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Uji Adaptasi Multilokasi Galur Tanaman Padi Baru Pada Lingkungan Berbeda

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Uji Adaptasi Multilokasi Galur Tanaman Padi Baru Pada Lingkungan Berbeda RINGKASAN Masalah utama dalam mewujudkan ketahanan pangan di Indonesia adalah peningkatan permintaan terhadap pangan lebih cepat dari pada penyediaannya. Defisit ketersediaan pangan akan terus meningkat dengan adanya perubahan pola konsumsi, adanya konversi lahan sawah menjadi bukan sawah, terjadinya degradasi kesuburan lahan, terjadinya stagnasi pertumbuhan produktivitas karena adanya kapasitas genetik yang stagnan dari varietas yang ada. Perluasan areal pertanaman padi secara nasional dimungkinkan untuk dikembangkan ke lahan- lahan suboptimal yang potensial yaitu terdapat sekitar 91.9 juta hektar. Lahan suboptimal memiliki karakteristik antara lain memiliki pH yang rendah yang secara alamiah mempunyai produktivitas rendah. Pendekatan paling efisien dalam pemanfaatan lahan subotimal adalah penggunaan varietas yang toleran terhadap cekaman abiotik dan biotik. Lahan kering suboptimal merupakan salah satu lahan yang masih berpeluang untuk dijadikan lahan pengembangan padi asalkan dikelola secara khusus, antara lain dengan penggunaan varietas padi yang memiliki daya adaptasi yang baik untuk lahan-lahan suboptimal. Kartahadimaja sejak tahun 2009 merakit galur padi baru menggunakan lima varietas unggul nasional yaitu Ciherang, Cigeulis, IR 64, Gilirang, Situbagendit, dan satu varietas unggul lokal yaitu Pandan Wangi/Mentik Wangi sebagai induk persilangan. Saat ini telah dihasilkan 17 progeni (galur) generasi F8 hasil persilangan masing- masing tetua yang menunjukkan karakter fenotipe unggul. Sebelum dilepas menjadi varietas unggul baru, perlu dilakukan pengujian lebih lanjut. Tujuan penelitian adalah: (1) untuk mendapatkan galur-galur unggul sebagai calon varietas baru yang memiliki adaptasi multilokasi atau spesifik lokasi dengan potensi hasil yang unggul; (2) untuk mendapatkan galur padi sawah yang memiliki potensi hasil tinggi, dan adaptif jika ditanam sebagai padi gogo; (3) Untuk mendapatkan fakta lapangan tentang karakter yang mana dari peubah yang diukur lebih dikendalikan oleh faktor genetik dan faktor lingkungan. Melalui tahapan penelitian disertasi ini diharapkan karakter yang dimiliki oleh masing- masing galur baru bisa terdekteksi sehingga pada akhir dari penelitian ini diharapkan diperoleh data galur unggul calon varietas unggul baru. Penelitian dilakukan melalui tiga tahap, yaitu: Penelitian I: Uji Ketahanan 17 Galur Padi Terhadap Cekaman pH Tanah Masam. Tanah pH masam sebagai bahan penelitian diambil dari Desa Taman Bogo, Kecamatan Purbolinggo, Kabupaten Lampung Timur, dan dari Kebun Percobaan Polinela yang ada di Desa Hajimena, Kecamatan Natar, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan; Penelitian II: Uji Daya Hasil 17 Galur Padi Baru pada Lahan Sawah dan Gogo. Penelitian II dilakukan di lahan percobaan Polinela yang ada di blok Desa Hajimena, Kecamatan Natar, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Penelitian III: Uji Adaptasi Galur Padi Baru pada Lahan Sawah dan Gogo di Dua Lokasi (dua Kabupaten), yaitu lokasi pertama di xix Desa Purwodadi, Kecamatan Trimurjo, Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. Lokasi ke dua dilakukan di Desa Hajimena, Kecamatan Natar, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Di setiap lokasi, padi ditanam pada dua lingkungan berbeda, yaitu ditanam sebagai padi sawah dan sebagai padi gogo (digogokan). Hasil Penelitian I menunjukkan: (1) Reaksi tanah (pH) masam menyebabkan beberapa karakter pertumbuhan dan komponen hasil padi menjadi terhambat. Galur yang secara kualitatif pertumbuhannya lebih adaptif pada pH tanah masam (pH 4,59) ada 13 galur, yaitu galur B2, B3, B7, D2, D3, F1, F3, F4, H1, H4, L2, K, dan M. Galur yang kurang adaptif adalah galur B1, B4, F2, dan L3; (2) Galur B3, D2, D3, F2, dan F4 memiliki karakter malai yang lebih panjang, sedangkan galur B4 dan H4 memiliki karakter panjang malai yang lebih pendek; (3) Berdasarkan nilai duga heritabilitas karakter yang diamati, menunjukkan bahwa karakter jumlah anakan, umur berbunga, umur panen, tinggi tanaman, panjang malai, jumlah gabah tiap malai, jumlah gabah isi tiap malai, jumlah gabah hampa tiap malai, bobot kering brangkasan akar, bobot kering brangkasan batang + daun, bobot 1000 butir gabah isi, dan hasil atau bobot gabah tiap rumpun yang dimiliki oleh setiap galur lebih dikendalikan oleh faktor genetik. Hasil Penelitian II menunjukkan (1) Sembilan galur yaitu galur B3, B4, B7, D2, F3, F4, H4, K, dan galur L2 memiliki potensi hasil relatif tinggi pada lahan gogo dengan tingkat penurunan hasil dari sawah ke lahan gogo rendah; (2) Terdapat dua galur yang tingkat penurunan hasil dari sawah ke gogo yang tinggi yaitu galur B2 dan M, sedangkan galur D3 dan L3 walaupun penurunan dari sawah ke gogo rendah, tetapi peka terhadap gangguan penyakit terutama penyakit blas (Pyricularia grisea). Hasil Penelitian III menunjukkan (1) empat genotipe yang paling stabil, yaitu galur B3, galur K, galur B4, dan galur F3. Galur B3 adalah galur yang memiliki potensi hasil paling tinggi; (2) Genotipe yang stabilitasnya tergolong sedang adalah varietas Pandan Wangi sebagai pembanding, galur L2, galur B7, galur D2, dan galur F4. Galur B7, D2, dan L2 memiliki potensi hasil lebih tinggi daripada varietas Ciherang; (3) varietas Inpago-8 dan Ciherang adaptasinya paling tidak stabil, selain itu varietas Inpago-8 memiliki potensi hasil paling rendah; (4) Genotipe yang mampu menghasilkan gabah relatif tinggi pada lahan gogo adalah galur L2, B7, D2, dan varietas Pandan Wangi sebagai pembanding terutama adaptif di lahan gogo lokasi Lampung Selatan (A). xx ABSTRACT The main problem in realizing food security in Indonesia is the increasing demand for food faster than its supply. The deficit in food availability will continue to increase with changes in consumption patterns, conversion of paddy fields to non- rice fields, degradation of land fertility, stagnation in productivity growth due to stagnant genetic capacity of existing varieties. It is possible to expand the rice planting area nationally to potential suboptimal lands, which are around 91.9 million hectares. Characteristics of suboptimal land include low pH and low productivity. The most efficient approach in using suboptimal land is the use of varieties that are tolerant of abiotic and biotic stresses. Suboptimal dry land is one of the lands that still has the opportunity to become land for paddy development as long as it is managed specifically, among others, by using rice varieties that have good adaptability for suboptimal lands. Since 2009 has assembled new rice lines using five national superior varieties, namely Ciherang, Cigeulis, IR-64, Gilirang, Situbagendit, and one local superior variety namely Pandan Wangi or Mentik Wangi as the parent of the cross. Currently, 17 progeny (lines) of the F8 generation have been produced by crossing each parent showing superior phenotypic characters. Before being released into new high-yielding varieties, further testing is needed. The research objectives were to obtain superior lines as candidates for new varieties that have the multi-location or specific location adaptations with superior yield potential, to obtain lowland rice lines that have high yield potential and are adaptive when grown as upland rice, and to obtain field facts about which character of the measured variables is more controlled by genetic factors and environmental factors. Through the stages of this dissertation research, it is hoped that the characters possessed by each new line can be detected so that at the end of this research it is hoped that the data of the new superior varieties will be obtained. The research was conducted in three stages. The 1st research discussed the resistance test of 17 rice strains against stress pH of acidic soil. Acid pH soil as research material was taken from Taman Bogo Village, Purbolinggo District, East Lampung Regency, and from the Politeknik Negeri Lampung (Polinela) experimental field in Hajimena Village, Natar District, South Lampung Regency. The 2nd research discussed the yield test of 17 new rice strains on Rice Fields and Gogo. The 2nd research was conducted in the Polinela experimental field in Hajimena Village, Natar District, South Lampung Regency. The 3rd research discussed the adaptation test for new rice strains on paddy fields and gogo in two locations, namely the first location in Purwodadi Village, Trimurjo District, Central Lampung Regency. The second location was conducted in Hajimena Village, Natar District, South Lampung Regency. In each location, rice is grown in two different environments, namely as lowland rice and as upland rice (gogokan). The results of Research showed that the soil reaction (pH) which causes some character growth and components of rice yields to be xxi inhibited. The qualitative lines grew more adaptive to the acid soil pH (pH 4.59), there were 13 lines, namely lines B2, B3, B7, D2, D3, F1, F3, F4, H1, H4, L2, K, and M. The less adaptive lines are the B1, B4, F2, and L3 lines. B3, D2, D3, F2, and F4 lines had longer panicle characters, while B4 and H4 lines had shorter panicle length characters. Based on the estimated value of the observed character heritability, it shows that the characters of the number of tillers, flowering age, harvest age, plant height, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grain per panicle, number of empty grain per panicle, dry weight of root stover dry weight of stalk + leaf stover, weight of 1000 filled grains, and yield or grain weight of each clump owned by each line are more controlled by genetic factors. The results of the second study showed (1) nine lines, namely the B3, B4, B7, D2, F3, F4, H4, K, and L2 lines
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