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Post-Election Violence in Kenya
Spontaneous or Premeditated? DISCUSSION PAPER 57 SPONTANEOUS OR PREMEDITATED? Post-Election Violence in Kenya GODWIN R. MURUNGA NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UppSALA 2011 Indexing terms: Elections Violence Political violence Political crisis Ethnicity Democratization Kenya The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Language checking: Peter Colenbrander ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-694-7 © The author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2011 Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. Spontaneous or Premeditated? Contents Contents ..............................................................................................................................................................3 Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................7 Post-Election Violence: Overview of the Literature .............................................................................8 A Note on the Kenyan Democratisation Processes ............................................................................13 Clash of Interpretations ................................................................................................................................17 The Ballot Box and -
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface…………………………………………………………………….. i 1. District Context………………………………………………………… 1 1.1. Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 1 1.2. Socio-economic Profile………………………………………….. 1 2. Constituency Profile………………………………………………….. 1 2.1. Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 1 2.2. Socio-economic Profile………………………………………….. 1 2.3. Electioneering and Political Information……………………. 2 2.4. 1992 Election Results…………………………………………… 2 2.5. 1994 By-Election results……………………………………….. 2 2.6. 1996 By-Election results……………………………………….. 3 2.7. 1997 Election Results…………………………………………… 3 2.8. Main problems……………………………………………………. 3 3. Constitution Making/Review Process…………………………… 4 3.1. Constituency Constitutional Forums (CCFs)………………. 4 3.2. District Coordinators……………………………………………. 6 4. Civic Education………………………………………………………… 7 4.1. Phases covered in Civic Education 4.2. Issues and Areas Covered 7 7 5. Constituency Public Hearings……………………………………… 8 5.1. Logistical Details…………………………………………………. 5.2. Attendants Details……………………………………………….. 8 5.3. Concerns and Recommendations…………………………….. 8 9 Appendices 23 1. DISTRICT PROFILE Starehe constituency falls within Nairobi province. 1.1. Demographic Characteristics Male Female Total District Population by Sex 1,153,828 989,426 2,143,254 Total District Population Aged 18 years & 397,038 429,639 826,677 Below Total District Population Aged Above 18 756,790 559,787 1,316,577 years District Population by sex 1,153,828 989,426 2,143,254 Population Density (persons/Km2) 3,079 1.2. Socio-economic Profile Nairobi province has: • The highest urban population in Kenya. • The highest population density. • A young population structure. • The highest monthly mean household income in the country and the least number of malnourished children • More than 50% of the population living in absolute poverty • High inequalities by class and other social economic variables • Very low primary and secondary school enrollments • Poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation Nairobi has eight constituencies. -
English Version
Diaspora Voting and Ethnic Politics in Kenya Beth Elise Whitaker and Salma Inyanji To cite this article: Beth Elise Whitaker, Salma Inyanji, “Vote de la diaspora et ethnicité au Kenya,” Afrique contemporaine 4/2015 (n° 256), p. 73-89. URL : www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2015-4-page-73.htm. ABSTRACT: Many African governments have extended voting rights to nationals living abroad, but little is known about the political behavior of diaspora populations. In the context of Kenya, where the 2010 constitution authorized diaspora voting, we ask whether nationals living abroad are as likely to vote along ethnic lines as their counterparts at home. Using data from public opinion polls prior to the March 2013 presidential election, we compare levels of support for presumed ethnic candidates among Kenyans surveyed in the diaspora and those surveyed in the country. Overall, diaspora respondents were significantly less likely than in-country respondents to support the presumed ethnic candidate from their home province. The results provide preliminary support for our hypothesis that diaspora Africans are less likely to vote along ethnic lines than their in-country counterparts, and thus are less reliable for the construction of ethnic coalitions. More survey data are needed from Kenyans and other Africans living abroad to further examine the relationship between diaspora voting and ethnicity in African politics. As migration patterns have become increasingly global, African diaspora populations have emerged as an important political consideration (Akyeampong 2000). The African Union has held a series of conferences to engage the diaspora with a view toward recognizing it as the continent’s “sixth region.” African governments have been reaching out to nationals living abroad to seek their economic and political participation at home. -
Histories of Land Politicization, Property and Belonging in Molo, Kenya Kolben Waaranperä, Ulrika
Histories of land Politicization, property and belonging in Molo, Kenya Kolben Waaranperä, Ulrika 2018 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Kolben Waaranperä, U. (2018). Histories of land: Politicization, property and belonging in Molo, Kenya. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 ULRIKA WAARANPERÄ LUND UNIVERSITY & MALMÖ UNIVERSITY Histories of land Politicization, property and belonging in Molo, Kenya Ulrika Waaranperä DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Social Science, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Niagara, auditorium NI:C0E11, Nordenskiöldsgatan 1, Malmö. -
Infotrak Public Policy and Governance Research Division Infotrak Harris Popularity Poll
INFOTRAK PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNANCE RESEARCH DIVISION INFOTRAK HARRIS POPULARITY POLL APRIL 2012 103 Manyani East Rd, Lavington P.O. Box 23081- 00100 Nairobi, Kenya, Tel: +254 20 4443450/1/2, For more information contact: Raphael Mulwa +254 736 360 964 1. Introduction The implication of the new constitution on Kenyan politics cannot be underestimated. All political candidates must adhere to the national values and pass the integrity test under chapter six of the Constitution. It is possible that the mind-set of the Kenyan voter has changed after the 2007/2008 post-election violence. Through opinion polls, politicians are able to tell what the voters perceive to be most important in terms of policies, voting preference, the message and also a candidate’s popularity among Kenyans from different socio-economic backgrounds. The forthcoming general elections will be the first under the new constitution. Alliances have been formed as part of the strategies to win the presidential race. The campaigns have also witnessed new entrants into the race. Ultimately, the Kenyan voter will be the determinant of who holds which elective post. In executing its mandate as a pollster and in bid to inform Kenyans, Infotrak Research and Consulting conducted a nationwide opinion poll to establish the popularity of various presidential hopefuls and political parties. The survey further sought to establish the preferred running mates for various presidential hopefuls. 2. The Methodology The poll was sponsored and conducted by Infotrak Research and Consulting between 11th and 13th March, 2012 through face to face interviews with a nationwide sample of 2400 respondents, to represent the Kenyan adult population of 19,462,358 translating into a margin of error of -/+ 2 at 95% degree of confidence. -
Forty Days and Nights of Peacemaking in Kenya
Page numbering! JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS FORTY DAYS AND NIGHTS OF PEACEMAKING IN KENYA Gilbert M Khadiagala Gilbert Khadiagala is Jan Smuts Professor of International Relations, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg e-mail: [email protected] We are ready to go the extra mile to achieve peace. Today, we take the first step. My party and I are ready for this long journey to restore peace in our land …We urge our people to be patient as parties work day and night to ensure that negotiations do not last a day longer than necessary. Raila Odinga, leader of the Orange Democratic Movement (East African Standard 25 January) Kenya is a vital country in this region and the international com- munity is not ready to watch it slump into anarchy. Norwegian Ambassador Hellen Jacobsen (East African Standard 5 February) I will stay as long as it takes to get the issue of a political settlement to an irreversible point. I will not be frustrated or provoked to leave. It is in the interest of the men and women of Kenya, the region, Africa and the international community to have a new government. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan (Daily Nation 6 February) ABSTRACT Recent studies on resolving civil conflicts have focused on the role of external actors in husbanding durable agreements. The contribution of authoritative parties is vital to the mediation of conflicts where parties are frequently In the interests of avoiding repetition citations will carry the date and month only unless the year is anything other than 2008. -
QUESTION TRACKER, 2020 the Question Tracker Provides an Overview of the Current Status of Questions Before the National Assembly During the Year 2020
REPUBLIC OF KENYA THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TWELFTH PARLIAMENT (FOURTH SESSION) QUESTION TRACKER, 2020 The Question Tracker provides an overview of the current status of Questions before the National Assembly during the year 2020. N0. QUESTION Date Nature of Date Date Remarks (Constituency/County, Member, Ministry, Question and Committee) Received Question Asked and Replied and No. in Dispatched Before the Order to Committee Paper Directorate of Committee 1 The Member for Baringo Central (Hon. Joshua Kandie, MP) to ask the 06/01/2020 Ordinary 18/02/2020 05/03/2020 Concluded Cabinet for Transport, Infrastructure, Housing & Urban Development: - (001/2020) tabled on 13/03/2020 (i) Could the Cabinet Secretary explain the cause of delay in construction of the Changamwe Roundabout along Kibarani - Mombasa Road in Mombasa County whose completion has been pending for over three years? (ii) What measures have been put in place by the Ministry to ensure that the said project is completed considering its importance to the tourism sector? (To be replied before the Departmental Committee on Transport, Public Works and Housing) 2 The Member for Lamu County (Hon. Ruweida Obo, MP) to ask the Cabinet 29/01/2020 Ordinary 18/02/2020 05/03/2020 Concluded Secretary for Lands: - (002/2020) Following a land survey carried out by the Ministry in January 2019 and later reviewed on 20th August 2019 in Vumbe area of Lamu East Constituency, Lamu County, could the Cabinet Secretary provide the report of the subdivision exercise and the number of plots arrived at? Status as at Friday, October 16, 2020 Directorate of Legislative and Procedural Services, Table Office Department The National Assembly (To be replied before the Departmental Committee on Lands) 3 The Nominated Member (Hon. -
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VOLUME 7 NO 2 135 ‘WE’VE BEEN TO HELL AND BACK…’1 Can a Botched Land Reform Programme Explain Kenya’s Political Crisis? (1963–2008) Samuel Kariuki Dr Samuel Kariuki is a senior lecturer in the Sociology Department, School of Social Sciences of the University of the Witwatersrand e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A central argument pursued in this paper seeks to accord primacy to the unresolved land reform programme in Kenya in debunking the genesis of the country’s intermittent political crises since independence. It is argued that one cannot come to terms with Kenya’s failed democratic process without acknowledging the extent to which patrimonial politics were systematically developed and sustained, and the key to this was land. Land as a resource of political patronage, to reward, and punish, those who were part of, or were perceived as outsiders in an evolving political system that personified the ideals of its leaders gained a particular premium, easily manipulated across the three presidential epochs: Kenyatta (1963-1978), Moi (1978-2002) and Kibaki (2002-2007). The failure of land reform contributed immeasurably to the conflict that followed the December 2007 elections. The spatial character of the electoral violence (eg, Rift Valley and Coastal Province) suggests systemic faults that have marked decades of historic injustices brought about by a land reform policy largely informed not by a constitutional pronouncement but by the interests of the incumbent president. The paper concludes that an end to Kenya’s political crises is not fully contingent on resolving the land issue, but rather on transcending the quest for land reform as a contributor to economic growth and political stability. -
The Kenya General Election
AAFFRRIICCAA NNOOTTEESS Number 14 January 2003 The Kenya General Election: senior ministerial positions from 1963 to 1991; new Minister December 27, 2002 of Education George Saitoti and Foreign Minister Kalonzo Musyoka are also experienced hands; and the new David Throup administration includes several able technocrats who have held “shadow ministerial positions.” The new government will be The Kenya African National Union (KANU), which has ruled more self-confident and less suspicious of the United States Kenya since independence in December 1963, suffered a than was the Moi regime. Several members know the United disastrous defeat in the country’s general election on December States well, and most of them recognize the crucial role that it 27, 2002, winning less than one-third of the seats in the new has played in sustaining both opposition political parties and National Assembly. The National Alliance Rainbow Coalition Kenyan civil society over the last decade. (NARC), which brought together the former ethnically based opposition parties with dissidents from KANU only in The new Kibaki government will be as reliable an ally of the October, emerged with a secure overall majority, winning no United States in the war against terrorism as President Moi’s, fewer than 126 seats, while the former ruling party won only and a more active and constructive partner in NEPAD and 63. Mwai Kibaki, leader of the Democratic Party (DP) and of bilateral economic discussions. It will continue the former the NARC opposition coalition, was sworn in as Kenya’s third government’s valuable mediating role in the Sudanese peace president on December 30. -
The Social, Cultural and Economic Impact of Ethnic Violence in Molo Division, 1969 – 2008
THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN MOLO DIVISION, 1969 – 2008. BY MUIRU PAUL NJOROGE REG. NO. C50/10046/2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. NOVEMBER 2012 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university. ______________________Signature Date_______________ Muiru Paul Njoroge Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies This thesis has been submitted for examination with our knowledge as university supervisors _____________________Signature Date____________________ Dr. Samson Moenga Omwoyo Department of History, Archaeology and Politics Studies ___________________Signature Date____________________ Dr. Peter Wafula Wekesa Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies iii DEDICATION To my parents, Salome Wanjiru and James Muiru, my brothers and sisters as well was my dear wife, Sharon Chemutai. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the assistance of several people and institutions. My gratitude first goes to Kenyatta University for awarding me a postgraduate scholarship, and to colleagues at Naivasha Day Secondary School for their moral support. I am eternally indebted to my supervisors Dr Peter Wekesa Wafula and Dr. Samson Moenga Omwoyo who spared no efforts to iniate me into the world of scholarship. I would also like to thank all members of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies for their academic guidance since my undergraduate days (1998-2002). I cannot forget to thank the staff of the Post Modern Library of Kenyatta University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Library of Egerton University for their assistance in the course of writing this work. -
Press Statement for Immediate Release Nairobi
PRESS STATEMENT FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE NAIROBI: MONDAY, JULY 4TH, 2017 RE: UPDATE ON ENFORCEMENT OF THE ELECTORAL CODE OF CONDUCT The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (I.E.B.C), Electoral Code of Conduct Enforcement Committee held a meeting on 3rd July 2017 and deliberated twelve (12) cases on alleged breach of the Electoral Code of Conduct. The Committee is chaired by the Chairperson of the I.E.B.C and all the Commissioners are members. The Committee has given directions and summoned the parties to the twelve cases (Complainants and Accused persons) to appear before it for hearing on Thursday 6th July 2017, at 9:00am at the Kenyatta International Conference Centre (KICC), Simba Hills Hall. The persons summoned who are parties to the cases are: 1. Zacharia Okoth Obado Vs Ochilo Ayako Seat-Governor-Migori County 2. Zacharia Okoth Obado Vs George Mbogo Ochilo Ayako Seat-Governor-Migori County 3. Nicholas Gumbo Vs Orange Democratic Movement Seat-Governor-Siaya County 4. Florence Kajuju Vs Kawira Mwangaza Seat-County Woman Member to the National Assembly-Meru P a g e 1 | 2 5. Milka Chelangat Psiwa Vs Jonas Kuko and Lawrence Mukosu Seat-Member of National Assembly-Saboti Constituency 6. Fredrick Hussein Vs Robert Momanyi Seat-Member of National Assembly-Makadara Constituency 7. Peter Kinyua Vs Kimani Ngunjiri Onesmus Seat-Member of National Assembly-Bahati Constituency 8. John Ngari Wainaina Vs Joseph Wambugu Seat-Karura County Assembly Ward, Nairobi County 9. Ken Odhiambo Vs Dorine Aoko Odhiambo Seat-East Kamagak County Assembly Ward-Kasipul Constituency 10. Kenya Urban Roads Authority Vs Paul Irungu Seat-Pumwani County Assembly Ward-Starehe Constituency 11. -
Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 4: Macro Report September 10, 2012
Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 1 Module 4: Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 4: Macro Report September 10, 2012 Country: Kenya Date of Election: 4 March 2013 Prepared by: Matthias Krönke, Abel Oyuke and Robert Mattes Date of Preparation: 23 November 2016 NOTES TO COLLABORATORS: . The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project. The information may be filled out by yourself, or by an expert or experts of your choice. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g., electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. Answers should be as of the date of the election being studied. Where brackets [ ] appear, collaborators should answer by placing an “X” within the appropriate bracket or brackets. For example: [X] . If more space is needed to answer any question, please lengthen the document as necessary. Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1a. Type of Election [] Parliamentary/Legislative [X] Parliamentary/Legislative and Presidential [ ] Presidential [ ] Other; please specify: __________ 1b. If the type of election in Question 1a included Parliamentary/Legislative, was the election for the Upper House, Lower House, or both? [ ] Upper House [ ] Lower House [X] Both [ ] Other; please specify: __________ Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 4: Macro Report 2a. What was the party of the president prior to the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was presidential? Party of National Unity and Allies (National Rainbow Coalition) 2b.