Mula-West closely parallels that large quantity of tools and associated debris. Snarskis documented for North American Clovis workshops (1979) reports recovering in systematic surface (Morrow 1996:201-215, Ranere 2000). At the collections and shallow excavations 28,000 lithic neighboring site of Cueva de los Vampiros, cave specimens, including 18 fluted points large numbers deposits bracketed between dates of 11550 + 140 B.P. of bifacial performs, and tools often found with other (ca cal 11460 BC) and 8970 + 40 B.P. (ca cal 8150 fluted point assemblages, i.e., snub-nosed keeled B.C.) contained the blade portion of a Fluted Fishtail scrapers, end-scrapers with lateral spurs, large blades, point (Figure 6) and overshot thinning flakes burins, bifacial and unifacial knives and well-made characteristic of Clovis reduction techniques (but not side scrapers. As was the case with La Mula-West, the Fishtail reduction techniques) (Cooke 1998; Ranere bifacial reduction sequence at Turrialba closely and Cooke 1991, 1996, 2003). parallels
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