Le Fleuve Niger Et Le Changement Climatique Au Cours Des 100 Dernières Années
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Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, with a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region
Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, With a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region By HENRY R. ANDERSON and WILLIAM OGILBEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-L UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600131 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Pri'ntinll Office Washinl\ton, D.C. 20402 - Price $6.75 Stock Number 2401-02389 CONTENTS Page Abstract -------------------------------------------------------- Ll Introduction -------------------------------------------------·--- 3 Purpose and scope of project ---------------------------------- 3 Location and extent of area ----------------------------------- 5 Previous investigations --------------------------------------- 5 Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------- 7 Geographic, climatic, and cultural features ------------------------ 8 Hydrology ----------------------_---------------------- __________ 10 Hydrogeology ---------------------------------------------------- 17 General features -------------------------------------------- 17 Physical character of rocks and occurrence of ground water ------- 18 Crystalline rocks (pre-Cretaceous) ------------------------ 18 Gundumi Formation (Lower Cretaceous) ------------------- 19 Illo Group (Cretaceous) ---------------------------------- -
UNIVERSITY of IBADAN LIBRARY F~Fiva23ia Mige'tia: Abe Ky • by G.D
- / L. L '* I L I Nigerla- magazine - # -\ I* .. L I r~.ifr F No. 136 .,- e, .0981 W1.50r .I :4 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F~fiva23ia Mige'tia: ABe ky • By G.D. EKPENYONG (MRS) HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY IS COMING OUT AT A TIME TRADITIONAL RULERS ENCOURAGED THEIR PEOPLE TO AC- T WHEN THERE IS GENERAL OR NATIONAL AWARENESS CEPT ISLAM AND AS A CONSEQUENCE ACCEPT IT AND FOR THE REVIVAL OF OUR CULTURAL HERITage. It IS HOPED CELEBRATED FESTIVALS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS religion. THAT NIGERIANS AND ALIENS RESIDENT IN NigeRIa, FESTIVALS ARE PERIODIC RECURRING DAYS OR SEA- RESEARCHERS IN AFRICAN StudiES, WOULD FIND THIS SONS OF GAIETY OR MERRy-maKING SET ASIDE BY A PUBLICATION A GUIDE TO A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMUNITY, TRIBE OR CLAN, FOR THE OBSERVANCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND DIVERSITY OF THE PEOPLES OF SACRED CELEBRATIOns, RELIGIOUS SOLEMNITIES OR MUs- NIGERIA. ICAL AND TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE OF SPECIAL SIG- IT IS NECESSARY TO EMPHASISe, HOWEVER, THAT NIFICANCE. It IS AN OCCASION OF PUBLIC MANIFesta- ALTHOUGH THIS IS A PIONEERING EFFORT TO RECORD ALL TION OF JOY OR THE CELEBRATION OF A HISTORICAL OC- THE KNOWN AND UNKNOWN TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS CURRENCE LIKE THE CONQUEST OF A NEIGHBOURING HELD ANNUALLY OR IN SOME CASES, AFTER A LONG VILLAGE IN WAR. IT CAN TAKE THE FORM OF A RELIGIOUS INTERVAL OF TIMe, THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY IS BY NO MEANS CELEBRATION DURING WHICH SACRIFICES ARE OFFERED TO EXHAUSTIVE. THE DIFFERENT GODS HAVING POWER OVER RAIN, Sun- SHINE, MARRIAGE AND GOOD HARVEST. Introduction He IS THE MOST ANCIENT OF ALL YORUBA TOWNS AND NigerIa, ONE OF THE LARGEST COUNTRIES IN AFRIca, IS REGARDED BY ALL YORUBAS AS THE FIRST CITY FROM IS RICH IN CULTURE AND TRADITIOn. -
Soil Survey Papers No. 5
Soil Survey Papers No. 5 ANCIENTDUNE FIELDS AND FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS IN THE RIMA-SOKOTO RIVER BASIN (N.W. NIGERIA) W. G. Sombroek and I. S. Zonneveld Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen A/Gr /3TI.O' SOIL SURVEY PAPERS No. 5 ANCIENT DUNE FIELDS AND FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS IN THE RIMA-SOKOTO RIVER BASIN (N.W. NIGERIA) Geomorphologie phenomena in relation to Quaternary changes in climate at the southern edge of the Sahara W. G. Sombroek and I. S. Zonneveld Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU ! World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued ! information available for consultation, following Fair Use ' Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the j Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the i originators. For questions please contact soil.isricOwur.nl \ indicating the item reference number concerned. ! J SOIL SURVEY INSTITUTE, WAGENINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS — 1971 3TV9 Dr. I. S. Zonneveld was chief of the soils and land evaluation section of the Sokoto valley project and is at present Ass. Professor in Ecology at the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Science (ITC) at Enschede, The Netherlands (P.O. Box 6, Enschede). Dr. W. G. Sombroek was a member of the same soils and evaluation section and is at present Project Manager of the Kenya Soil Survey Project, which is being supported by the Dutch Directorate for International Technical Assistance (P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi). The opinions and conclusions expressed in this publication are the authors' own personal views, and may not be taken as reflecting the official opinion or policies of either the Nigerian Authorities or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. -
Esm 102 the Nigerian Environment
ESM 102 THE NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT ESM 102: THE NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT COURSE GUIDE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 2 ESM 102 THE NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT Contents Introduction What you will learn in this course Course aims Course objectives Working through this course Course materials Study units Assessment Tutor marked Assignment (TMAs) Course overview How to get the most from this course Summary Introduction The Nigerian Environment is a one year, two credit first level course. It will be available to all students to take towards the core module of their B.Sc (Hons) in Environmental Studies/Management. It will also be appropriate as an "one-off' course for anyone who wants to be acquainted with the Nigerian Environment or/and does not intend to complete the NOU qualification. The course will be designed to content twenty units, which involves fundamental concepts and issues on the Nigerian Environment and how to control some of them. The material has been designed to assist students in Nigeria by using examples from our local communities mostly. The intention of this course therefore is to help the learner to be more familiar with the Nigerian Environment. There are no compulsory prerequisites for this course, although basic prior knowledge in geography, biology and chemistry is very important in assisting the learner through this course. This Course-Guide tells you in brief what the course is about, what course materials you will be using and how you can work your way through these materials. It gave suggestions on some general guideline for the amount of time you are likely to spend on each unit of the course in order to complete it successfully. -
Course Guide Hcm
COURSE GUIDE HCM 145 GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM Course Developer/Writer Dr. G. O. Falade National Open University of Nigeria Programme Leader Dr. G. O. Falade National Open University of Nigeria Course Coordinator Mr. M. A. Gana National Open University of Nigeria NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA HCM 145 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters University Village Plot 91, Cadastral Zone, Nnamdi Azikiwe Express way Jabi, Abuja Lagos Office 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island, Lagos e-mail: [email protected] website: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2012 ISBN: 978-058-186-3 All Rights Reserved ii HCM 145 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction………………………………… …..…………. 1 Course Objectives…………………………… …..………… 1 Working through this Course……………… …..………….. 1 Study Units………………………………… …..………….. 2 Assignment File……………………………… ….………... 2 Final Examination and Grading…………… ….………….. 3 Salient Points ………………………………… ….……….. 3 Final Advice ……...…………………………… ….………. 3 iii HCM 145 COURSE GUIDE Introduction HCM 145 is on Geography of Tourism. Our major concern here is with geography as it relates to tourism professionals. An attempt has been to provide all the essential features of the geography of Nigeria that you may need in your profession. We have touched on the concept of geography, only peripherally in this book. In the unit on Biodiversity: Landscape, Environment and Ecology, we have discussed, besides the geographical features of Nigeria, the variety of its flora and fauna wealth along with the environmental concerns. The unit on Seasonality and Destinations defines the concept of seasonality. It describes mainly the relationship between the destinations and their seasonality from the point of view of tourism. -
River and Stream Ecosystem of Northwestern Africa
Chapter 17 RIVER AND STREAM ECOSYSTEMS OF NORTHWESTERN AFRICA CHRISTIAN LBVEQUE INTRODUCTION African rivers is still partly focused on taxonomic inventories, many species being unknown or still to West Africa lies between the Sahara and the Gulf be described, despite a real improvement in knowl- of Guinea, and includes the Chad basin on its edge (Durand and Lévêque, 1980-1981; Teugels eastern border. The southern limit is the Cross et al., 1988; Lévêque et al., l989,1991a,b). For econ- river, on the Nigeria-Cameroun border. As de- omic reasons, most of the data collected deal with fined above, tropical West Africa covers a vast area hydrology or fisheries for use in management pro- (3 million km') with a distinct climatic gradient jects. This explains why the state of the knowledge of from north to south. river system is very poor compared with North The available information on West African river European or American countries. There is still a ecology is rather poor, often qualitative or descrip- great need for field data as well as for experimental tive, with the few quantitative data generally scat- manipulation (Lowe-McConnell, 1988). tered in research papers, obscure reports or unpub- lished theses. In fact, the hydrobiological investiga- tions were for a long time, as elsewhere in the world, GEOMORPHIC SETTING focused on lakes. Lake Chad, an endorheic lake which could partly be considered as an extension of Geomorphology and catchment characteristics the riverine environment, as well as the lower courses of the Chari and Logone rivers and their Most of the area consists of flat sedimentary associated flood plains, were well investigated dur- basins and upland plains ranging from 150 to 600 m ing the International Biological Programme (IBP) a.s.l., with patches of highlands above 1OOOm and and later on (Carmouze et al., 1983). -
LCSH Section V
V (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) V2 Class (Steam locomotives) Vaca family UF Ryan, Valerie (Fictitious character) USE Class V2 (Steam locomotives) USE Baca family Valerie Ryan (Fictitious character) V838 Mon (Astronomy) Vaca Island (Haiti) V-1 bomb (Not Subd Geog) USE V838 Monocerotis (Astronomy) USE Vache Island (Haiti) UF Buzz bomb V838 Monocerotis (Astronomy) Vaca Muerta Formation (Argentina) Flying bomb This heading is not valid for use as a geographic BT Formations (Geology)—Argentina FZG-76 (Bomb) subdivision. Geology, Stratigraphic—Cretaceous Revenge Weapon One UF V838 Mon (Astronomy) Geology, Stratigraphic—Jurassic Robot bombs Variable star V838 Monocerotis Vacada Rockshelter (Spain) V-1 rocket BT Variable stars UF Abrigo de La Vacada (Spain) Vergeltungswaffe Eins V1343 Aquilae (Astronomy) BT Caves—Spain BT Surface-to-surface missiles USE SS433 (Astronomy) Spain—Antiquities NT A-5 rocket VA hospitals Vacamwe (African people) Fieseler Fi 103R (Piloted flying bomb) USE Veterans' hospitals—United States USE Kamwe (African people) V-1 rocket VA mycorrhizas Vacamwe language USE V-1 bomb USE Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas USE Kamwe language V-2 bomb Va Ngangela (African people) Vacanas USE V-2 rocket USE Ngangela (African people) USE Epigrams, Kannada V-2 rocket (Not Subd Geog) Vaaga family Vacancy of the Holy See UF A-4 rocket USE Waaga family UF Popes—Vacancy of the Holy See Revenge Weapon Two Vaagd family Sede vacante Robot bombs USE Voget family BT Papacy V-2 bomb Vaagn (Armenian deity) Vacant family (Not Subd Geog) Vergeltungswaffe Zwei USE Vahagn (Armenian deity) UF De Wacquant family BT Rockets (Ordnance) Vaago (Faroe Islands) Wacquant family NT A-5 rocket USE Vágar (Faroe Islands) Vacant land — Testing Vaagri (Indic people) USE Vacant lands NT Operation Sandy, 1947 USE Yerukala (Indic people) Vacant lands (May Subd Geog) V-12 (Helicopter) (Not Subd Geog) Vaagri Boli language (May Subd Geog) Here are entered works on urban land without UF Homer (Helicopter) [PK2893] buildings, and not currently being used. -
Review Fish Stoc-B1
199 REVIEW OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT, FISH STOCKS AND FISHERIES OF THE RIVER NIGER (WEST AFRICA) R. Laë1 S. Williams2 A. Malam Massou3 P. Morand4 O. Mikolasek5 1 IRD, BP 1386, 99 341, Dakar, Senegal 2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafeni Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria 3 INRAN, Département GRN, BP 429, Niamey, Niger 4 Centre de Recherche Halieutique, Avenue Jean Monnet - B.P. 171, 34203, Sète, France 5 CIRAD-GAMET, TA 30/01, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Correspondence to: Raymond Lae, IRD, Route des Hydrocarbures, Bel-Air, BP 1386, 99341 Dakar, Senegal ABSTRACT The Niger River is the fourth most impor- tant river in Africa. It is 4 200 km long with an esti- mated watershed area of 1 125 000 km2. It travers- es a variety of ecological areas shared by a number of countries in the West African Region: Guinea, Mali, Niger and Nigeria for its main course; Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Benin, Chad and the Cameroon for its tributaries. The mean annual flow is 6 100 m3 s-1. Since the beginning of the cen- tury, the Niger River has been subjected to several natural and anthropogenic perturbations: first, a Key words: Niger River, biodiversity, capture very long drought period started in the 1970s when fisheries, aquaculture, management the discharges decreased strongly and the areas 200 Review of the present state of the environment, flooded were considerably reduced. Second, the build- GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE NIGER ing of dams and numerous irrigated perimeters fed by RIVER water pumping modify the hydrologic conditions of The Niger River is the fourth longest river in the Niger, increasing the effects of drought. -
The Composition, Abundance and Distribution of Zooplankton of River Niger at Onitsha Stretch, Nigeria
Animal Research International (2017) 14(1): 2629 – 2643 2629 THE COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ZOOPLANKTON OF RIVER NIGER AT ONITSHA STRETCH, NIGERIA 1ARAZU, Vivian-Deborah Nneka and 2OGBEIBU, Anthony Ekata 1Department of Biological Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. 2Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Corresponding Author: Arazu, V. N. Department of Biological Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] Phone: +234 8039316273 ABSTRACT The zooplankton assemblage of River Niger at Onitsha stretch was investigated at five sampling stations from January 2008 to December 2009. Some physical and chemical parameters were studied. Among these are: transparency, total alkalinity, conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), total solid (TS), water level, nitrate, lead, iron and calcium varied significantly (p<0.01). Air and water temperature were significantly different (p<0.05) across the five stations. A total of 26 species of cladocera, 8 species of copepoda and 23 species of rotifera were encountered. The general diversity using Shannon Wiener and Margalef’s indices for zooplankton showed higher diversity in decreasing order of stations 2 > 4 > 3 > 5 >1. Similarity indices using Jaccard’s Bray Curtis and Euclidean distance indices showed that stations 1 and 5 and stations 2 and 4 respectively are more similar to each other, while station 3 is closer to 1 and 5 than it is to 2 and 4. The effect of adverse human activities and perturbations affect the composition and distribution of zooplankton at this study stretch. -
Class G Tables of Geographic Cutter Numbers: Maps -- by Region Or Country -- Eastern Hemisphere -- Africa
G8202 AFRICA. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, ETC. G8202 .C5 Chad, Lake .N5 Nile River .N9 Nyasa, Lake .R8 Ruzizi River .S2 Sahara .S9 Sudan [Region] .T3 Tanganyika, Lake .T5 Tibesti Mountains .Z3 Zambezi River 2717 G8222 NORTH AFRICA. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, G8222 ETC. .A8 Atlas Mountains 2718 G8232 MOROCCO. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, ETC. G8232 .A5 Anti-Atlas Mountains .B3 Beni Amir .B4 Beni Mhammed .C5 Chaouia region .C6 Coasts .D7 Dra region .F48 Fezouata .G4 Gharb Plain .H5 High Atlas Mountains .I3 Ifni .K4 Kert Wadi .K82 Ktaoua .M5 Middle Atlas Mountains .M6 Mogador Bay .R5 Rif Mountains .S2 Sais Plain .S38 Sebou River .S4 Sehoul Forest .S59 Sidi Yahia az Za region .T2 Tafilalt .T27 Tangier, Bay of .T3 Tangier Peninsula .T47 Ternata .T6 Toubkal Mountain 2719 G8233 MOROCCO. PROVINCES G8233 .A2 Agadir .A3 Al-Homina .A4 Al-Jadida .B3 Beni-Mellal .F4 Fès .K6 Khouribga .K8 Ksar-es-Souk .M2 Marrakech .M4 Meknès .N2 Nador .O8 Ouarzazate .O9 Oujda .R2 Rabat .S2 Safi .S5 Settat .T2 Tangier Including the International Zone .T25 Tarfaya .T4 Taza .T5 Tetuan 2720 G8234 MOROCCO. CITIES AND TOWNS, ETC. G8234 .A2 Agadir .A3 Alcazarquivir .A5 Amizmiz .A7 Arzila .A75 Asilah .A8 Azemmour .A9 Azrou .B2 Ben Ahmet .B35 Ben Slimane .B37 Beni Mellal .B4 Berkane .B52 Berrechid .B6 Boujad .C3 Casablanca .C4 Ceuta .C5 Checkaouene [Tétouan] .D4 Demnate .E7 Erfond .E8 Essaouira .F3 Fedhala .F4 Fès .F5 Figurg .G8 Guercif .H3 Hajeb [Meknès] .H6 Hoceima .I3 Ifrane [Meknès] .J3 Jadida .K3 Kasba-Tadla .K37 Kelaa des Srarhna .K4 Kenitra .K43 Khenitra .K5 Khmissat .K6 Khouribga .L3 Larache .M2 Marrakech .M3 Mazagan .M38 Medina .M4 Meknès .M5 Melilla .M55 Midar .M7 Mogador .M75 Mohammedia .N3 Nador [Nador] .O7 Oued Zem .O9 Oujda .P4 Petitjean .P6 Port-Lyantey 2721 G8234 MOROCCO. -
Contribution of Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority to Rural Development in Sokoto State Nigeria
CONTRIBUTION OF SOKOTO RIMA RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOKOTO STATE NIGERIA 2005- 2010 BY Mohammed Yabo UMARU Ph. D/Admin/09757/2006-2007 BEING DESSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MARCH 2016 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation entitled contribution of Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority (SRRBDA) to Rural Development in Sokoto State 2005-2010 is the result of my own research work and it has been written by me. The work embodied in this dissertation is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any degree of this University or any other University. All works cited are duly acknowledged. UMARU, MUHAMMED YABO ………………… …………… NAME OF STUDENT SIGNATURE DATE i CERTIFICATION This thesis entitled “Contribution of Sokoto Rima River Basin Development Authority (SRRBDA) to Rural Development in Sokoto State 2005-2010” by Mohammed Yabo UMARU meets the regulations governing the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Public Administration) of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ____________________________ _____________________ Prof. A.A. Anyebe Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ____________________________ ___________________ Dr. S.B Abdulkareem Date Member, Supervisory Committee _________________________ _________________ Prof S.A Abdullahi Date Member,Supervisory Committee ___________________________ __________________ Dr. H.A Yusuf Date Head of Department __________________________ _________________ Dr Kabiru Bala Date Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family, friends and well wishers whose encouragement and moral support inspired me to undertake the study despite the daunting challenges of the moment. -
I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I
I I I irVERAFRICAN COMMITTEE FOR HYDRAULIC STUDIES I OUAGADOUGOU I UPPER VOLTA 1 I SAVANNA REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES AND LAND USE I SAVANNA RESOURCES 1 VOLUME 1 I REPORT I 1 I I I I I CIEH-USAID 1 Grant Agreements 345 Park Ave. 625-11-120-712 New York I and 698-0415 dlQ I 1 I INTERAFRICAN COMMITTEE FOR HYDRAULIC STUDIES I I OUAGADOUGOU I UPPER VOLTA 1 SAVANNA REGIONAL WATER 1 RESOURCES AND LAND USE I SAVANNA RESOURCES VOLUME 1 1 REPORT I 1 I 1 I 1 LIBRARY. INTE" '•^ATîOr-'AL REFERENCE CEMTFúT. F':.'•! ; v.-,:' -ITY WAVER SUPPLY AND i-.'.,-':- • 1 P.O. ['.: ' .... 09 AD 7"-e Hague Te!. (0/ü, o. •;-, i i ext. 141/142 RN: O'TobU TAM: 1 CIEH-USAID L0: Grant Agreements 82M/flF^« Gol í) 345 Park Ave. 625-11-120-712 1 New York 10022 I and 698-0415 I I I I This SAVANNA RESOURCES Study consists of 4 Volumes: I I VOLUME 1. REPORT — VOLUME 2. MAPFOLIO I' I VOLUME 3. APPENDICES -, VOLUME 4. STUDY PROPOSALS • I I I I I I 1 I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 VOLUME 1. SAVANNA RESOURCES - REPORT Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. SAVANNA REGION 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 I 1.2 DEFINITION OF REGION 1-1 1 1. 3 AREAL EXTENT AND SUBDIVISION OF REGION 1-4 1.4 MAPPING 1-4 CHAPTER 2. CLIMATIC RESOURCES 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 I 2.2 DEFINITIONS AND MATERIALS STUDIED 2-1 2.2.1 Definitions 2-1 I 2.2.2 Materials Studied 2-4 2.3 RESULTS 2-5 I 2.3.1 Climatic Elements 2-5 2.3.1.1 Mean Annual Rainfall 2-6 I 2.3.1.2 Onset of Rains 2-8 2.3.1.3 Termination of Rains and the End of the I Growing Season 2-9 2.3.1.4 Radiation and Thermal Regimes 2-11 I 2.3.1.5 Evapotranspiration 2-14 2.3.2 Climate and Rainfed Agriculture 2-15 I 2.3.2.1 Physical Factors 2-15 2.3.2.2 Biological Factors 2-16 I 2.3.3 Bioclimatic Regions 2-21 I 2.3.3.1 Sahel Bioclimate 2-22 2.3.3.2 The Sudan Bioclimate 2-32 I 2.3.3.3 The Northern Guinea Bioclimate 2-33 2.3.3.4 The Southern Guinea Bioclimate 2-33 1 2.3.4 Net Biomas s Production and Yield of Crops 2-35 I I 1 I Page CHAPTER 3.