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Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, with a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region

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Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, with a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, With a Description of the Genercl Hydrogeology of the Region By HENRY R. ANDERSON and WILLIAM OGILBEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-L UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600131 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Pri'ntinll Office Washinl\ton, D.C. 20402 - Price $6.75 Stock Number 2401-02389 CONTENTS Page Abstract -------------------------------------------------------- Ll Introduction -------------------------------------------------·--- 3 Purpose and scope of project ---------------------------------- 3 Location and extent of area ----------------------------------- 5 Previous investigations --------------------------------------- 5 Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------- 7 Geographic, climatic, and cultural features ------------------------ 8 Hydrology ----------------------_---------------------- __________ 10 Hydrogeology ---------------------------------------------------- 17 General features -------------------------------------------- 17 Physical character of rocks and occurrence of ground water ------- 18 Crystalline rocks (pre-Cretaceous) ------------------------ 18 Gundumi Formation (Lower Cretaceous) ------------------- 19 Illo Group (Cretaceous) ---------------------------------- 26 Rima Group (Upper Cretaceous) --------------------------- 27 Sokoto Group (Paleocene) -------------------------------- 33 Gwandu Formation (Eocene) ------------------------------ 36 Surficial deposits (Quaternary) --------------------------- 42 Utilization of ground water ----------------------------------- 43 Borehole spacing --------------------------------------------- 46 Chemical quality of water ----------------------------------------- 49 Crystalline rocks --------------------------------------------- 50 Gundumi Formation ------------------------------------------ 50 Rima Group ------------------------------------------------- 51 Kalambaina Formation ----------------------------------·---- 52 Gwandu Formation ------------------------------------------- 52 Surficial deposits --------------------------------------------- 53 Surface water ----------------------------------------------- 54 Conclusions ______________ ---------------------------------------- 54 Recommendations ______________________ -----------------------·--- 57 Selected references ----------------------------------------------- 59 Index ----------------------------------------------------------- 77 liT IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in separate volume] PLATE 1. Fence diagram showing subsurface geology of w~stern Sokoto Province, northwestern Nigeria. 2. Geologic map of the Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nig-eria. 3. Geohydrologic section through northeastern Sokoto Basin, north­ western Nigeria, showing principal aquifers and confining beds. 4. Geologic map showing configuration of potentiometric surface in Cretaceous aquifers, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 5. Map showing configuration of top of Rima and f'>koto Groups, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 6. Map showing total thickness and aggregate sand thickness of the Gwandu Formation, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 7. Map showing configuration of water table in the G...,.randu Forma­ tion and perched water table in the Kalambaina Formation of the Sokoto Group, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 8. Map showing configuration and thickness of the Gvrandu artesian aquifer, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 9. Geologic map showing configuration of potentiome~ric surface of the Gwandu artesian aquifer and areas of artesian flow from the Gwandu and Gundumi Formations and the Rima Group, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 10. Map showing flow net for Gwandu artesian aquifer, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. 11. Geologic section showing ground-water conditions in vicinity of Sokoto, Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria. Page FIGURE 1. Map showing location of report area ------------------- L6 2. Map of the Rivers Sokoto and Rima drainage bas!n _____ _ 11 3. Hydrographs of perennial reaches of the Rivers Sokoto and Zamfara showing flow due to ground-water deple­ tion, 1964-65 --------------------------------------­ 14 4. Comparative flow-duration curves for the Rivers Rima, Sokoto, and Zamfara, 1962-65 _______________________ _ 16 6. Graphs of water-level fluctuations in dug wells tfnping unconfined ground water in Kalambaina and G,.vandu Formations ______ ----------------------------------- 35 CONTENTS v Page FIGURE 6. Map showing computed lowering of water table after 3 years of pumping in vicinity of Sokoto -------------- 44 7-9. Graphs: 7. Predicted decline in pressure head at distance of 10 feet from borehole tapping Gwandu aquifer at various discharge rates ------------------------- 48 8. Predicted interference between two boreholes tap­ ping Gwandu aquifer spaced at varying distances after 100 days of continuous discharge------------ 48 9. Predicted drawdowns at discharging boreholes at Sokoto, Birnin Kebbi, Bakura, and mile 99 on Gusau-Sokoto road after 1,000 days of continuous withdrawal --------------------------------·--- 49 10. Map showing chemical character of ground water in Gwandu Formation ------------------------------·--- 53 TABLES (Table 7 is in separate volume] Page TABLE 1. Monthly rainfall at Sokoto airport, 1950-64, and Birnin Kebbi, 1952-64 --------------------------------------­ L9 2. Summary of discharges at gaging stations in Sokoto-Rima drainage basin, 1962-65 ------------------------------­ 12 3. Summary of aquifer tests ------------------------------­ 20 4-6. Records of boreholes screened in- 4. Gundumi Formation ------------------------------- 24 5. Rima Group ----------------------------------·--- 30 6. Gwandu Formation ______________________________ _ 40 7. Chemical analyses of waters from Sokoto Basin. 8-12. Logs of deep exploratory boreholes : 8. GSN 3053 at Balle, Sokoto Emirate, Sokoto Province_ 62 9. GSN 3704 at Girawsi, Sokoto Emirate, Sokoto Province -------------------------------------- 65 10. GSN 3707 at M ungadi, Gwandu Emirate, Sokoto Province ---------------------------------- ---- 69 11. GSN 3708 at Kaloye, Argungu Emirate, Sokoto Province ---------------------------------- ___ 70 12. GSN 3709 at Sainyinan Daji, Sokoto Emirate, Sokoto Province -------------------------------- 73 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION AQUIFERS IN THE SOKOTO BASIN, NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA, WITII A DESCRIPTION OF THE GENER.A,L HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE REGIC' N By HENRY R. ANDERSON and WILLIAM 0GILBEE ABSTRACT The Sokoto Basin of northwestern Nigeria lies in the sub-Saharar Sudan belt of west Africa in a zone of savannah-type vegetation. Rainfall, averag­ ing about 30 inches annually in much of the basin, occurs chiefly in a wet season which lasts from May to October. A prolonged dry season extending from October to April is dominated by dusty harmattan winds from the northeast. April and May are the hottest months, when temperatur~s occa­ sionally reach 105 °F., Flow in streams of the Sokoto Basin is mostly overland runoff. Only in a few reaches, fed by ground-water discharge from the sedimentar;r rocks, are streams perennial. In the River Zamfara basin, ground-water discharge contributes almost 1 inch of the average 3.33 inches of total annual runoff. In the vicinity of Sokoto, the River Rima flows throughout the year sustained by spring discharge from perched ground water in limestone of the Kalam­ baina Formation. On the crystalline terrane where most of the streams rise, total annual runoff may exceed 5 inches, very little of which is grou11d-water discharge. The sedimentary rocks of the basin range in age from Cretaceous to Tertiary and are composed mostly of interbedded sand, clay, and sone lime­ stone; the beds dip gently toward the northwest. Alluvium of Quatermtry age underlies the lowlands of the River Sokoto (now Sokoto) and its principal tributaries. These rocks contain three important artesian aquifers, in addition to regional unconfined ground-water bodies in all the principal outcro:" areas, and a perched water body in the outcrop of the Kalambaina Formation. Artesian aquifers occur at depth in the Gundumi Formation, the Rima Group, Ll L2 HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION and the Gwandu Formation and are separated from one ar()ther by clay beds in the lower part of the Rima Group and the Dange Formation. In outcrop, clay in the Dange Formation also supports the perched water of the Kalambaina Formation. The Gundumi Formation, resting on the basement complex, is composed of varicolored clay, sand, and gravel and attains a thickness of 800 to 1,000 feet in its downdip extensions. Most of the formation is thin bedded and clayey and therefore does not yield large quantities of water to boreholes; the average yield is 2,700 gph (gallons per hour). (All gallons are imperial gallons.) Nevertheless, the upper part of the formation is s~mdy and more permeable and forms a regional artesian aquifer from which yields of as much as 6,600 gph are obtained from single boreholes. Clay in the lower part of the Rima Group confines the Gundumi aquifer downdip, so that at Rabah and Sokoto, for example, in the River Sokoto fadama (valley floor), artesian flow is found in boreholes screened
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