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A Summary of Christmas Bird Counts in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Bermuda Continued from Page 23 A Summaryof Christmas Bird Counts in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Bermuda Daniel K. Niven1 and Gregory S. Butcher2 1 National Audubon Society, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820; [email protected] 2 National Audubon Society, 1150 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036; [email protected] Introduction Since the first group of New York City “birders” set out to count birds on Christmas Day in 1900, as an alternative to the annual bird hunt that was common at the time, Christmas Bird Counts have continued to grow in popularity (Butcher 1990). People participate for many reasons, including the social and educational aspects of gathering to count birds, the competitive sport of it, and, more recently, because the conservation value of the data collected on these counts has been further recognized (Sauer et al. 2004). The majority of counts have been conducted in the continental United States and southern Canada. As each year passes, the value of this extensive long-term database, currently with counts from approximately 2000 locations A Blue-gray Tanager (Thraupis episcopus) and Christmas Bird Counters in Colombia—two things and data on more than 500 species, continues to increase. likely to be encountered during the CBC season in CBC data have been used in hundreds of scientific publi- South America. Photos/Jorge Botero cations (LeBaron 2010), and recent analyses of these data have proved useful for assessing the abundance, distribu- tion, and trends of North American wintering birds (Link et al. 2006) and for assessing distributional impacts of cli- mate change (Niven et al. 2009). Daniel K. Niven is Audubon’s Senior Scientist for Bird Conservation, a past Director of Audubon’s Important Bird Areas Program, and Audubon’s principal CBC analyst. Niven, who received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, brings to Audubon a lifelong interest in birds and conservation, having participated in CBCs since he was a child. Gregory S. Butcher is Director of Bird Conservation for the National Audubon Society. He has a Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of Washington. Butcher previously served as Director of Bird Population Studies at Cornell University’s Laboratory and is a Fellow of the American Ornithologists’ Union. 18 AMERICAN BIRDS Regularly conducting CBCs in other Table 1. The number of CBC circles for which at least one CBC was conducted, and the locations throughout the Western total number conducted during the 38-year period between December/January of 1972–73 Hemisphere would be of great value, and 2009–10. particularly because so many species # run # run # run Region/Country # CBCs # CBC 10-plus 20-plus 30-plus present in the U.S. and Canada during conducted circles years years years the breeding season are migratory and Caribbean and Bermuda 362 33 14 6 2 because there is great interest in the pop- Bahamas 69 9 4 ulation status of all birds. And although Bermuda 35 1 1 1 1 we have learned a lot about the distribu- tion, ecology, and behavior of migrants Cuba 4 1 during the nonbreeding season (Keast Dominican Republic 42 3 2 1 and Morton 1980, Rappole et al. 1983, Grenada 2 1 Hagan and Johnston 1992, Martin and Jamaica 1 1 Finch 1995), there is still much we do Puerto Rico 90 7 2 1 1 not know (Faaborg et al. 2010a,b), and Turks and Caicos Islands 1 1 even less is known about the population Virgin Islands (British) 32 3 1 1 status of most species in the Western Hemisphere that breed outside the U.S. Virgin Islands (U.S.) 86 6 4 2 and Canada. Regularly conducting CBCs in locations south of the U.S., Mexico 414 49 15 6 0 however, has historically been difficult for a number of reasons. The majority of Central America 354 42 10 7 4 these countries lie in tropical regions Belize 92 5 3 3 1 where the diversity of birds is high, the Costa Rica 94 16 3 1 relative abundance of each species is often low, and many of the species are El Salvador 6 1 relatively quiet, cryptic, and live in dense Guatemala 19 10 vegetation, making their detection and Honduras 8 1 identification more difficult than in the Nicaragua 5 2 northern latitudes. Yet in spite of the Panama 130 7 4 3 3 often daunting challenges of conducting CBCs in the tropical and austral regions South America 306 89 6 2 1 of the Western Hemisphere, interest has grown rapidly, and the number of skilled Argentina 4 4 and motivated birders continues to Brazil 47 11 2 increase. Here we report the first sum- Chile 16 4 mary of Christmas Bird Counts Colombia 124 45 1 1 conducted south of the United States. Ecuador 40 6 1 Guyana 1 1 The Location and Number of CBCs Paraguay 3 1 Christmas Bird Counts were first Peru 16 4 reported from Latin America and the Caribbean in 1973 (National Audubon Trinidad and Tobago 35 2 1 1 1 Society 1973). That year seven counts Uruguay 8 8 were reported. Two of these were from Venezuela 12 3 1 Mexico (El Naranjo, San Luis Potosi and Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas) and one each Total 1436 213 45 21 7 from Belize (Belize City), Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan), El Salvador (San been run at 213 locations in Latin year period since 1972–73, 1436 CBCs Salvador), Puerto Rico (Cabo Rojo), and America, the Caribbean, and Bermuda; were conducted in Latin America and the the U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Croix). By moreover, the locations of the CBCs Caribbean (Table 1); Mexico has led the 1976, counts had been run at 59 locations, have been quite widespread (Table 1). way with 414 counts, followed by 362 including the first from South America Another way to summarize CBC effort reports from the Caribbean and (Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela). is to look at the total number of CBCs Bermuda, 354 from Central America, Since these humble beginnings CBCs have conducted in each country. Over the 38- and 306 from South America. THE 110TH CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT AMERICAN BIRDS 19 The amount of effort invested in Latin American and Caribbean CBCs is impressive, especially considering the slow but steady increase in the number of counts conducted in the region. One count in particular has the distinction of having been run every year since 1973 (Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico), and the three counts in the Atlantic, Central, and Pacific canal areas of Panama have been run every year since 1974. But overall Figure 1. The number of Christmas Bird only seven counts have been run for at Counts conducted each year in Latin least 30 years, including the four already America, the Caribbean, and Bermuda mentioned, as well as the Belize City, Figure 2. The number of Christmas Bird between December/January 1972–73 and Trinidad, and Bermuda counts. An Counts conducted regionally between 2009–10. additional 14 counts have been run at December/January 1972–73 and 2009–10. These counts involved the effort of least 20 times (Table 1). Therefore, only 26,882 “person days” (the actual number 21 circles have been counted for at least endless array of questions to address of observers is much smaller because 20 years in Latin America and the with these data. As the database grows many dedicated observers have partici- Caribbean. Only 45 of the 213 CBC and the data become more accessible, we pated for many years and often on more circles have been counted at least 10 expect to see many worthwhile research than one count per year), logging more times (Table 1). Considering the projects make use of them. But a full than 91,726 miles by car, as well as many immense size of the region, we do not analysis of the database is beyond the more miles on foot and by canoe, bike, or yet have sufficient data for many mean- scope of this preliminary report. For other means. In CBC analyses, effort is ingful statistical analyses, such as trend example, due to the complexity of the often summarized in terms of the num- detection, but prospects for the future taxonomic changes that have occurred ber of “party hours.” Normally each are very promising. The number of since 1973, and the multiple common 15-mile diameter CBC circle is divided counts reported annually has continued names and species codes that have been into a variable number of areas, and to increase, from 7 during the 1972–73 used, it is not even a trivial task to deter- observers organize into small groups count to 99 for the 2009–10 count mine the number of species that have called field parties, each of which covers a (Figure 1), and these increases have also been detected. different sector. The number of party been widespread regionally (Figure 2). Our focus here is on species with pop- hours is the sum of the number of hours ulations that occur in the U.S. and each party spends looking for birds. In Bird Summaries: Overall Patterns Canada, with a particular focus on conducting these 1436 CBCs, a total of On the 1436 CBCs that have been migrants. Specifically, we have restricted 71,757 party hours were invested looking conducted in Latin America and the our analysis to species that regularly for birds. That is equivalent to one person Caribbean since 1973, a total of approx- occur in the U.S. and/or southern working every day around the clock for imately 8,900,000 birds has been Canada (i.e., species for which the U.S.
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