Alexander Skutch, ¿El Último Gran Naturalista?

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Alexander Skutch, ¿El Último Gran Naturalista? Alexander Skutch, ¿El último gran naturalista? Luko Hilje* El biólogo filósofo La formación original de Skutch fue la botánica, vi- Introducción no a América Central a realizar estudios sobre la anatomía de la hoja de banano para su tesis de doc- torado, con el apoyo de la United Fruit Company. Abordar el estudio de la personalidad y el legado No obstante, durante una estadía en Panamá se del doctor Alexander Skutch no es una labor sen- dejó cautivar por las aves, por las cuales había cilla. Y esto es así no solo por su versatilidad pro- sentido cierta atracción en su juventud. Esta de- fesional y vocacional, sino también porque su cisión marcaría de manera determinante no solo obra es extraordinariamente amplia y diversa. Al su vida como científico –pues sus mayores apor- respecto, su traductor y amigo Raúl Elvir se pre- tes corresponden al campo de la ornitología– sino guntaba en la introducción de La finca de un na- también como sociobiólogo y filósofo. turalista: “¿Cómo definir la obra de Skutch? ¿Se trata de un naturalista, de un escritor, de un filósofo, de Como ornitólogo es una reconocida autoridad un poeta, de un hombre de ciencia, de un viajero? mundial, de lo cual dan fe unos 25 libros, entre los Probablemente sea eso y algo más”. Y su biógrafo que figuran la célebre Guía de aves de Costa Rica Carlos Luis Abarca, al contabilizar sus aportes en (escrita con Gary Stiles), así como más de cien ar- el libro Alexander Skutch: una biografía, los se- tículos en revistas científicas periódicas. Lamen- grega y analiza en dos capítulos claramente des- tablemente, muy pocos de sus libros (Skutch; lindados: uno como naturalista, científico y 1984, 1985, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2001; Stiles & conservacionista; el otro como filósofo. Skutch, 1995) han sido traducidos al español. Por mi parte, no tengo la formación profesional En efecto, los prolijos estudios de campo de necesaria (como botánico, ornitólogo o filósofo) Skutch sobre la historia natural de las aves –en para ponderar con propiedad sus mayores apor- medio de incontables dificultades y peligros en tes. Pero, como biólogo, me he empeñado en di- nuestras montañas–, representan un valioso vulgar su personalidad y su obra en varios aporte al campo de la sociobiología, la cual el cé- artículos de prensa (Hilje, 2000, 2001, 2004), y lebre entomólogo y etólogo Edward O. Wilson de- mediante una entrevista en el libro Los viejos y finiera como el estudio sistemático de las bases los árboles (Hilje et al., 2002) de la cual hay nume- biológicas de todo comportamiento social y popula- rosas citas en el presente artículo, por ser tan am- rizara (Wilson, 1980) en medio de una candente plia y rica. Además, siempre quise resaltar ante la polémica que no es del caso resaltar aquí. comunidad nacional que teníamos entre nosotros a un ser excepcional, a quien nunca valoramos Pero Skutch va más allá, pues trasciende lo socio- suficientemente, y de quien deseo dar a conocer biológico –con todo y su valor intrínseco y poten- en este artículo ciertas facetas muy llamativas, cial para extrapolarlo y así entender mejor que de alguna manera, lo convierten en un algunos aspectos del comportamiento humano– y notable modelo de científico y de ser humano. se adentra en el mundo de la filosofía, en el cual los valores y la ética representan los ejes cardina- les de su visión. En sus propias palabras: “Yo bus- caba una filosofía de la vida que me pareciera adecuada y no encontraba una que me diera satis- * Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, Centro Agro- nómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, (CATIE). facción. Después de mucho pensar, me parece que Turrialba, Costa Rica. [email protected] el punto de vista más alentador que podemos tener 14 > Revista Biocenosis / Vol.19 (1) 2004 Esta sección se creó con el afán de motivar el estudio de la vida y la obra de personas ilustres, quienes han enriquecido el conocimiento sobre la naturaleza, propiciando el amor y el respeto hacia esta. 15 Revista Biocenosis / Vol.19 (1) 2004 > de este universo es hacer el esfuerzo, tratar de hacer en el país (Gómez y Savage, 1983) se omitiera su algo, de hacer reales los valores que encerraba, que nombre. estaban escondidos. Durante millones y millones de años esos esfuerzos se han desarrollado para hacer Nacido en Baltimore, Maryland, el 20 de mayo de más actuales los valores altos, espirituales, estéticos 1904, nunca salió de su estado para estudiar, ni si- y morales” (Hilje et al., 2002). quiera para su doctorado, obtenido en la Universi- dad Johns Hopkins. A través de su mentor, el En cuanto a sus inquietudes filosóficas, indica doctor Duncan Johnson, tuvo la oportunidad de ve- que, antes de llegar: “...Tal vez tenía apenas las se- nir a América Central (Abarca, 2004). Tras obtener millas, pero se desarrollaron aquí en Costa Rica, es- el doctorado volvió a Panamá por un período cor- pecialmente en esta finca, pues contaba con más to, después hizo una visita a Inglaterra y Alemania, tiempo para pensar en esas cosas, con los largos in- un viaje a Honduras (gracias al apoyo de la United viernos que tenemos” (Hilje et al., 2002). Y agrega: Fruit Company, de nuevo), así como una estadía en “Me interesaba la filosofía cuando era muy joven. la Universidad de Cornell, en Nueva York. Cuando entré al colegio ya había leído a Bergson, Spinoza y Spencer, especialmente los First princi- Pero, además de que era la época de la gran de- ples de Herbert Spencer. De todos los filósofos es tal presión económica mundial y costaba conseguir vez el que más ha influido en mi vida. Mi filosofía es empleo, nada lo satisfacía a plenitud profesional- en algunos aspectos muy parecida a la de Spencer, mente, por lo cual con 28 años de edad y unos po- pero yo he pensado más en valores” (Hilje et al., cos ahorros decidió venirse para Guatemala 2002). (donde quería permanecer, pero le negaron la vi- sa) y, tras breves viajes por el istmo centroameri- En síntesis, en virtud de sus ideas originales, el cano y Ecuador, se instaló en Costa Rica para biólogo Skutch también es reconocido como un siempre. Con excepción de una estadía de año y filósofo en nuestro medio, como lo atestigua su medio en Sarapiquí, para estudiar los hábitos del inclusión en el libro Desarrollo de las ideas filo- quetzal, así como de una expedición científica de sóficas en Costa Rica (Láscaris, 1983), además del seis meses a América del Sur, vivió siempre en el número especial –hoy convertido en libro– de la Valle de El General. Revista de Filosofía de la Universidad de Costa Ri- ca, titulado Fundamentos morales. Una intro- Para ganarse la vida, recolectaba y vendía especí- ducción a la ética (Skutch, 2000). menes botánicos, gracias a contratos con varios museos de los EE.UU. y Europa, los cuales apro- vechaba para localizar y observar las aves en sus El naturalista residente nidos. Tan productiva fue su labor que descubrió muchas especies nuevas para la ciencia y, cuan- La mayoría de los naturalistas o cronistas que ex- do fueron descritas por los taxónomos botánicos, ploraron los trópicos –que para nuestro continen- al menos a 43 de ellas se les asignó el epíteto te tienen sus mayores representantes en Charles con su nombre, ya fuera como skutchii o como Darwin, Alexander von Humboldt y Aimé Bon- alexandri. Ejemplos de ellas son Quercus skutchii pland, secundados por otros como Gonzalo Fer- y Solanum alexandri. nández de Oviedo, José Celestino Mutis y Martín Sessé– fueron itinerantes, y varios de ellos vinie- Sería la expedición a América del Sur, en 1940, en ron en expediciones vinculadas con las necesida- la búsqueda de fuentes de caucho, la que le per- des expansivas de los países imperiales que mitió ahorrar y completar el dinero para comprar representaban. Pero, a diferencia de ellos, así co- la finca Los Cusingos (nombre local del tucán Pte- mo de numerosos naturalistas llegados a nuestro roglossus frantzii), en la cual moraría el resto de su país en diferentes épocas, Skutch fue más bien de vida y donde hoy reposan sus restos (sepultados espíritu sedentario, aunque pertinaz e incansable en una sencilla tumba al lado de su estudio el 14 en sus agotadoras faenas de campo. Quizás el de mayo de 2004). Dicha expedición fue parte de hecho de ser un naturalista residente explique, la respuesta del gobierno de los Estados Unidos al aunque no justifique, que en ese valioso recuento hecho de que las mayores plantaciones del mun- histórico del desarrollo de la biología de campo 16 > Revista Biocenosis / Vol.19 (1) 2004 do estaban en el sureste de Asia, y durante la Se- académico. Es, por tanto, un científico converti- gunda Guerra Mundial los japoneses habían sitia- do en naturalista. Una evidencia irrefutable de do el Pacífico e impidieron el comercio de este esto es la presencia de artículos formales suyos producto, de inmenso valor estratégico. Curiosa- en revistas científicas del calibre de Ecology, mente, los esfuerzos de los EE.UU. culminarían Torreya, Auk, Condor e Ibis. en el establecimiento de la estación experimental denominada La Hulera, en Turrialba (hoy CATIE), Pero a su calidad de escritor formal, en la que que indirectamente sería la precursora del IICA concurren la originalidad y la profundidad, se su- (en dicho cantón (Davis, 1996; Hilje, 2003). ma una notable habilidad literaria, mejor expre- sada en su prosa descriptiva de la historia natural Establecido desde 1941 en su finca, en el peque- de las aves, así como en los textos filosóficos. ño poblado de Quizarrá, donde vivió solitario y Sus descripciones, tanto de la morfología como soltero hasta los 46 años, cuando se le unió doña de los hábitos de ellas son sumamente minucio- Pamela Lankester (hija del cafetalero y naturalis- sas, casi fotográficas, lo que las convierte en vívi- ta inglés Charles Lankester), siempre se mantuvo das representaciones de lo observado.
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