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Remarks on the Formation of Fjords and Cañons Author(S): Robert Brown Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol

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Remarks on the Formation of Fjords and Cañons Author(S): Robert Brown Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol Remarks on the Formation of Fjords and Cañons Author(s): Robert Brown Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 41 (1871), pp. 348-360 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3698066 . Accessed: 24/06/2014 23:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 62.122.73.250 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:54:47 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 348 BROWNon the Formation of Fjords and Cainons. It is true that their wants are few, but some of these wants are very ill-supplied, as in the case of salt for instance, which is very bad in quality and very dear throughout Hookoong; besides, the bulk of the population engage in some kind of barter when not occupied in cultivating, and a people of this kind would not be likely to oppose the opening of a road, because they are capable of seeing that the measure would prove to their advantage. But whilst the people themselves may be trusted not to oppose their own interests, it must be admitted that some diffi- culty lies in the fact that nearly all their Ghams are large slave-holders, and suffer heavily and constantly from the escape of their slaves across the border into British territory. All the Chiefs feel a great deal of irritation against us on account of the extreme abolitionist policy that has been adopted of late years. Still, considering the magnitude of the question, it can hardly be said that the cost of indemnifying a score or so of petty Chiefs for the loss of their slaves would be a heavy impost, and it would seem to be no more than fair to give the Ghams the means of purchasing that amount of labour from their servants which they have been accustomed to obtain by force, if we interfere to prevent the exaction. As there is now a British officer resident at Bhamo, it might be possible to send a party up the Irrawaddv to explore and make a rough survey of the river as far as Mainlah. In all pro- bability, a party starting from Assam would be able to reach Mainlah, for, since we have returned, a letter has been received from the Denai Ghams inviting us to meet them next year at Serojmo. Serojmo is said to be only six days from Mainlah. XIV.--Remarks on the Formation of Fjords and Caions. By Dr. ROBERT BROWN, M.A., F.R.G.S., President of the Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh. IN March, 1869, I presented to this Society a paper " On the Formation of Fjords, Canons,Benches, Prairies, and Intermittent Rivers," an extract from which was published in the 'Pro- ceedings,' vol. xiii., No. 3, and the entire paper in the 'Journal,' vol. xxix. The doctrines broached have been favourably received on the Continent and in America, and by many of those in this country best able to judge regarding their reasonableness. My paper, however, in so far as regards the theory of the forina- This content downloaded from 62.122.73.250 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:54:47 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BROWNon the Formation of Fjords and Canons. 349 tion of fjords, has been honoured by two special attacks having been directed against it. The first* of these in time is by Mr. Joseph W. Tayler, so long connected with the cryolite mines of Arksut Fjord, in Greenland; the second t is by the late illustrious President of this Society. Though no words coming from Sir Roderick Murchison on a subject of physical geology can fail to be received with the careful attention and pro- found respect which his long and pre-eminent services to science entitle them to, and though well aware of Mr. Tayler's long residence in Greenland, yet, with every respect for both, I must humbly submit that they have not made good their case for the doctrine that glaciers have nothing whatever to do with the formation of fjords. On the contrary, after having studied the subject anew, and visited, since my paper was published, several of the regions where fjords abound, and which are cited in illus- tration of my ideas in the paper mentioned, I am convinced- even more than before-that the explanation I then gave, if not exactly the true one, is at least nearer the truth than the one opposed to it. It is with a view to recapitulate these arguments, and not with a view to bolster up a theory, which must eventually stand or fall on its own merits, that I ask a place in the Society's Transactions for these additional remarks. The question is not so much whether fjords were hollowed out by glaciers, but simply a renewal of the contest between the rival schools of " catastrophists,"who believe that all the great physical features of the world have been caused by some cataclysm or cataclysms of nature; and of " uniformitarians,"who teach that the uniform and long-continued action of the forces at present acting on the earth's surface would be sufficient to account for many features hitlierto ascribed by their rivals to huge throes of nature. The whole subject has been discussed over and over again, and all the main arguments which have been brought to bear against this particular application of the uniformitarian doctrines, have been advanced against some other application of it, in explana- tion of other physical features. Nor have the supporters of the contrary view been backward in replying; and the whole matter stands in statu quo, or as the leanings of physical geologists bear to one side or other of the controversy. Foremost and chief of the school of catastrophists was our distinguished President, and our Transactions almost yearly bear witness to the skill, eloquence, and learning with which he has employed the weapons of his party against the adherents of the opposite view. Originally, when he visited the Arctic Regions for the first time ten years ago, a disciple of Sir Roderick in this country, * 4 Proceedings,' vol. xiv. p. 156. t Ibid. p. 327. This content downloaded from 62.122.73.250 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 23:54:47 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 350 BROWNon the Formation of Fjords and Caions. and of von Buch in Germany, the present writer must confess that additional observation and more extensive travel have led him to desert to the enemy. The paper mentioned is a result of his studies under the new banner, and these further remarks must be taken as his justification of the faith that is in him. The arguments brought against him both by Sir Roderick and 1Mr. Tayler are so nearly identical, so far as they go, that he may be permitted to reply to them conjointly. Had, however, Mr. Tayler waited until the publication of my complete paper, he would have spared himself and the Society some of his remarks, which his impatience for what seemed an easy victory has induced him to advance against the imperfect statement of my case in the fragmentary report published in the 'Proceedings.' Unfortunately he commences his arguments by entirely mis- understanding my views. Glaciers and Fjords.-When Mr. Tayler says that he " takes it for granted" that by " hollowing" I mean causing fjords to be where none were before, he takes for granted what I never did grant. On the contrary, I have always shunned the extreme views of either geological school, which would assign the origin of all physical features alone to the causes of which they are the advocate. I believe, and consider that in my paper I made it clear, that as a glacier outpour in approaching the coast, or in falling from an elevation, always takes the line of least resistance; so in former times it sought the valleys and depressions then existing in the coast-line of Greenland. It might even have taken the "gulches" and ravines which former volcanic force had formed. But at that time Greenland, Norway, and other fjord-indented countries did not present the aspect they do now. Fjords, as we understand them now, did not then exist. It was to the long-continued action of the glaciers moving over these valley-beds that the deep uniform inlets are due. Probably the sea assisted the glacier after the coast had fallen. At that time the present coast-line of these continents did not exist, and when Mr. Tayler attempts to disprove my theory by talking of the present fjords of Greenland as if they were of primeval origin, I fear that he does not clearly under- stand the doctrines held by all geologists, that the Greenland coast has been undergoing a continual oscillation.
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