DOCSLIB.ORG

Specialized Meltwater Biodiversity Persists Despite Widespread Deglaciation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Specialized Meltwater Biodiversity Persists Despite Widespread Deglaciation Specialized meltwater biodiversity persists despite widespread deglaciation Clint C. Muhlfelda,b,1,2, Timothy J. Clinea,2, J. Joseph Gierscha,2, Erich Peitzscha, Caitlyn Florentinea, Dean Jacobsenc, and Scott Hotalingd aNorthern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Glacier National Park, West Glacier, MT 59936; bFlathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860; cFreshwater Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; and dSchool of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 Edited by Warwick F. Vincent, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David W. Schindler March 30, 2020 (received for review January 29, 2020) Glaciers are important drivers of environmental heterogeneity and We conducted this test in Glacier National Park (GNP), biological diversity across mountain landscapes. Worldwide, gla- Montana, a protected landscape (e.g., World Heritage Site and ciers are receding rapidly due to climate change, with important Biosphere Reserve) that has experienced widespread glacier loss consequences for biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. However, since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA, ca. 1850; Fig. 1). Like the effects of glacier loss on biodiversity have never been many mountain ranges worldwide, this region harbors an ex- quantified across a mountainous region, primarily due to a lack tensive network of high-elevation streams that are highly heter- of adequate data at large spatial and temporal scales. Here, we ogenous in terms of hydrologic source contributions, temperature, combine high-resolution biological and glacier change (ca. < 1850–2015) datasets for Glacier National Park, USA, to test the and flow regimes across small spatial extents ( 1 km). These habitat prediction that glacier retreat reduces biodiversity in mountain mosaics support diverse biological communities with high levels of ecosystems through the loss of uniquely adapted meltwater endemism, including two stoneflies (Lednia tumana and Zapada stream species. We identified a specialized cold-water invertebrate glacier) that were recently listed under the US Endangered Species community restricted to the highest elevation streams primarily Act exclusively due to climate change-induced glacier and snow loss below glaciers, but also snowfields and groundwater springs. (17, 18). Of the 146 glaciers present at the end of the LIA, only 35% We show that this community and endemic species have unex- persisted through 2005 (19), with complete deglaciation predicted ECOLOGY pectedly persisted in cold, high-elevation sites, even in catchments by 2100 (5). We focused on alpine stream invertebrates because ∼ that have not been glaciated in 170 y. Future projections suggest they are constrained to the highest elevations of aquatic habitats substantial declines in suitable habitat, but not necessarily loss of and are considered a “canary in the coal mine” for climate-induced this community with the complete disappearance of glaciers. Our biodiversity loss in mountain ecosystems (20). They are also key findings demonstrate that high-elevation streams fed by snow and other cold-water sources continue to serve as critical climate components of freshwater communities, performing vital roles in refugia for mountain biodiversity even after glaciers disappear. Significance mountain streams | glacier loss | biodiversity | invertebrate communities | climate change Glaciers are retreating rapidly due to climate change, and these changes are predicted to reduce biodiversity in mountain eco- ountain regions are rich in biodiversity, harboring high systems through the loss of specialized meltwater species. Mlevels of species richness and endemism (1). The genera- However, direct observations of how glacier change affects tion and maintenance of mountain biodiversity ultimately de- biological communities living in mountain streams are scarce. pends on geological and climatic processes that promote habitat Here, we show that a specialized cold-water invertebrate community has unexpectedly persisted in cold, high-elevation heterogeneity across these dynamic landscapes (2). Glaciers and streams despite widespread glacier loss and habitat reductions other meltwater sources enhance habitat heterogeneity of in Glacier National Park since the Little Ice Age (ca. 1850). Al- mountainous regions by shaping local geomorphology and pro- though shrinking habitat and increased fragmentation pose – viding cold meltwater to downstream ecosystems (2 4). How- significant risks to these range-restricted species, our results ever, glaciers are rapidly shrinking and disappearing due to demonstrate that specialized meltwater communities may be global warming (5–8), and these trends are predicted to accel- more resilient to glacier recession than previously thought. erate over the coming decades (5, 9). Glacier loss is considered a major threat to biodiversity in mountain regions worldwide (2, Author contributions: C.C.M., T.J.C., J.J.G., and S.H. designed research; C.C.M., T.J.C., J.J.G., E.P., C.F., D.J., and S.H. performed research; C.C.M., T.J.C., and J.J.G. analyzed data; and 10, 11), yet direct, quantitative tests of how glacier retreat affects C.C.M., T.J.C., J.J.G., E.P., C.F., D.J., and S.H. wrote the paper. biodiversity across a range of spatial scales are scarce (12, 13). The authors declare no competing interest. The rapid decline of mountain glaciers reduces meltwater This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. W.F.V. is a guest editor invited by the contributions to downstream ecosystems, altering flow regimes, Editorial Board. increasing water temperatures, and ultimately homogenizing This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- stream habitats (3, 14). Glacier loss is expected to increase local NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). diversity within streams as more diverse, warmer-water com- Data deposition: The stream invertebrate data and contemporary glacier data used in this munities shift upstream, but decrease regional diversity as study are available online from the USGS in ScienceBase (https://doi.org/10.5066/ P9RCMMKL). The R code for all statistical analyses used in this study have been deposited unique glacier-dependent species and communities are lost (15, in GitHub (https://github.com/tjcline/AlpineBugs_PNAS2020). – 16). Global predictions suggest that 11 38% of species will be 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected]. lost following complete disappearance of glaciers in a region 2C.C.M., T.J.C., and J.J.G. contributed equally to this work. (15). Here, we explicitly test the prediction that glacier recession This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/ reduces stream biodiversity through the loss of specialized doi:10.1073/pnas.2001697117/-/DCSupplemental. meltwater species across a large mountainous region. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2001697117 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of7 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 Fig. 1. Glaciers have rapidly receded in GNP since the LIA. (A) Map and histogram of glacial loss for all 129 sampling sites (colored circles) since the end of the LIA (ca. 1850). White to dark shading represents topographic relief. Sampling sites (red points), LIA glacier extent (yellow), and historical photos of glacier loss in Sperry (B), Boulder (C), Grinnell (D) basins are shown. Sites where glaciers were absent in LIA are not included in the histogram. ecosystem functioning, such as organic matter decomposition and reduced glacial cover and warmer water temperatures (Fig. 2). nutrient cycling. These findings are consistent with previous studies (15, 16, 24, 25). Using high-resolution satellite imagery, we quantified change Taxonomic differences (dissimilarity) between individual sites and in glacier cover by mapping the area of present-day glaciers (ca. the regional species pool (β-diversity) was higher among sites with 2015) and analyzing their maximum at the end of the LIA (18, greater glacial cover and colder water temperatures. Spatial turn- 19, 21). We quantified the abundance and diversity of stream over of taxa accounted for 98.5% of overall beta-diversity among invertebrate communities at 129 sites (within and across streams) sites, demonstrating that glaciated reaches support distinct com- in 36 catchments with varying levels of contemporary glacial munities (SI Appendix,TableS2). These results also indicate that influence (percentage of present-day glacier cover, 0–91%) and local increases in species diversity may come at the expense of re- glacier loss since the LIA (8–100%) (22). Sample sites spanned a gional species diversity as glacier-dependent species are lost and range of water sources (glacier, snowfield, and groundwater high-elevation streams become environmentally and taxonomically spring), summer water temperatures (1–10 °C), elevations (1,507– homogenized (15). However, there was significant variation in com- 2,431 m), and distances to source (1–3,853 m). We identified dis- munity diversity among sites without glaciers, suggesting environ- tinct invertebrate communities using latent Dirichlet allocation mental conditions supporting distinct communities may exist (LDA) (23), a probabilistic hierarchical cluster analysis, with no a elsewhere on the landscape. priori habitat information included. We then evaluated how a suite We identified a total of 113 taxa
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park
    Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park Laurel A. Bennett National Park Service Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network 240 W. 5th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 April 2005 Report Number: NPS/AKRSWAN/NRTR-2005/02 Funding Source: Southwest Alaska Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service File Name: BennettL_2005_KEFJ_WQInventory_Final.doc Recommended Citation: Bennett, L. 2005. Baseline Water Quality Inventory for the Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, Kenai Fjords National Park. USDI National Park Service, Anchorage, AK Topic: Inventory Subtopic: Water Theme Keywords: Reports, inventory, freshwater, water quality, core parameters Placename Keywords: Alaska, Kenai Fjords National Park, Southwest Alaska Network, Aialik Bay, McCarty Fjord, Harrison Bay, Two Arm Bay, Northwestern Fjord, Nuka River, Delight Lake Kenai Fjords Water Quality Inventory - SWAN Abstract A reconnaissance level water quality inventory was conducted at Kenai Fjords National Park during May through July of 2004. This project was initiated as part of the National Park Service Vital Signs Inventory and Monitoring Program in an effort to collect water quality data in an area where little work had previously been done. The objectives were to collect baseline information on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water resources, and, where possible, relate basic water quality parameters to fish occurrence. Water temperatures in Kenai Fjords waters generally met the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) regulatory standards for both drinking water and growth and propagation of fish, shellfish, other aquatic life and wildlife. Water temperature standard are less than or equal to 13° C for spawning and egg and fry incubation, or less than or equal to 15° C for rearing and migration (DEC 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250
    The Ohio Naturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Volume VIII. JANUARY. 1908. No. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SCHEPFEL—An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250 AN ESKER GROUP SOUTH OF DAYTON, OHIO.1 EARL R. SCHEFFEL Contents. Introduction. General Discussion of Eskers. Preliminary Description of Region. Bearing on Archaeology. Topographic Relations. Theories of Origin. Detailed Description of Eskers. Kame Area to the West of Eskers. Studies. Proximity of Eskers. Altitude of These Deposits. Height of Eskers. Composition of Eskers. Reticulation. Rock Weathering. Knolls. Crest-Lines. Economic Importance. Area to the East. Conclusion and Summary. Introduction. This paper has for its object the discussion of an esker group2 south of Dayton, Ohio;3 which group constitutes a part of the first or outer moraine of the Miami Lobe of the Late Wisconsin ice where it forms the east bluff of the Great Miami River south of Dayton.4 1. Given before the Ohio Academy of Science, Nov. 30, 1907, at Oxford, O., repre- senting work performed under the direction of Professor Frank Carney as partial requirement for the Master's Degree. 2. F: G. Clapp, Jour, of Geol., Vol. XII, (1904), pp. 203-210. 3. The writer's attention was first called to the group the past year under the name "Morainic Ridges," by Professor W. B. Werthner, of Steele High School, located in the city mentioned. Professor Werthner stated that Professor August P. Foerste of the same school and himself had spent some time together in the study of this region, but that the field was still clear for inves- tigation and publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2019-07-01 Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Barkdull, Natalie Shepherd, "Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 8590. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8590 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Gregory T. Carling, Chair Barry R. Bickmore Stephen T. Nelson Department of Geological Sciences Brigham Young University Copyright © 2019 Natalie Shepherd Barkdull All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Impacts of Glacial Meltwater on Geochemistry and Discharge of Alpine Proglacial Streams in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA Natalie Shepherd Barkdull Department of Geological Sciences, BYU Master of Science Shrinking alpine glaciers alter the geochemistry of sensitive mountain streams by exposing reactive freshly-weathered bedrock and releasing decades of atmospherically-deposited trace elements from glacier ice. Changes in the timing and quantity of glacial melt also affect discharge and temperature of alpine streams.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Landforms of the Puget Lowland
    Oak Harbor i t S k a g Sauk Suiattle Suiattle River B a y During the advance and retreat of Indian Reservation Glacial Landforms of the the Puget lobe, drainages around the ice sheet were blocked, forming multiple proglacial Camano Island Stillaguamish lakes. The darker colors on this Indian map indicate lower elevations, Reservation Puget Lowland and show many of these t S Arlington Spi ss valleys. The Stillaguamish, e a en P g n o Snohomish, Snoqualmie, and Striped Peak u r D r Hook a Puyallup River valleys all once t z US Interstate 5 Edi Sauk River Lower Elwha t S contained proglacial lakes. Klallam o u s There are many remnants of Indian g Port a Reservation US Highway 101 Jamestown Townsend a n these lakes left today, such as S’Klallam A Quimper Peninsula Port Angeles Indian Lake Washington and Lake d Reservation Sequim P Sammamish, east of Seattle. o m H P Miller Peninsula r t o a S T l As the Puget lobe retreated, i m Tulalip e o s w McDonald Mountain q r e Indian lake outflows, glacial D n s u i s s s Reservation i c e a m o a H S. F. Stillaguamish River v n meltwater, and glacial outburst e d a g Marysville B r B l r e a y a b flooding all contributed to y o y t Elwha River B r dozens of channels that flowed y a y southwest to the Chehalis River Round Mountain Lookout Hill Lake Stevens I Whidbey Island at the southwest corner of this n d map.
    [Show full text]
  • Concepts & Synthesis
    CONCEPTS & SYNTHESIS EMPHASIZING NEW IDEAS TO STIMULATE RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY Ecological Monographs, 78(1), 2008, pp. 41–67 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America GLACIAL ECOSYSTEMS 1,9 2 3 4 5 ANDY HODSON, ALEXANDRE M. ANESIO, MARTYN TRANTER, ANDREW FOUNTAIN, MARK OSBORN, 6 7 8 JOHN PRISCU, JOHANNA LAYBOURN-PARRY, AND BIRGIT SATTLER 1Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom 2Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA United Kingdom 3School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS United Kingdom 4Departments of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751 USA 5Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom 6Department of Biological Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA 7Office of the PVC Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tas 7001 Australia 8Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruk, Technikerstrabe 25 A-0620 Austria Abstract. There is now compelling evidence that microbially mediated reactions impart a significant effect upon the dynamics, composition, and abundance of nutrients in glacial melt water. Consequently, we must now consider ice masses as ecosystem habitats in their own right and address their diversity, functional potential, and activity as part of alpine and polar environments. Although such research is already underway, its fragmentary nature provides little basis for developing modern concepts of glacier ecology. This paper therefore provides a much-needed framework for development by reviewing the physical, biogeochemical, and microbiological characteristics of microbial habitats that have been identified within glaciers and ice sheets. Two key glacial ecosystems emerge, one inhabiting the glacier surface (the supraglacial ecosystem) and one at the ice-bed interface (the subglacial ecosystem).
    [Show full text]
  • KEFJ Assessment
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions Kenai Fjords National Park Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRR—2010/192 ON THE COVER Top left: Bear Glacier; top right: Holgate Glacier; bottom left: Nature center at Exit Glacier area; bottom right: Aialik Cape. Photographs by S. Nagorski. ______________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions Kenai Fjords National Park Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRR—2010/192 Sonia Nagorski, Eran Hood, and Sanjay Pyare Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Ginny Eckert School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Juneau, AK 99801 This report was prepared under Task Order J9W88050014 of the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (agreement CA90880008). May 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Surficial Geology of the Branford Quadrangle With
    Open Map Open Figure 4 Open Figure 5 The Surficial Geology of the Branford Quadrangle WITH MAP BY RICHARD FOSTER FLINT 1·-------,_,T---------; I (. \ I' I, I: ,~! ~ i\ ~ , (~ STATE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CONNECTICUT A DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 1964 QUADRANGLE REPORT NO. 14 \ --- - --- State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut A DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES HoN. JoHN N. DEMPSEY, Governor of Connecticut J osEPH N. GILL, Com missioner of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources COMMISSIONERS HoN. JottN N. DDIPSEY, Governor of Connecticut DR. J. WENDELL BURGER, Department of Biology, Trinity College DR. RICHARD H. GoonwIN, Department of Botany, Connecticut College DR. JoHN B. LucKE, Department of Geology, University of Connecticut DR. }oE WEBB PEOPLES, Department of Geology, Wesleyan University DR. JoHN H.oocERs, Department of Geology, Yale University DIRECTOR JoE WEBB PEOPLES, Ph.D. Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut EDITOR Lou WILLIAMS PAGE, Ph.D. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE AGENT State Librarian State Library, Hartford ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction ............................................................................ ...................................... 1 Bedrock geology .......................................................................................................... 3 Topography and drainage .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies
    Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF CANADA GLACIERS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES By C. SIMON L. OMMANNEY SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–1 The Rocky Mountains of Canada include four distinct ranges from the U.S. border to northern British Columbia: Border, Continental, Hart, and Muskwa Ranges. They cover about 170,000 km2, are about 150 km wide, and have an estimated glacierized area of 38,613 km2. Mount Robson, at 3,954 m, is the highest peak. Glaciers range in size from ice fields, with major outlet glaciers, to glacierets. Small mountain-type glaciers in cirques, niches, and ice aprons are scattered throughout the ranges. Ice-cored moraines and rock glaciers are also common CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J199 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 FIGURE 1. Mountain ranges of the southern Rocky Mountains------------ 201 2. Mountain ranges of the northern Rocky Mountains ------------ 202 3. Oblique aerial photograph of Mount Assiniboine, Banff National Park, Rocky Mountains----------------------------- 203 4. Sketch map showing glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains -------------------------------------------- 204 5. Photograph of the Victoria Glacier, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, in August 1973 -------------------------------------- 209 TABLE 1. Named glaciers of the Rocky Mountains cited in the chapter
    [Show full text]
  • The Mendon Kame Area, by H. L
    Vol. 6 J No.6 PROCEEDINGS OF" THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF" SCIENCE VOL, 6, PP. 19S-21!!, PLATES 76-61 THE ~mXDOX KA)'lE AREA BY HERMAN L, FAIRCHILD ROCHESTER, N, y, Pl'BT,TSHJW BY THE SOCnn'Y ArGI'ST, 1926 PROCEEDINGS O F THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL 6 . PP . 195- 215 PLATES 76-8 1 AU G U ST , 1926 T HE ~ I El\D()1'\ Ki\i\IE ARG: \ Ih I-h R.\I.\ N L. FAIR ']IILD CONTEI TS 1'.\ (;E5 l"o rclI' ord ... .. .... ...... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. 1')5 Locati on ; .\rea .... .. .. .. .. .... ... ... .. .... )98 Origin ; Lake 11 istory . ... ... .... .. ......... .. .. .... ....... .. 199 Relations . ...... ...... ... .... .. ... .... ..... .. ...... .... .. .. .. ... .. 202 Topography ...... ....... .... ... .. .. ...... ..... ..... .. .. 203 Composition ; Structure . .. ... ... .. .. ..... ... ..... ... ..... .... .. 204 Features ...... .... .......... .. .. ... ... ... .... ... ..... ... .. 206 D rumlin s .... .. .. .. .. .............. ..... ... .... 206 Eskers . .. 206 Kettles ...... .... .. ...... ... ........ ..... .... .. ...... .. ... 208 Lakes . ..... .. ... .. .. ... .... ..... ... .. ...... .. ..... .. 209 Botanical Interest . .... ... .... .... ...... ... ........... .. 210 Aboriginal Occupation 2 11 List of \Vritings . ... 2 14 ]70 1 ~E \\" OIW T he nUl1l erous and striking g lacial features of western "t\ew York have been the subject of many scienti fic papers, and the re­ ma rkable g rol1p o f g ravel hills in the to\\"n o f l\Iendon, 10 miles south or l~oc h este r , has not been overlooked. B ut the hills a re deserving of special cl escri ption, because they have n6 superior in their display of the peculiar cha racters o f morainal deposits. T he pi ctorial record is made in a nticipation of the possible defacement by the g rO\\"th of population ;\lld the march o f improve l11 ent(!) The destrl1 ction o f some of the most beautiful portions of the P innacle l~a n ge is a w ~lrnin g of the danger to other features o f our fin est scenery.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks on the Formation of Fjords and Cañons Author(S): Robert Brown Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol
    Remarks on the Formation of Fjords and Cañons Author(s): Robert Brown Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 41 (1871), pp. 348-360 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3698066 . Accessed: 24/06/2014 23:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 62.122.73.250 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:54:47 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 348 BROWNon the Formation of Fjords and Cainons. It is true that their wants are few, but some of these wants are very ill-supplied, as in the case of salt for instance, which is very bad in quality and very dear throughout Hookoong; besides, the bulk of the population engage in some kind of barter when not occupied in cultivating, and a people of this kind would not be likely to oppose the opening of a road, because they are capable of seeing that the measure would prove to their advantage.
    [Show full text]
  • California Glacial Till and the Glaciated Valley Landsystem: Engineering Classification and Properties
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Fall 2013 California Glacial Till and the Glaciated Valley Landsystem: Engineering Classification and Properties Matthew Mark Lattin San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Lattin, Matthew Mark, "California Glacial Till and the Glaciated Valley Landsystem: Engineering Classification and Properties" (2013). Master's Theses. 4392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.npfw-e78s https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4392 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CALIFORNIA GLACIAL TILL AND THE GLACIATED VALLEY LANDSYSTEM: ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Civil Engineering by Matthew M. Lattin December 2013 © 2013 Matthew M. Lattin ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled CALIFORNIA GLACIAL TILL AND THE GLACIATED VALLEY LANDSYSTEM: ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES by Matthew M. Lattin APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY December 2013 Dr. Laura Sullivan-Green Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Dr. Kurt McMullin Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Martin M. McIlroy, P.G., P.E. Vice President, Taber Consultants ABSTRACT CALIFORNIA GLACIAL TILL AND THE GLACIATED VALLEY LANDSYSTEM: ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES by Matthew M.
    [Show full text]
  • Deglaciation of the Upper Androscoggin River Valley and Northeastern White Mountains, Maine and New Hampshire
    Maine Geological Survey Studies in Maine Geology: Volume 6 1989 Deglaciation of the Upper Androscoggin River Valley and Northeastern White Mountains, Maine and New Hampshire Woodrow B. Thompson Maine Geological Survey State House Station 22 Augusta, Maine 04333 Brian K. Fowler Dunn Geoscience Corporation P.O. Box 7078, Village West Laconia, New Hampshire 03246 ABSTRACT The mode of deglaciation of the White Mountains of northern New Hampshire and adjacent Maine has been a controversial topic since the late 1800's. Recent workers have generally favored regional stagnation and down wastage as the principal means by which the late Wisconsinan ice sheet disappeared from this area. However, the results of the present investigation show that active ice persisted in the upper Androscoggin River valley during late-glacial time. An ice stream flowed eastward along the narrow part of the Androscoggin Valley between the Carter and Mahoosuc Ranges, and deposited a cluster of end-moraine ridges in the vicinity of the Maine-New Hampshire border. We have named these deposits the" Androscoggin Moraine." This moraine system includes several ridges originally described by G. H. Stone in 1880, as well as other moraine segments discovered during our field work. The ridges are bouldery, sharp-crested, and up to 30 m high. They are composed of glacial diamictons, including flowtills, with interbedded silt, sand, and gravel. Stone counts show that most of the rock debris comprising the Androscoggin Moraine was derived locally, although differences in provenance may exist between moraine segments on opposite sides of the valley. Meltwater channels and deposits of ice-contact stratified drift indicate that the margin of the last ice sheet receded northwestward.
    [Show full text]