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I I I irVERAFRICAN COMMITTEE FOR HYDRAULIC STUDIES I OUAGADOUGOU I UPPER VOLTA 1 I SAVANNA REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES AND LAND USE I SAVANNA RESOURCES 1 VOLUME 1 I REPORT I 1 I I I I I CIEH-USAID 1 Grant Agreements 345 Park Ave. 625-11-120-712 New York I and 698-0415 dlQ I 1 I INTERAFRICAN COMMITTEE FOR HYDRAULIC STUDIES I I OUAGADOUGOU I UPPER VOLTA 1 SAVANNA REGIONAL WATER 1 RESOURCES AND LAND USE I SAVANNA RESOURCES VOLUME 1 1 REPORT I 1 I 1 I 1 LIBRARY. INTE" '•^ATîOr-'AL REFERENCE CEMTFúT. F':.'•! ; v.-,:' -ITY WAVER SUPPLY AND i-.'.,-':- • 1 P.O. ['.: ' .... 09 AD 7"-e Hague Te!. (0/ü, o. •;-, i i ext. 141/142 RN: O'TobU TAM: 1 CIEH-USAID L0: Grant Agreements 82M/flF^« Gol í) 345 Park Ave. 625-11-120-712 1 New York 10022 I and 698-0415 I I I I This SAVANNA RESOURCES Study consists of 4 Volumes: I I VOLUME 1. REPORT — VOLUME 2. MAPFOLIO I' I VOLUME 3. APPENDICES -, VOLUME 4. STUDY PROPOSALS • I I I I I I 1 I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 VOLUME 1. SAVANNA RESOURCES - REPORT Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. SAVANNA REGION 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 I 1.2 DEFINITION OF REGION 1-1 1 1. 3 AREAL EXTENT AND SUBDIVISION OF REGION 1-4 1.4 MAPPING 1-4 CHAPTER 2. CLIMATIC RESOURCES 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 I 2.2 DEFINITIONS AND MATERIALS STUDIED 2-1 2.2.1 Definitions 2-1 I 2.2.2 Materials Studied 2-4 2.3 RESULTS 2-5 I 2.3.1 Climatic Elements 2-5 2.3.1.1 Mean Annual Rainfall 2-6 I 2.3.1.2 Onset of Rains 2-8 2.3.1.3 Termination of Rains and the End of the I Growing Season 2-9 2.3.1.4 Radiation and Thermal Regimes 2-11 I 2.3.1.5 Evapotranspiration 2-14 2.3.2 Climate and Rainfed Agriculture 2-15 I 2.3.2.1 Physical Factors 2-15 2.3.2.2 Biological Factors 2-16 I 2.3.3 Bioclimatic Regions 2-21 I 2.3.3.1 Sahel Bioclimate 2-22 2.3.3.2 The Sudan Bioclimate 2-32 I 2.3.3.3 The Northern Guinea Bioclimate 2-33 2.3.3.4 The Southern Guinea Bioclimate 2-33 1 2.3.4 Net Biomas s Production and Yield of Crops 2-35 I I 1 I Page CHAPTER 3. WATER BALANCE I 3. 1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.2 PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION AND FREQUENTIAL 1 ANALYSIS OF THE ORBVCR SYSTEM WATER BALANCE 1 ELEMENTS 3-4 1 3.2.1 Characteristics of the System 3-6 I 3.2.1.1 Increasing Usable Soil Moisture 3-6 1 3.2.1.2 System Inputs 3-7 1 3.2.1.3 System Outputs 3-13 3.2.2 Statistical Analysis of the Information 3-16 1 3.2.3 Basic Information 3-17 3.2.3.1 Rainfall 3-17 1 3.2.3.2 Potential E vapotranspirátion 3-18 3.3 ORBVCR SYSTEM RESULTS 3-19 • 3.3.1 Model Control and Validity 3-19 3.3.2 Runoff/Drainage Period Expected for One Year 1 Out of Two 3-20 3.3.3 Rainwater Supply for Grasslands 3-21 1 i 3.4 ORBVCR SYSTEM APPLICATIONS 3-22 3.4.1 Agronomy 3-23 3.4.2 Phytoecology 3-25 3.4.3 Hydrology and Hydrogeology 3-25 1 CHAPTER 4. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 4. 1 DESCRIPTION OF AREA 4-1 1 4.1.1 Chad Basin 4-2 4.1.1.1 Lake Chad 4-3 \ 4.1.2 Niger Basin 4-5 4.1.3 Volta Basin 4-8 i 4.1.3.1 Black Volta 4-9 4.1.3.2 White Volta 4-9 I 1 \ 4.1.3.3 Oti 4-10 4.1.3.4 Volta 4-10 ii I I Page CHAPTER 4. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES (Cont'd) I 4.1.4 Senegal Basin 4-11 I 4.1.5 Gambia Basin 4-11 4.1.6 Lesser Basins 4-12 1 4.2 MATERIAL STUDIED 4-13 4.3 METHODS AND RESULTS 4-17 1 403.1 Annual Stream Flow 4-17 4.3.1.1 Reference Period 4-17 I 4.3.1.2 Variability 4-18 4. 3.1. 3 Equivalent Depth of Runoff 4-18 I 4.3.1.4 Water Balance 4-18 4.3.2 Monthly Streamflow 4-24 I 4.3.3 Flood Flows 4-26 4.3.3.1 Evaluation of Flood Flows 4-27 I 4.3.3.2 Ten-Year Floods 4-28 4.3.3.3 100-Year Floods 4-35 I 4.3.3.4 Conclusions Concerning Flood Flows 4-37 4.3.4 Low Flows and Drought 4-37 I 4. 3. 4.1 Sequences of High and Low Flows 4-41 4.3.5 Small Watershed Runoff 4-42 1 4.3.6 Sediment Transport 4-43 4.3.7 Water Quality 4-48 I 4.4 SUMMARY 4-52 CHAPTER 5. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES I 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5.2 GEOLOGY 5-2 I 5.2.1 Geologic and Structural Setting 5-2 5.2.1.1 The Basement Complex 5-2 I 5.2.1.2 The Sedimentary Basins 5-3 5.2.1.3 Historical Geology 5-3 I I iii ;"•"• ;•'• •'••"' ;"'--i I ÏOÎ Mijf.'/l'1;.-'';-/ T.ll.l: •.•..J:.\J I Page r' CHAPTER 5. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES (Cont'd) 5.2.2 Lithostratigraphy 5-4 I 5.2.2.1 The Basement Complex 5-5 • 5.2.2.2 The Sedimentary Basins 5-5 , i 5.3 THE AQUIFERS 5-6 • 5.3.1 Classification 5-9 5.3.2 The Basement Complex 5-11 • 5.3.2.1 Groundwater Occurrence 5-11 5.3.2.2 Well Yields and Depths 5-12 • 5.3.3 The Sedimentary Basins 5-13 5.3.3.1 Paleozoic Cover 5-14 M 5.3.3.2 Continental Intercalaire 5-14 5.3.3.3 Cretaceous 5-15 I 5.3.3.4 Maestrichtian 5-15 5.3.3.5 Paleocene (and Eocene) 5-16 I 5.3.3.6 Continental Terminal 5-16 5.3.3.7 Plio-Quaternary and Quaternary 5-17 fl; 5.3.3.8 Summary 5-17 5.3.4 Conclusion 5-18 I 5.4 GEOHYDROLOGY 5-19 5.4.1 Groundwater Depth 5-20 I 5.4.2 Groundwater Movement 5-21 5.4.3 Safe Yield 5-22 I 5.4.4 Gtoundwater Storage ' 5-27 5.4.5 Groundwater Quality 5-32 m 5.4.6 Conclusion 5-34 5.5 CONCLUSIONS 5-37 I GLOSSARY 5-41 CHAPTER 6. LAND RESOURCES I 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 ! 6.2 METHODS USED AND MATERIAL STUDIED 6-2 I 6.2.1 The Basic Soils Data 6-2 iv I I I Page 1 CHAPTER 6. LAND RESOURCES (Cont'd) I 6.2.2 Method of Interpretation 6-11 6.2.3 Case Studies 6-15 I 6.3 RESULTS 6-16 6.3.1 Map Legend 6-16 I 6.3.2 Limiting Factors 6-20 6.3.3 The Mapping of Major Soils and Associated Soils 6-21 I 6. 4 INTERPRETATION AND USE OF THE LAND CAPABILITY MAP 6-22 6.5 CONCLUSIONS 6-24 I 6. 5.1 Extent of Land Capability Classes 6-24 6. 5. 2 Area and Distribution of Soils in Each Capability I Class 6-27 CHAPTER 7. HUMAN RESOURCES I 7. 1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7O 2 METHODS AND MATERIALS STUDIED 7-2 I 7.2. 1 Selection of Data Sources 7-2 7.2.2 Demographic Indicators 7-5 I 7.3 RESULTS 7-6 7.3.1 General Social Profile of the Savanna 7-6 I 7.3.2 Demographic Profile 7-9 7.3.3 Migration 7-12 I 7.4 CONCLUSIONS 7-14 I REFERENCES Part I Books, periodicals, maps, reports and studies (Listed alphabetically) R-l 1 Part II Hydrological Yearbooks (Listed by country and year) R-29 1 1 I I I LIST OF TABLES I Table 1-1 Political Subdivisions of the Savanna Region 1-5 • 1-2 Topographic Maps of the Savanna Region 1-6 ' 2-1 Adaptability Groups of Crops according to Similarities in Assimilation Pathway and Equal Photosynthesis Ability 2-18 2-2 Southern Sahel Bioclimate and Crop Adaptability 2-23 m 2-3 Sudan Bioclimate and Crop Adaptability 2-25 _ 2-4 Northern Guinea Bioclimate and Crop Adaptability 2-27 I 2-5 Southern Guinea Bioclimate and Crop Adaptability 2-29 IÄ 2-6 Climatic Characteristics of the Bioclimatic Regions 2-31 • 2-7 Total Net Biomass Production for the Growing Season and _ Average Rate of Net Biomass Production per Day for five I Locations in West Africa 2-36 2-8 Total Net Biomass Production and Yield of Selected Crops 2-37 • 3-1 List of Rainfall Stations Used 3-2 4-1 Hydrologie Yearbooks Available at CIEH 4-15 ™ 4-2 Annual Streamflow - Chari Basin 4-19 £ 4-3 Annual Streamflow - Logone Basin 4-20 '• 4-4 Annual Streamflow - Volta Basin 4-21 » 4-5 Annual Streamflow - Niger Basin 4-22 • 4-6 Annual Streamflow - Senegal Basin 4-23 4-7 Annual Streamflow - Gambia Basin 4-23 I 4-8 Mean Monthly Discharges at Selected Stations 4-25 4-9 Ten-Year Flood Flows in Chari Basin 4-29 I 4-10 Ten-Year Flood Flows in Logone Basin 4-29 4-11 Ten-Year Flood Flows in Niger Basin 4-30 1 4-12 Ten-Year Flood Flows in Volta Basin 4-32 m 4-13 Ten-Year Flood Flows in Senegal Basin 4-34 • 4-14 Ten-Year Flood Flows in Gambia Basin 4-34 • 4-15 Average Relation Between the Ten-Year Flood Flows and '* the Watershed Area 4-34 4-16 Maximum Observed and Estimated 100-Year Floods 4-36 | VI I I I LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd.) Page Table 4-17 Comparison of 100-Year Flood Estimates (m S-l) 4-35 I 4-18 Low Flows - Return Period 4-38 4-19 Annual Quantities of Suspended Sediment 4-45 1 4-20 Annual Quantities of Suspended Sediment Transported to Lake Chad as Measured near N'Djamena 4-47 1 4-21 Analyses of Water from West African Rivers 4-49 5-1 Lithostratigraphy of Western/Central Africa 5-7 1 5-2 Aquifer Outcrop Areas in the Project Area 5-10 5-3 Well Yields and Depths in the Basement 5-13 I 5-4 Well Yields and Depths in Paleozoic Rocks 5-14 5-5 Estimated Natural Recharge Versus Rock or Aquifer Types 5-23 I 5-6 Estimated Safe Yield per Aquifer, Country and Basin 5-25 5-7 Estimated Groundwater Storage Versus Rock or Aquifer Types 5-2 8 1 5-8 Estimated Groundwater Storage per Aquifer, Country and Basin 5-29 I 5-9 Groundwater Quality in the Basement 5-33 5-10 Groundwater Quality in Sedimentary Aquifers 5-35 I 6-1 Synopsis of the French Classification of West African Soils 6-4 6-2 Synopsis of the FAO 1:5 million Mapping Units Used in the I West African Savanna Region 6-9 6-3 Cross Key Showing the Correlation Between the French Soil Orders and the Major FAO Soil Mapping Units in the West 1 Africa Savanna Region 6-14 6-4 Synopsis of the CIEH Soil Capability Classification of the I 72 Soil Units of the Soil Map of the West African Atlas (OAU, 1971) 6-18 6-5 Percentages of the Total Savanna Area Occupied by Each I Map Unit, and the Percentages Occupied in Total by Each of the Soil Capability Classes 1,2,3,4 and 5 6-25 I 6-6 Relative Areas of Map Units Dominated by Soils of Each of the Five Capability Classes 6-26 1 6-7 Extent of Capability Classes 6-27 I 7-1 Selected Demographic Indicators of the Savanna Countries 7-10 I vu LIST OF FIGURES I Page Figure 1-1 The West and Central African Savanna Region in Africa 1-1 I After Page ^ 2-1 Relationship Between the Average Annual Precipitation I and the Average Length of the Growing Period 2-8 • 2-2 Relationship Between the Average Annual Precipitation, M the Onset of the Rains and the Termination of the Growing Period 2-10 ^ 2-3 Relationship Between the Growing Period and the Average • Daily Values of Incoming Short Wave Radiation 2-12 2-4 Relationship Between the Growing Period and the Amount m of Incoming Radiation Received During the Season 2-12 2-5 Relationship Between the Growing Period and the Maximum I) and the Minimum Screen Temperatures, Day Time Tempera- ™ ture and Night Time Temperature 2-12 2-6 Relationship Between the Excess of Precipitation Over g Evapotranspiration Demands During the Growing Season and the Length of the Growing Period 2-14 m 2-7 Average Relationship Between Maximum Photosynthesis ™ Rate and Temperature 2-16 '.
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    Central African Rep.: Sub-Prefectures 09 Jun 2015 NIGERIA Maroua SUDAN Birao Birao Abyei REP. OF Garoua CHAD Ouanda-Djallé Ouanda-Djalle Ndélé Ndele Ouadda Ouadda Kabo Bamingui SOUTH Markounda Kabo Ngaounday Bamingui SUDAN Markounda CAMEROON Djakon Mbodo Dompta Batangafo Yalinga Goundjel Ndip Ngaoundaye Boguila Batangafo Belel Yamba Paoua Nangha Kaga-Bandoro Digou Bocaranga Nana-Bakassa Borgop Yarmbang Boguila Mbrès Nyambaka Adamou Djohong Ouro-Adde Koui Nana-Bakassa Kaga-Bandoro Dakere Babongo Ngaoui Koui Mboula Mbarang Fada Djohong Garga Pela Bocaranga MbrÞs Bria Djéma Ngam Bigoro Garga Bria Meiganga Alhamdou Bouca Bakala Ippy Yalinga Simi Libona Ngazi Meidougou Bagodo Bozoum Dekoa Goro Ippy Dir Kounde Gadi Lokoti Bozoum Bouca Gbatoua Gbatoua Bakala Foulbe Dékoa Godole Mala Mbale Bossangoa Djema Bindiba Dang Mbonga Bouar Gado Bossemtélé Rafai Patou Garoua-BoulaiBadzere Baboua Bouar Mborguene Baoro Sibut Grimari Bambari Bakouma Yokosire Baboua Bossemptele Sibut Grimari Betare Mombal Bogangolo Bambari Ndokayo Nandoungue Yaloké Bakouma Oya Zémio Sodenou Zembe Baoro Bogangolo Obo Bambouti Ndanga Abba Yaloke Obo Borongo Bossembele Ndjoukou Bambouti Woumbou Mingala Gandima Garga Abba Bossembélé Djoukou Guiwa Sarali Ouli Tocktoyo Mingala Kouango Alindao Yangamo Carnot Damara Kouango Bangassou Rafa´ Zemio Zémio Samba Kette Gadzi Boali Damara Alindao Roma Carnot Boulembe Mboumama Bedobo Amada-Gaza Gadzi Bangassou Adinkol Boubara Amada-Gaza Boganangone Boali Gambo Mandjou Boganangone Kembe Gbakim Gamboula Zangba Gambo Belebina Bombe Kembé Ouango
  • CAR CMP Population Moveme

    CAR CMP Population Moveme

    CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC SITUATION Election-related displacements in CAR Cluster Protec�on République Centrafricaine As of 30 April 2021 Chari Dababa Guéra KEY FIGURES Refugee camp Number of CAR IDPs Mukjar As Salam - SD Logone-et-Chari Abtouyour Aboudéia !? Entry point Baguirmi newly displaced Kimi� Mayo-Sava Tulus Gereida Interna�onal boundaries Number of CAR returns Rehaid Albirdi Mayo-Lemié Abu Jabrah 11,148 15,728 Administra�ve boundaries level 2 Barh-Signaka Bahr-Azoum Diamaré SUDAN Total number of IDPs Total number of Um Dafoug due to electoral crisis IDPs returned during Mayo-Danay during April April Mayo-Kani CHAD Mayo-Boneye Birao Bahr-Köh Mayo-Binder Mont Illi Moyo Al Radoum Lac Léré Kabbia Tandjile Est Lac Iro Tandjile Ouest Total number of IDPs ! Aweil North 175,529 displaced due to crisis Mayo-Dallah Mandoul Oriental Ouanda-Djalle Aweil West La Pendé Lac Wey Dodjé La Nya Raja Belom Ndele Mayo-Rey Barh-Sara Aweil Centre NEWLY DISPLACED PERSONS BY ZONE Gondje ?! Kouh Ouest Monts de Lam 3,727 8,087 Ouadda SOUTH SUDAN Sous- Dosseye 1,914 Kabo Bamingui Prefecture # IDPs CAMEROON ?! ! Markounda ! prefecture ?! Batangafo 5,168!31 Kaga-Bandoro ! 168 Yalinga Ouham Kabo 8,087 Ngaoundaye Nangha ! ! Wau Vina ?! ! Ouham Markounda 1,914 Paoua Boguila 229 Bocaranga Nana Mbres Ouham-Pendé Koui 406 Borgop Koui ?! Bakassa Bria Djema TOuham-Pendéotal Bocaranga 366 !406 !366 Bossangoa Bakala Ippy ! Mbéré Bozoum Bouca Others* Others* 375 ?! 281 Bouar Mala Total 11,148 Ngam Baboua Dekoa Tambura ?! ! Bossemtele 2,154 Bambari Gado 273 Sibut Grimari
  • 304 1211 the Rise, Particularly in the Capital Bangui

    304 1211 the Rise, Particularly in the Capital Bangui

    CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Overview of incidents affecting humanitarian workers September 2020 CONTEXT The civilian population is the primary victim of tensions and violence in several parts Incidents from of the country. The CAR is also one of the most dangerous contexts in the world for 1 January to 30 September 2020 humanitarian workers: more than one incident per day affecting humanitarian work- ers have been recorded in the first 9 months of 2020. Birao Restrictions of movements, interference, illegal taxation and undue requests are on 304 1211 the rise, particularly in the capital Bangui. These violations amount to nearly half (48%) of the 37 incidents against humanitarians in September compared to an Ouanda-Djalle average of 19,3% in 2019. NdéléNdele 1 39 Robberies, carjacking and threats amount to the other half of the incidents this Markounda Bamingui Kabo month. Ngaoundaye Bamingui 31 4 Kaga-Kaga- 5 5 Batangafo Bandoro Overall, 304 incidents have been recorded thus far this year, representing a 39 1 Paoua Batangafo Bandoro 2 22 Bria Bocaranga 3 1 2350 2 Bria percent increase compared to the same period last year. Koui 5 Djéma 13 Mbrès Bakala Ippy 2338 Bouca 2 Bozoum Bouca Ippy 13 Bozoum Bossangoa Dekoa 1 1 Baboua Bouar 1 14 1 Baboua Bouar 411 Rafai INCIDENTS DEATH INJURED 2 7 Bossangoa Sibut Grimari BambariBambari 2 2 22 Bakouma Baoro 13 32 Bakouma Zémio Obo Ndjoukou 22 Zemio 5 1 1 Bangassou 7 5 Damara 4 Kouango 6 Carnot Boali 77 1112 3 1 8 Gambo 61,4% 2 3 Kembe 12 304 2 21 Bimbo 2 2 1 Bangassou Jan - Sep 2020 Bimbo Jan - Sep