Implikasi Pemekaran Daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung Pasca Reformasi

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Implikasi Pemekaran Daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung Pasca Reformasi IMPLIKASI PEMEKARAN DAERAH KABUPATEN PESAWARAN PROVINSI LAMPUNG PASCA REFORMASI Lukman Santoso Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ponorogo | Jl. Pramuka 156 Ponorogo [email protected] Abstract: This article discusses implication of regional expansion of with the creation of Pesawaran Regency, the Province of Lampung, which was legally created based on the Law No. 33/2007 and officially promulgated on 2nd of November 2007. Before becoming a separate regency, Pesawaran was part of South Lampung Regency. There are both positive and negative implications of this expansion. Among positive implications are more effective control, available positions in bureaucracy for locals, better service delivery, fiscal distribution to newly created regency for development and infrastructures. Whereas negative implications include dispute in the site of regency office, shortage in budget allocation, infrastructure limitation, worsening public services and deteriorating relationship among key regional executives. Keywords: Implication, regional expansion, Pesawaran Regency. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji tentang implikasi pemekaran daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung pasca reformasi. Terbentuknya Kabupaten Pesawaran berdasarkan undang-undang nomor 33 tahun 2007 yang memekarkan diri dari Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, dan diresmikan pada 2 November 2007. Terdapat implikasi positif dan negatif yang timbul dari pemekaran kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung. Di antara implikasi positifnya adalah rentang kendali pemerintahan semakin dekat, terbukanya jabatan-jabatan (peluang kerja) baru untuk sebagian kecil masyarakat asli dan sekitar, terutama dalam sektor pemerintahan kabupaten, akses pelayanan publik semakin dekat, dan adanya distribusi fiskal ke daerah otonom baru sebagai upaya pembangunan dan penunjang struktur dan infrastruktur baru. Adapun implikasi negatifnya adalah terjadinya silang sengkarut lokasi kantor pemerintah kabupaten, keterbatasan anggaran sehingga terbengkalainya pemilukada perdana, keterbatasan infrastruktur, pelayanan publik yang AL-DAULAH: JURNAL HUKUM DAN PERUNDANGAN ISLAM VOLUME 7, NOMOR 1, APRIL 2017 p-ISSN 2089-0109; e-ISSN 2503-0922 Implikasi Pemekaran Daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung semakin buruk, dan hubungan kerja yang kurang harmonis antar pimpinan dan pejabat daerah. Kata Kunci: Implikasi, pemekaran daerah, kabupaten Pesawaran. Pendahuluan Sejak bergulirnya era reformasi 1998, bangsa Indonesia menaruh harapan besar terhadap perubahan-perubahan sistem bernegara. Dalam konteks sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, euforia reformasi juga ditandai dengan gelombang otonomi daerah secara besar-besaran. Lahirnya Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah pada kondisi tersebut merupakan salah satu upaya pemerintah “mendinginkan” euforia reformasi dan di lain pihak untuk menjaga keutuhan NKRI. Maka tidak salah jika “nada” Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah memberikan kebebasan yang nyata dan seluas-luasnya bagi daerah untuk menyelenggarakan pemerintahannya sendiri (otonomi) demi kesejahteraan daerah. Prinsip kebebasan, demokrasi, dan partisipasi publik juga sangat menonjol dalam produk hukum tersebut.1 Era otonomi daerah juga menjadi penanda bergesernya paradigma sentralisasi yang dianut Orde Baru, menjadi paradigma desentralisasi yang termuat dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Fenomena pemekaran daerah atau pembentukan daerah otonom baru (DOB), kemudian menjadi konsekuensi logis dari penerapan kebijakan desentralisasi politik. Dalam konteks politik pasca reformasi, desentralisasi memang lebih dimaknai sebagai kebebasan daerah untuk melakukan pemekaran daerah atau pembentukan daerah otonom baru, baik provinsi, kabupaten/kota, kecamatan maupun desa/kelurahan. Dalam konteks negara hukum modern (welfare staat), setiap kebijakan pemerintah, termasuk pemekaran daerah harus berimplikasi pada kepentingan umum, yakni memberikan 1 Tim Percik, Proses dan Implikasi Sosial-Politik Pemekaran; Studi Kasus di Sambas dan Buton, Summary Paper, (Salatiga: Yayasan Percik, 2007), 5. al-Daulah Vol. 7, No.1, April 2017 251 Lukman Santoso kontribusi positif bagi peningkatan kualitas pelayanan publik yang merata dan terjangkau bagi semua kelompok masyarakat. Ketentuan tersebut sebenarnya secara yuridis telah termuat dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 yang secara teknis diatur dalam PP Nomor 78 Tahun 2007 sebagai acuan mewujudkan tujuan pemekaran daerah, yakni meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat, pelayanan yang lebih baik, peningkatan kehidupan demokratis, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang lebih cepat, meningkatnya keamanan dan ketertiban, relasi yang harmonis antar-daerah, serta memperpendek rentang kendali pemerintahan. Di balik tujuan ideal itu ternyata terselip kepentingan politik dan kekuasaan yang justru menafikan tujuan pemekaran daerah secara keseluruhan. Telaah atas proses pemekaran daerah juga harus menilik secara cermat pada konteks lokasi, waktu peristiwa, serta konstelasi politik saat terjadinya pemekaran, karena tidak dapat dinafikan bahwa pengaruh politik atas hukum sangat kuat. Hukum dan politik hakikatnya saling mempengaruhi, sehingga dapat dipahami ketika pemekaran daerah hanya merupakan rekayasa elite politik, baik lokal maupun pusat, dengan berbagai kepentingan yang diusungnya, tanpa memperhatikan aspek viability (rasionalitas dan urgensitas), maupun feasibility (kelayakan).2 Menguatnya fenomena pemekaran daerah di era reformasi juga merupakan potret lemahnya pemerintahan pusat. Lemahnya pemerintahan pusat dipandang dari kepentingan daerah adalah peluang untuk mengajukan tuntutan (aspirasi) atau melakukan ‘resistensi’ terhadap negara. Karena pemerintah pusat lemah, maka negara lemah pula dalam menghadapi tekanan-tekanan dari daerah, elite-elite lokal serta mobs (massa bergerak) di daerah. Mobokrasi inilah yang tampaknya dikhawatirkan pemerintah pusat yang lemah itu karena berdampak buruk pada stabilitas dan pembangunan citra yang sedang diupayakan. Kemudian pusat 2 Cornelis Lay dan Purwo Santoso, Perjuangan Menuju Puncak; Kajian Akademik Pembentukan Kabupaten Puncak Jaya Papua, (Yogyakarta: Kerjasama PLOD UGM dan Pemerintah Papua, 2006). al-Daulah 252 Vol. 7. No. 1. April 2017 Implikasi Pemekaran Daerah Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung yang tidak berdaya melakukan politik akomodasi atas tuntutan- tuntutan daerah, khususnya tuntutan pemekaran.3 Jika dibandingkan pengaturan pemekaran daerah pada era Orde Baru yang merujuk Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1974, kebijakan pemekaran daerah pasca ditetapkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 mempunyai perbedaan yang signifikan. Kebijakan pemekaran daerah pada Orde Baru, memang bersifat elitis dan memiliki karakter sentralistis, yang perencanaan dan implementasi pemekaran lebih merupakan inisiatif pemerintah pusat (top-down) daripada partisipasi dari bawah (buttom-up). Pemekaran daerah pada periode ini seringkali menjadi proses yang tertutup dan menjadi arena terbatas di kalangan pemerintah pusat.4 Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah yang secara teknis diatur dalam PP Nomor 78 Tahun 2007 tentang Tata Cara Pembentukan, Penghapusan, dan Penggabungan Daerah5 justru lebih menekankan pada proses- proses politik. Ruang bagi daerah untuk mengusulkan pembentukan DOB dibuka lebar. Dengan kebijakan yang demikian ini, pemekaran daerah lebih didominasi oleh proses politik daripada proses teknokratis-administratif. Pemekaran daerah kemudian seolah menjadi pilihan utama untuk mewujudkan aspirasi daerah. Padahal dalam konteks penataan daerah, pemekaran justru bermakna pemekaran dan penggabungan daerah. Produk hukum ini berdampak pada maraknya pemekaran daerah yang tidak terbendung di seluruh Indonesia, terutama di 3 Tri Ratnawati, Pemekaran Daerah; Politik Lokal dan Beberapa Isu Terseleksi, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009), 33. 4 Soetandyo Wignjosoebroto, “Satu Abad Desentralisasi di Indonesia”, dalam Majalah Prisma No 3, Vol 29/ Juli 2010, 68. 5 Revisi terhadap UU No. 22 Tahun 1999 dengan UU No. 32 Tahun 2004 dan PP 129 Tahun 2000 dengan PP No 78 Tahun 2007 yang merupakan regulasi teknikalitas pemekaran daerah, sejatinya bertujuan untuk memperketat syarat administratif, teknis dan fisik kewilayahan, namun dalam praktiknya masih terdapat banyak kelemahan dalam Undang-Undang dan peraturan pemerintah tersebut, kondisi tidak lain karena tidak ada itikad baik dari elite politik. al-Daulah Vol. 7, No.1, April 2017 253 Lukman Santoso luar Jawa, yang mencapai hampir 95 persen.6 Untuk pulau Sumatra, termasuk di Provinsi Lampung, angka kenaikannya mencapai 150% dari tahun 1999-2009. Derasnya gelombang pemekaran ini kemudian juga berdampak pada timbulnya berbagai problem di daerah yang baru dimekarkan tersebut.7 Pemekaran daerah di Provinsi Lampung, selain berlangsung cukup pesat dalam dasawarsa terakhir juga berimplikasi pada banyak aspek administratif dan kehidupan sosial-politik. Sejak reformasi, di Provinsi Lampung telah terbentuk 7 (tujuh) daerah otonom baru, yakni: Kabupaten Lampung Timur yang mekar dari Kabupaten Lampung Tengah; Kota Metro yang mekar dari Kabupaten Lampung Tengah; Kabupaten Way Kanan yang mekar dari Kabupaten Lampung Utara; Kabupaten Pesawaran yang mekar dari Kabupaten Lampung Selatan; Kota Pringsewu yang mekar dari Kabupaten Tanggamus; Kabupaten Mesuji yang mekar dari 6 Murtir Jeddawi, Pro-Kontra Pemekaran Wilayah; Analisis Emperis, (Yogyakarta: Total Media, 2009), 111. Sebelum reformasi, jumlah daerah otonom di Indonesia sebanyak 249 kabupaten, 65 kota,
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