DOCSLIB.ORG

Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, with a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, With a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region By HENRY R. ANDERSON and WILLIAM OGILBEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-L UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600131 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Pri'ntinll Office Washinl\ton, D.C. 20402 - Price $6.75 Stock Number 2401-02389 CONTENTS Page Abstract -------------------------------------------------------- Ll Introduction -------------------------------------------------·--- 3 Purpose and scope of project ---------------------------------- 3 Location and extent of area ----------------------------------- 5 Previous investigations --------------------------------------- 5 Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------- 7 Geographic, climatic, and cultural features ------------------------ 8 Hydrology ----------------------_---------------------- __________ 10 Hydrogeology ---------------------------------------------------- 17 General features -------------------------------------------- 17 Physical character of rocks and occurrence of ground water ------- 18 Crystalline rocks (pre-Cretaceous) ------------------------ 18 Gundumi Formation (Lower Cretaceous) ------------------- 19 Illo Group (Cretaceous) ---------------------------------- 26 Rima Group (Upper Cretaceous) --------------------------- 27 Sokoto Group (Paleocene) -------------------------------- 33 Gwandu Formation (Eocene) ------------------------------ 36 Surficial deposits (Quaternary) --------------------------- 42 Utilization of ground water ----------------------------------- 43 Borehole spacing --------------------------------------------- 46 Chemical quality of water ----------------------------------------- 49 Crystalline rocks --------------------------------------------- 50 Gundumi Formation ------------------------------------------ 50 Rima Group ------------------------------------------------- 51 Kalambaina Formation ----------------------------------·---- 52 Gwandu Formation ------------------------------------------- 52 Surficial deposits --------------------------------------------- 53 Surface water ----------------------------------------------- 54 Conclusions ______________ ---------------------------------------- 54 Recommendations ______________________ -----------------------·--- 57 Selected references ----------------------------------------------- 59 Index ----------------------------------------------------------- 77 liT IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in separate volume] PLATE 1. Fence diagram showing subsurface geology of w~stern Sokoto Province, northwestern Nigeria. 2. Geologic map of the Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nig-eria. 3. Geohydrologic section through northeastern Sokoto Basin, north­ western Nigeria, showing principal aquifers and confining beds. 4. Geologic map showing configuration of potentiometric surface in Cretaceous aquifers, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 5. Map showing configuration of top of Rima and f'>koto Groups, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 6. Map showing total thickness and aggregate sand thickness of the Gwandu Formation, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 7. Map showing configuration of water table in the G...,.randu Forma­ tion and perched water table in the Kalambaina Formation of the Sokoto Group, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 8. Map showing configuration and thickness of the Gvrandu artesian aquifer, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 9. Geologic map showing configuration of potentiome~ric surface of the Gwandu artesian aquifer and areas of artesian flow from the Gwandu and Gundumi Formations and the Rima Group, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 10. Map showing flow net for Gwandu artesian aquifer, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 11. Geologic section showing ground-water conditions in vicinity of Sokoto, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. Page FIGURE 1. Map showing location of report area ------------------- L6 2. Map of the Rivers Sokoto and Rima drainage bas!n _____ _ 11 3. Hydrographs of perennial reaches of the Rivers Sokoto and Zamfara showing flow due to ground-water deple­ tion, 1964-65 --------------------------------------­ 14 4. Comparative flow-duration curves for the Rivers Rima, Sokoto, and Zamfara, 1962-65 _______________________ _ 16 6. Graphs of water-level fluctuations in dug wells tfnping unconfined ground water in Kalambaina and G,.vandu Formations ______ ----------------------------------- 35 CONTENTS v Page FIGURE 6. Map showing computed lowering of water table after 3 years of pumping in vicinity of Sokoto -------------- 44 7-9. Graphs: 7. Predicted decline in pressure head at distance of 10 feet from borehole tapping Gwandu aquifer at various discharge rates ------------------------- 48 8. Predicted interference between two boreholes tap­ ping Gwandu aquifer spaced at varying distances after 100 days of continuous discharge------------ 48 9. Predicted drawdowns at discharging boreholes at Sokoto, Birnin Kebbi, Bakura, and mile 99 on Gusau-Sokoto road after 1,000 days of continuous withdrawal --------------------------------·--- 49 10. Map showing chemical character of ground water in Gwandu Formation ------------------------------·--- 53 TABLES (Table 7 is in separate volume] Page TABLE 1. Monthly rainfall at Sokoto airport, 1950-64, and Birnin Kebbi, 1952-64 --------------------------------------­ L9 2. Summary of discharges at gaging stations in Sokoto-Rima drainage basin, 1962-65 ------------------------------­ 12 3. Summary of aquifer tests ------------------------------­ 20 4-6. Records of boreholes screened in- 4. Gundumi Formation ------------------------------- 24 5. Rima Group ----------------------------------·--- 30 6. Gwandu Formation ______________________________ _ 40 7. Chemical analyses of waters from Sokoto Basin. 8-12. Logs of deep exploratory boreholes : 8. GSN 3053 at Balle, Sokoto Emirate, Sokoto Province_ 62 9. GSN 3704 at Girawsi, Sokoto Emirate, Sokoto Province -------------------------------------- 65 10. GSN 3707 at M ungadi, Gwandu Emirate, Sokoto Province ---------------------------------- ---- 69 11. GSN 3708 at Kaloye, Argungu Emirate, Sokoto Province ---------------------------------- ___ 70 12. GSN 3709 at Sainyinan Daji, Sokoto Emirate, Sokoto Province -------------------------------- 73 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION AQUIFERS IN THE SOKOTO BASIN, NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA, WITII A DESCRIPTION OF THE GENER.A,L HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE REGIC' N By HENRY R. ANDERSON and WILLIAM 0GILBEE ABSTRACT The Sokoto Basin of northwestern Nigeria lies in the sub-Saharar Sudan belt of west Africa in a zone of savannah-type vegetation. Rainfall, averag­ ing about 30 inches annually in much of the basin, occurs chiefly in a wet season which lasts from May to October. A prolonged dry season extending from October to April is dominated by dusty harmattan winds from the northeast. April and May are the hottest months, when temperatur~s occa­ sionally reach 105 °F., Flow in streams of the Sokoto Basin is mostly overland runoff. Only in a few reaches, fed by ground-water discharge from the sedimentar;r rocks, are streams perennial. In the River Zamfara basin, ground-water discharge contributes almost 1 inch of the average 3.33 inches of total annual runoff. In the vicinity of Sokoto, the River Rima flows throughout the year sustained by spring discharge from perched ground water in limestone of the Kalam­ baina Formation. On the crystalline terrane where most of the streams rise, total annual runoff may exceed 5 inches, very little of which is grou11d-water discharge. The sedimentary rocks of the basin range in age from Cretaceous to Tertiary and are composed mostly of interbedded sand, clay, and sone lime­ stone; the beds dip gently toward the northwest. Alluvium of Quatermtry age underlies the lowlands of the River Sokoto (now Sokoto) and its principal tributaries. These rocks contain three important artesian aquifers, in addition to regional unconfined ground-water bodies in all the principal outcro:" areas, and a perched water body in the outcrop of the Kalambaina Formation. Artesian aquifers occur at depth in the Gundumi Formation, the Rima Group, Ll L2 HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION and the Gwandu Formation and are separated from one ar()ther by clay beds in the lower part of the Rima Group and the Dange Formation. In outcrop, clay in the Dange Formation also supports the perched water of the Kalambaina Formation. The Gundumi Formation, resting on the basement complex, is composed of varicolored clay, sand, and gravel and attains a thickness of 800 to 1,000 feet in its downdip extensions. Most of the formation is thin bedded and clayey and therefore does not yield large quantities of water to boreholes; the average yield is 2,700 gph (gallons per hour). (All gallons are imperial gallons.) Nevertheless, the upper part of the formation is s~mdy and more permeable and forms a regional artesian aquifer from which yields of as much as 6,600 gph are obtained from single boreholes. Clay in the lower part of the Rima Group confines the Gundumi aquifer downdip, so that at Rabah and Sokoto, for example, in the River Sokoto fadama (valley floor), artesian flow is found in boreholes screened
Recommended publications
  • PRESS RELEASE June 25, 2021 for Immediate Release U.S. Embassy

    PRESS RELEASE June 25, 2021 for Immediate Release U.S. Embassy

    United States Diplomatic Mission to Nigeria, Public Affairs Section Plot 1075, Diplomatic Drive, Central Business District, Abuja Telephone: 09-461-4000. Website at http://nigeria.usembassy.gov PRESS RELEASE June 25, 2021 For Immediate Release U.S. Embassy Abuja Partners Channels Academy to Train Conflict Reporters The U.S. Embassy Abuja, in partnership with Channels Academy, has trained over 150 journalists on Conflict Reporting and Peace Journalism. In her opening remarks, the U.S. Embassy Spokesperson/Press Attaché Jeanne Clark noted that the United States recognized that security challenges exist in many forms throughout the country, and that journalists are confronted with responsibility to prioritize physical safety in addition to meeting standards of objectivity and integrity in conflict. She urged the journalists to share their experiences throughout the course of the three-day seminar and encouraged participants to identify new ways to address these security challenges. The trainer Professor Steven Youngblood from the U.S. Center for Global Peace Journalism – Park University defined and presented principles for peace journalism in conflict reporting. He cautioned journalists to refrain from what he termed war journalism. He said, "war journalism is a pattern of media coverage that includes overvaluing violent, reactive responses to conflict while undervaluing non-violent, developmental responses.” The Provost of Channels Academy, Mr Kingsley Uranta, showed appreciation for the continuous partnership with the U.S. Embassy and for bringing such training opportunities to Nigerian journalists. He also called on conflict reporters to be peace ambassadors. The training took place virtually via Zoom on June 22 – 24, 2021. Journalists converged in American Spaces in Abuja, Kano, Bauchi Sokoto, Maiduguri, Awka, and Ibadan.
  • AJST) Science and Engineering Series Vol

    AJST) Science and Engineering Series Vol

    African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST) Science and Engineering Series Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 80-89 ISOTOPE AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATERS IN THE SEMI-ARID SOKOTO BASIN, NIGERIA S.M.A. Adelana1, P.I. Olasehinde1 and P.Vrbka2 1Department of Geology & Mineral Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. 2Kaupstrasse 37, Germany (formerly Geology Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Germany). ABSTRACT:- Stable isotopes and geochemical studies have been applied in the investigation of groundwater resources in Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. Generally, the characteristic hydrochemical classification in the study area is calcium-alkali-bicarbonate. Surface waters are characterized by alkali-calcium-bicarbonate while groundwater is of Ca-Mg-HCO3. The plot of δ18O versus δ2H shows that five isotopic groups can be distinguished. Group I-III is of groundwater origin while group IV and V represent surface water. A combination of the hydrochemical and isotope data (14C, 13C and 3H) reveals the Sokoto basin aquifers generally contains good quality groundwater of Holocene age (100 to 10,000 years BP). Keywords: stable isotopes, geochemical characterization, groundwater, Sokoto Basin. INTRODUCTION condition by one kilometre yearly into northern Nigeria threatens agriculture. It is in the light of this that the Northwestern Nigeria is a region with great potential for Federal government of Nigeria under a joint project with future large-scale economic development due to warm the International Atomic and Energy Agency, Vienna has temperatures and bountiful resources; including thermal planned a number of irrigation schemes in order to energy, farmlands and minerals. Water resources data in increase agricultural activities in the area to two planting this area, as far back as the 60s, are available in literature seasons, thereby boosting food production.
  • Le Fleuve Niger Et Le Changement Climatique Au Cours Des 100 Dernières Années

    Le Fleuve Niger Et Le Changement Climatique Au Cours Des 100 Dernières Années

    Hydro-climatology: Variability and Change (Proceedings of symposium J-H02 held during 131 IUGG2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July 2011) (IAHS Publ. 344, 2011). Le fleuve Niger et le changement climatique au cours des 100 dernières années G. MAHE1, G. LIENOU2, F. BAMBA3, J. E. PATUREL4, O. ADEAGA5, L. DESCROIX6, A. MARIKO7, J. C. OLIVRY8, S. SANGARE9, A. OGILVIE10 & J. C. CLANET10 1 IRD, Université Mohamed V Agdal, BP 8967, 10 000 Rabat Agdal, Morocco [email protected] 2 Université Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun 3 Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs, Bamako, Mali 4 HydroSciences Montpellier, France 5 University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria 6 LTHE, Grenoble, France 7 Université de Bamako, Bamako, Mali 8 Carqueiranne, France 9 DNH, Conakry, Guinea 10 G-EAU joint research unit, IRD, Montpellier, France Résumé Le bassin du fleuve Niger couvre 1.2 millions km2 et s’étend sur neuf pays en Afrique de l’Ouest. Son débit moyen à l’exutoire maritime est d’environ 6000 m3 s-1. La crue sur le cours principal en amont est formée au cours des 6–7 mois de la saison des pluies tropicales. Le régime hydrologique a évolué en raison du changement climatique et des impacts anthropiques. Il n’y a que peu de barrages sur le fleuve Niger, et les futurs ouvrages planifiés vont modifier son régime et les zones inondées. L’objectif de cette étude est de donner un aperçu global des changements hydrologiques du régime du Niger dans ses différents sous-bassins, afin d’évaluer les impacts des changements futurs. Les séries chronologiques à Koulikoro et pour les bassins amont montrent une forte variabilité interannuelle des débits depuis 1907, et une diminution profonde depuis 1970.
  • States and Local Government Areas Creation As a Strategy of National Integration Or Disintegration in Nigeria

    States and Local Government Areas Creation As a Strategy of National Integration Or Disintegration in Nigeria

    ISSN 2239-978X Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 3 (1) January 2013 States and Local Government Areas Creation as a Strategy of National Integration or Disintegration in Nigeria Bassey, Antigha Okon #!230#0Q#.02+#,2-$-!'-*-%7 !3*27-$-!'*!'#,, 4#01'27-$* 0 TTTWWV[* 0$TT– Nigeria E-mail: &X)Z&--T!-+, &,#SV^VYY[Z_YY\ Omono, Cletus Ekok #!230#0Q#.02+#,2-$-!'-*-%7 !3*27-$-!'*!'#,, 4#01'27-$* 0 Bisong, Patrick Owan #!230#0Q#.02+#,2-$-!'-*-%7 Facult$-!'*!'#,, 4#01'27-$* 0 Bassey, Umo Antigha !3*27-$1"3!2'-, ,'4#01'27-$* 0 Doi: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n1p237 Abstract 3&'1..#0#6+',#1122#1,"*-!*%-4#0,+#,20#1!0#2'-,',5'%#0'1-,#-$2&+(-01202#%'#1of #,130',%52'-,*',2#%02'-,T3&#,*71'15 1#"-,1#""2- 2',#"$0-+2#6 )1,"-2&#0 0#20'#4#" +2#0'*1T 3&# 1!-.# -$ 2&# ..#0 -&#0 2&, 2&# "!2'-,Q !-4#01R !-,!#.23* ,*71'1 -$ 40' *#1R 0#4'#5 -$ *-!* %-4#0,+#,2 0#as and states creation in Nigeria, rationale for States and Local 90,+#,21!0#R2&#-0#2'!*$"R!-,1#/#,!#1R!-,!*31'-,"0#!-++#,"-,T<2#0!0'2'!* #6+',2'-, -$ 2&# !-,1#/#,!#1 -$ !0#2'-, -$ 122#1 "*-!*%-4#0,+#,2 0#15hich include structural imbalance in Nigeria socio-1203!230#R.#0.#232'-,-$+',-0'27"-+',2'-,Q!-,2',3-311203%%*#$-0 national resources in terms of sharing national revenue and creation of consciousness among ethnic nationalities. State and Local government creation rather promotes National disintegration. The conclusion of &'1 ..#0 2&#0#$-0# "#4'2#1 1'%,'$'!,2*7 $0-+ 2&# ',2#,"" $3,!2'-, -$ 122# !0#2'-, 1 #6!2#" 7 2&# %'22-01T3&'1..#0381$3,!2'-,*&',,*8g state and local government creation in Nigeria "'2'10#!-++#""2&2&##"0*9-4#0,+#,21&-3*"',20-"3!#"-+'!'*'07.-*'!72-1-*4#2&#.0- *#+ of non-indigenes and minorities.
  • Impact of National Fadama Development Project on Crop Production and Farm Incomes in Kebbi State, Nigeria

    Impact of National Fadama Development Project on Crop Production and Farm Incomes in Kebbi State, Nigeria

    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 12, Ver. II (Dec. 2015) PP 49-61 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Impact of National Fadama Development Project on Crop Production and Farm Incomes in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Illo A.I.¹, Baba K.M.1 and Gulma S. S.2 1. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria. 2. Kebbi State Fadama Coordination office (Kebbi Fadama III Project), KARDA HQs, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the National Fadama Development Project on resources use, crop yield and farm incomes in Kebbi State. A hundred farmers (50 participants and 50 non- participants) were randomly selected from five local government areas of the State. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Production functions and farm budgeting. The study revealed that participants used more improved inputs especially, fertilizer, improved seeds, water pumps and pesticides than non-participants. The results obtained showed that tomato, onion and pepper production was profitable. Profit was however higher for participants. The regression analysis showed that land, labour, seed, fertilizer and irrigation hours were important in explaining the variation in output of tomato, onion and pepper under irrigation by the two categories of farmers. From the resource use efficiency stand point, substantial resource use disequilibria were found. Opportunity therefore, exist for raising profitability through resource re- allocation under existing irrigation systems. Keywords: National Fadama Development Project, Resource use, Crop yield, Farm income. I. Introduction One of the key constraints to agricultural production in Nigeria has been inadequate supply and uneven distribution of water.
  • Nigeria's Constitution of 1999

    Nigeria's Constitution of 1999

    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:42 constituteproject.org Nigeria's Constitution of 1999 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:42 Table of contents Preamble . 5 Chapter I: General Provisions . 5 Part I: Federal Republic of Nigeria . 5 Part II: Powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . 6 Chapter II: Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy . 13 Chapter III: Citizenship . 17 Chapter IV: Fundamental Rights . 20 Chapter V: The Legislature . 28 Part I: National Assembly . 28 A. Composition and Staff of National Assembly . 28 B. Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of National Assembly . 29 C. Qualifications for Membership of National Assembly and Right of Attendance . 32 D. Elections to National Assembly . 35 E. Powers and Control over Public Funds . 36 Part II: House of Assembly of a State . 40 A. Composition and Staff of House of Assembly . 40 B. Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of House of Assembly . 41 C. Qualification for Membership of House of Assembly and Right of Attendance . 43 D. Elections to a House of Assembly . 45 E. Powers and Control over Public Funds . 47 Chapter VI: The Executive . 50 Part I: Federal Executive . 50 A. The President of the Federation . 50 B. Establishment of Certain Federal Executive Bodies . 58 C. Public Revenue . 61 D. The Public Service of the Federation . 63 Part II: State Executive . 65 A. Governor of a State . 65 B. Establishment of Certain State Executive Bodies .
  • Legacies of Colonialism and Islam for Hausa Women: an Historical Analysis, 1804-1960

    Legacies of Colonialism and Islam for Hausa Women: an Historical Analysis, 1804-1960

    Legacies of Colonialism and Islam for Hausa Women: An Historical Analysis, 1804-1960 by Kari Bergstrom Michigan State University Winner of the Rita S. Gallin Award for the Best Graduate Student Paper in Women and International Development Working Paper #276 October 2002 Abstract This paper looks at the effects of Islamization and colonialism on women in Hausaland. Beginning with the jihad and subsequent Islamic government of ‘dan Fodio, I examine the changes impacting Hausa women in and outside of the Caliphate he established. Women inside of the Caliphate were increasingly pushed out of public life and relegated to the domestic space. Islamic law was widely established, and large-scale slave production became key to the economy of the Caliphate. In contrast, Hausa women outside of the Caliphate were better able to maintain historical positions of authority in political and religious realms. As the French and British colonized Hausaland, the partition they made corresponded roughly with those Hausas inside and outside of the Caliphate. The British colonized the Caliphate through a system of indirect rule, which reinforced many of the Caliphate’s ways of governance. The British did, however, abolish slavery and impose a new legal system, both of which had significant effects on Hausa women in Nigeria. The French colonized the northern Hausa kingdoms, which had resisted the Caliphate’s rule. Through patriarchal French colonial policies, Hausa women in Niger found they could no longer exercise the political and religious authority that they historically had held. The literature on Hausa women in Niger is considerably less well developed than it is for Hausa women in Nigeria.
  • UNIVERSITY of IBADAN LIBRARY F~Fiva23ia Mige'tia: Abe Ky • by G.D

    UNIVERSITY of IBADAN LIBRARY F~Fiva23ia Mige'tia: Abe Ky • by G.D

    - / L. L '* I L I Nigerla- magazine - # -\ I* .. L I r~.ifr F No. 136 .,- e, .0981 W1.50r .I :4 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY F~fiva23ia Mige'tia: ABe ky • By G.D. EKPENYONG (MRS) HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY IS COMING OUT AT A TIME TRADITIONAL RULERS ENCOURAGED THEIR PEOPLE TO AC- T WHEN THERE IS GENERAL OR NATIONAL AWARENESS CEPT ISLAM AND AS A CONSEQUENCE ACCEPT IT AND FOR THE REVIVAL OF OUR CULTURAL HERITage. It IS HOPED CELEBRATED FESTIVALS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS religion. THAT NIGERIANS AND ALIENS RESIDENT IN NigeRIa, FESTIVALS ARE PERIODIC RECURRING DAYS OR SEA- RESEARCHERS IN AFRICAN StudiES, WOULD FIND THIS SONS OF GAIETY OR MERRy-maKING SET ASIDE BY A PUBLICATION A GUIDE TO A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMUNITY, TRIBE OR CLAN, FOR THE OBSERVANCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND DIVERSITY OF THE PEOPLES OF SACRED CELEBRATIOns, RELIGIOUS SOLEMNITIES OR MUs- NIGERIA. ICAL AND TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE OF SPECIAL SIG- IT IS NECESSARY TO EMPHASISe, HOWEVER, THAT NIFICANCE. It IS AN OCCASION OF PUBLIC MANIFesta- ALTHOUGH THIS IS A PIONEERING EFFORT TO RECORD ALL TION OF JOY OR THE CELEBRATION OF A HISTORICAL OC- THE KNOWN AND UNKNOWN TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS CURRENCE LIKE THE CONQUEST OF A NEIGHBOURING HELD ANNUALLY OR IN SOME CASES, AFTER A LONG VILLAGE IN WAR. IT CAN TAKE THE FORM OF A RELIGIOUS INTERVAL OF TIMe, THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY IS BY NO MEANS CELEBRATION DURING WHICH SACRIFICES ARE OFFERED TO EXHAUSTIVE. THE DIFFERENT GODS HAVING POWER OVER RAIN, Sun- SHINE, MARRIAGE AND GOOD HARVEST. Introduction He IS THE MOST ANCIENT OF ALL YORUBA TOWNS AND NigerIa, ONE OF THE LARGEST COUNTRIES IN AFRIca, IS REGARDED BY ALL YORUBAS AS THE FIRST CITY FROM IS RICH IN CULTURE AND TRADITIOn.
  • Case Study of Rice Production Systems in Nigeria

    Case Study of Rice Production Systems in Nigeria

    MULTI-AGENCY PARTNERSHIPS FOR TECHNICAL CHANGE IN WEST AFRICAN AGRICULTURE: NIGERIA CASE STUDY REPORT ON RICE PRODUCTION PREPARED BY ECO-SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (EDO), JOS, NIGERIA FOR OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE (ODI) Selbut R. Longtau Eco-systems Development Organisation WIS Partners Building, 5 Lugard Road P.O. Box 8243, Jos This document has been prepared by EDO, an independent, non-profit environmental and natural resources research and development organisation, for ODI for the DFID’s West and North Africa Division and Socio-Economic Methodologies, Renewable Natural Resources Research Strategy. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views either of ODI or the Department for International Development. Jos, 03 April 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES...........................................................................................................................................................ii FIGURES........................................................................................................................................................iii ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................................iii Currency .........................................................................................................................................................iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................
  • Community Forum Sustainability Review

    Community Forum Sustainability Review

    Community Forum Sustainability Review November 2012 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by RTI International. Nigeria Northern Education Initiative (NEI) Community Forum Sustainability Review Contract #: EDH-I-00-05-00026-00 Sub-Contract #: 778-04 RTI Prepared for: USAID/Nigeria Prepared by RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Post Office Box 12194 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 2 COMMUNITY FORUM SUST AIN ABILITY Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Survey Design and Implementation .................................................................................................... 5 Survey Findings ................................................................................................................................... 6 Understanding of the Forum process ............................................................................................. 6 Activity Funding .............................................................................................................................. 7 Roles and Responsibilities ............................................................................................................... 7 Forum
  • Structural Interpretation of Northern Sokoto Basin, Using Airborne Magnetic Data

    Structural Interpretation of Northern Sokoto Basin, Using Airborne Magnetic Data

    ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Visit: www.ijirset.com Vol. 7, Issue 7, July 2018 Structural Interpretation of Northern Sokoto Basin, Using Airborne Magnetic Data Ibe Stephen O.1, Uche Iduma2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria1 Geophysicist, Nigerian Geological Survey Agency Abuja, Nigeria 2 ABSTRACT: Analysis of high resolution aeromagnetic data was carried out to evaluate the structural complexity of Sokoto Basin, Northern Nigeria. The total magnetic intensity data covering the basin were processed and filtered using First vertical derivative (FVD) and Horizontal gradient (HG) filters. The FVD and HG were computed to enhance faults, fractures and folds. Ten major fault systems were defined trending majorly in the NE-SW direction with minor NW-SE trends. The lineament of the area was extracted and plotted to define the major trends of both major and minor structures. The lineament map and corresponding rose plot show a dominate NE-SW trend with minor NW-SE, EW and NS structures within the study area. The structural complexity was computed using the lineament map. The lineament density map shows that the eastern part of Gwadebawa, Jiga Birne, Jega, Wamako, Sokoto, Raka, Gayawa, Manu, Giden Madi, Matona, Talata Mafara, Moriki, Gada, Dakko and Baban Baki are intensely deformed. Kuka, Birnin Kebbi, Kaingwa, Binji, Satuka, Tureta, Rabah, Isa, Sabon Birni and eastern part of Raka are moderately deformed; and Satuka, Arbkwe, Bui, Kuka, Botawa, Binji, Sabon Birni, southern part of Tureta and eastern part of Manu are less deformation.
  • Soil Survey Papers No. 5

    Soil Survey Papers No. 5

    Soil Survey Papers No. 5 ANCIENTDUNE FIELDS AND FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS IN THE RIMA-SOKOTO RIVER BASIN (N.W. NIGERIA) W. G. Sombroek and I. S. Zonneveld Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen A/Gr /3TI.O' SOIL SURVEY PAPERS No. 5 ANCIENT DUNE FIELDS AND FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS IN THE RIMA-SOKOTO RIVER BASIN (N.W. NIGERIA) Geomorphologie phenomena in relation to Quaternary changes in climate at the southern edge of the Sahara W. G. Sombroek and I. S. Zonneveld Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU ! World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued ! information available for consultation, following Fair Use ' Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the j Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the i originators. For questions please contact soil.isricOwur.nl \ indicating the item reference number concerned. ! J SOIL SURVEY INSTITUTE, WAGENINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS — 1971 3TV9 Dr. I. S. Zonneveld was chief of the soils and land evaluation section of the Sokoto valley project and is at present Ass. Professor in Ecology at the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Science (ITC) at Enschede, The Netherlands (P.O. Box 6, Enschede). Dr. W. G. Sombroek was a member of the same soils and evaluation section and is at present Project Manager of the Kenya Soil Survey Project, which is being supported by the Dutch Directorate for International Technical Assistance (P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi). The opinions and conclusions expressed in this publication are the authors' own personal views, and may not be taken as reflecting the official opinion or policies of either the Nigerian Authorities or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.