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Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia

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Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia POLITICAL IDEAS AND INSTITUTIONS IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA Marc Raeff First published 1994 by Westview Press, Inc. Published 2019 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1994 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Radl~ Marc. Political ideas and institutions in imperial Russia / Marc Raeff p. cm. Includes bibliographical rderences. ISBN 0-8133-1878-5 1. Russia-Politics and government-1689-1801. 2. Russia- Politics and government-1801-1917. I. Title. DK127.R25 1994 947-dc20 93-48ll7 CIP ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28344-5 (hbk) To Edward Kasinec and his fellow librarians, whose enthusiasm and dedication make scholarship not only possible but exciting Contents Acknowledgments List of Credits Introduction 1 ONE Russia After the Emancipation: Views of a Gentleman-Farmer 7 1WO A Reactionary Liberal: M. N. Katkov 22 THREE Some Reflections on Russian Liberalism 32 FOUR Russian Youth on the Eve of Romanticism: Andrei I. Turgenev and His Circle 42 FIVE At the Origins of a Russian National Consciousness: Eighteenth Century Roots and Napoleonic Wars 65 SIX The Russian Autocracy and Its Officials 76 SEVEN Introduction to Plans For Political Reform in Imperial Russia, 1730-1905 88 EIGHT Russia's Autocracy and Paradoxes of Modernization 116 NINE Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy Toward the Nationalities 126 TEN Uniformity, Diversity, and the Imperial Administration in the Reign of Catherine II 141 ELEVEN In the Imperial Manner 156 VII viii Contents 1WELVE The Domestic Policies of Peter III and His Overthrow 188 THIRTEEN The Empress and the Vinerian Professor: Catherine Il's Projects of Government Reforms and Blackstone's Commentaries 213 FOURTEEN Pugachev's Rebellion 234 FIFTEEN State and Nobility in the Ideology of M. M. Shcherbatov 268 SIXTEEN Muscovy Looks West 284 SEVENTEEN The Enlightenment in Russia and Russian Thought in the Enlightenment 291 EIGHTEEN The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth- Century Europe: An Attempt at a Comparative Approach 309 NINETEEN Transfiguration and Modernization: The Paradoxes of Social Disciplining, Paedagogical Leadership, and the Enlightenment in 18th Century Russia 334 1WEN1Y Literacy, Education, and the State in 17th-18th Century Europe 348 Marc RaejJ: A Bibliography (1946-1993), compiled by Molly Molloy and Edward Kasinec 361 About the Book and Author 389 Acknowledgments I wish to thank the publishers of the journals and volumes for permission to reprint the articles that originally appeared under their imprint. I am most thankful to Peter W. Kracht and Westview Press for undertaking the publica- tion and to Connie Gehring and Ida May B. Norton for their meticulous su- pervising and editing in the process of publication. I am indebted to Molly Molloy of the Hoover Institution Library and Edward Kasinec and his staff at the New York Public Library for preparing and updating my bibliography. Marc Raef! IX Credits Chapter 1: "Russia After the Emancipation: Views of a Gentleman-Farmer," Slavonic and East European Review 29(73) (July 1951 ): 470-485. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 2: "A Reactionary Liberal: M. N. Katkov," Russian Review 11(3) (July 1952): 157-167. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 3: "Some Reflections on Russian Liberalism," Russian Review 18(3) (July 1959): 218-230. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 4: "Russian Youth on the Eve of Romanticism: Andrei I. Turgenev and His Circle," in Alexander and Janet Rabinowitch with Ladis KD. Kristof, eds., Revolution and Politics in Russia: Essays in Memory of B. I. Nicolaevsky (Bloomington: University oflndiana Press, 1972), pp. 39-54. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 5: "At the Origins of a Russian National Consciousness: Eighteenth Century Roots and Napoleonic Wars," The History Teacher 25( 1) (November 1991 ): 7-18. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 6: "The Russian Autocracy and Its Officials," in Hugh McLean, Martin E. Malia, and George Fischer, eds., Harvard Slavic Studies, IV: Rus- sian Thought and Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957), pp. 77-91. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 7: "Introduction" in Marc Raeff, ed., Plans for Political Reform in Imperial Russia, 1730-1905 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp. 1-39. Chapter 8: "Russia's Autocracy and Paradoxes of Modernization," in Gerhard Oberkofler and Eleonore Zlabinger, eds., Ost-*st-Bt;B't;B'nung in Os- terreich: Festschrift fur Eduard Winter (Koln: Bohlau Verlag SMBH, 1976), pp. 275-283. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 9: "Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy Toward the Nationalities," in Edward Allworth, ed., Soviet Nationality Problems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971 ), pp. 22-42. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 10: "Uniformity, Diversity, and the Imperial Administration in the Reign of Catherine II," in Hans Lemberg, Peter Nitsche, and Erwin xi xii Credits Oberlander in cooperation with Manfred Alexander and Hans Hecker, eds., Osteuropa in Geschichte und Gegenivart: Festschrift fur G. Stokl (Koln: Bohlau Verlag SMBH, 1977), pp. 97-113. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 11: "In the Imperial Manner," originally published as "The Style of Russia's Imperial Policy and Prince G. A. Potemkin," in G. N. Grob, ed., Statesmen and Statecraft ofthe Modern West: Essays in Honor ofDwight E. Lee and H. Donaldson Jordan (Barre, Mass.: Barre Publishing Co., 1967), pp. 1- 51. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 12: "The Domestic Policies of Peter III and His Overthrow," American Historical Review 75(5) (June 1970): 1289-1310. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 13: "The Empress and the Vinerian Professor: Catherine II's Proj- ects of Government Reforms and Blackstone's Commentaries," Oxford Sla- vonic Papers 7 (New Series) ( 1976 ): 18-41. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 14: "Pugachev's Rebellion," in Robert Forster and Jack P. Greene, eds., Preconditions ofRevolution in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore and Lon- don: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), pp. 161-202. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 15: "State and Nobility in the Ideology of M. M. Shcherbatov," American Slavic and East European Review 19( 3) (October 1960): 363-379. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 16: "Muscovy Looks West," in Paul Dukes, ed., Russia and Europe (London: Collins and Brown, 1991 ), pp. 59-64. Originally published in His- tory Today 36(8) (Augusc 1986): 16-21. Reprinted by permission of History Today. Chapter 17: "The Enlightenment in Russia and Russian Thought in the En- lightenment," in John G. Garrard, ed., The Eighteenth Century in Russia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 25-47. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 18: "The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Mo- dernity in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe: An Attempt at a Comparative Approach," American Historical Review 80(5) (December 1975): 1221-1243. Reprinted by permission. Chapter 19: "Transfiguration and Modernization: The Paradoxes of Social Disciplining, Paedagogical Leadership, and the Enlightenment in 18th Cen- tury Russia," in Hans Erich Bodeker and Ernst Hinrichs, eds., Alteuropa- Ancien Regime-Fruhe Neuzeit: Probleme und Methoden der Forschung (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1991 ), pp. 99-115. Credits xiii Chapter 20: "Literacy, Education, and the State in 17th-18th Century Eu- rope," transcription of a lecture given as the eighth annual Phi Alpha Theta distinguished lecture on history at the State University of New York at Albany on March 23, 1988 (brochure). Reprinted by permission of the Department of History, State University of New York at Albany. Introduction THROUGHOUT MY SCHOLARLY CAREER I have developed most of my ideas in essays and articles rather than monographs. I have preferred to roam over broad topics of Russian history and relate them to general Euro- pean problems rather than to work on narrow themes in depth. In addition, during much of the first half of my active professional life, Russian archives and libraries were inaccessible, and later on when foreign researchers were given limited access, personal and practical considerations precluded long stays in the Soviet Union. To compensate for my scant work in the archives, I have stressed comparative aspects involving West European institutional and intellectual developments. I am convinced that it is in the realm of compara- tive history that Russian historians working abroad can make contributions, thanks to their broader perspective and greater familiarity with other experi- ences. This was (and still is) very much true ofRussian historiography because its native practitioners were unable to travel and work abroad and had but lim- ited acquaintance with Western historiography. There may be some dilettantism in ranging over many aspects-and most periods-ofimperial Russian history. But looking back over a lifetime's work, I detect some coherence and logic in
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