Televisión Sobre Ip)

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Televisión Sobre Ip) UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE IPTV A TRAVÉS DE ENLACES DE INTERNET DE BANDA ANCHA (TELEVISIÓN SOBRE IP) TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN PRESENTADO A LA JUNTA DIRECTIVA DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA POR: ERICK VINICIO SÁNCHEZ MEZA ASESORADO POR LA INGENIERA INGRID SALOME RODRIGUEZ DE LOUKOTA AL CONFERÍRSELE EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO ELECTRÓNICO GUATEMALA, NOVIEMBRE DE 2008 I II UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA NÓMINA DE JUNTA DIRECTIVA DECANO Ing. Murphy Olympo Paiz Recinos VOCAL I Inga. Glenda Patricia García Soria VOCAL II Inga. Alba Maritza Guerrero Spinola de López VOCAL IV Br. Milton de León Bran VOCAL V Br. Isaac Sultan Mejía SECRETARIA Inga. Marcia Ivónne Véliz Vargas TRIBUNAL QUE PRACTICÓ EL EXAMEN GENERAL PRIVADO DECANO Ing. Murphy Olympo Paiz Recinos EXAMINADOR Ing. Enrique Edmundo Ruiz Carballo EXAMINADOR Ing. Juan Carlos Guzmán EXAMINADOR Ing. Francisco González López SECRETARIA Inga. Marcia Ivónne Véliz Vargas III IV HONORABLE TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR Cumpliendo con los preceptos que establece la ley de Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, presento a su consideración mi trabajo de graduación titulado: Implementación de IPTV a través de enlaces de internet de banda ancha (televisión sobre IP), tema que me fuera asignado por la Dirección de la Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica Eléctrica, el 20 de agosto de 2007. Erick Vinicio Sánchez Meza V VI ACTO QUE DEDICO A: DIOS Por permitirme vivir y darme el entendimiento necesario para llegar hasta el final de este trabajo de graduación. MIS PADRES Adrián Sánchez Ortiz Y Olga Lidia Meza Gómez, quienes me han brindado su apoyo y amor incondicional para que pueda alcanzar mis metas. Razón por la cual elevo una oración a Dios para que el esfuerzo que ellos han realizado sea recompensado. MIS HERMANOS Mario Enrique y Virginia Jeannette. Por el apoyo brindado. MIS SOBRINOS Astrid Alejandra, Christopher, Dulce, Alejandra, Bernardo y Diego, porque son parte fundamental de mi vida y un incentivo para seguir adelante. MIS TIOS Carlos, Gustavo, Otto, Dora Alicia, Ovidio, Inés, Demetrio, Meregildo y Herlinda, por todo el apoyo brindado en los momentos difíciles de la vida. DEMAS FAMILIARES Con gran cariño por su apoyo incondicional y el cariño que Y AMIGOS siempre han demostrado. FACULTAD DE Por haberme abierto sus puertas y darme la oportunidad de INGENIERIA, USAC estudiar una carrera universitaria, y así poder contribuir al desarrollo de Guatemala. VII VIII AGRADECIMIENTOS A: Dios y a mis padres por darme la vida y darme las herramientas necesarias para que pudiera llegar a esta meta. La Ingeniera Ingrid Salome Rodríguez de Loukota, asesor de este trabajo de graduación. Sepa usted lo agradecido que estoy por el apoyo brindado para que completara mi formación académica. Los Catedráticos que con sus enseñanzas fueron ayudando a mi formación académica, la cual concluye con este trabajo de graduación. La universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala por darnos la oportunidad de tener educación superior, y muy en especial a la Facultad de Ingeniería que me alojo en sus aulas durante toda mi formación académica. IX X ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES VII LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS XI GLOSARIO XV RESUMEN XXIII OBJETIVOS XXVII INTRODUCCIÓN XXIX 1. EVOLUCÓN DE LA TELEVISIÓN 1 1.1 Inicio de la televisión 1 1.1.1 Primeros desarrollos y la telefotografía 2 1.1.2 El movimiento en la imagen 3 1.1.3 Televisión mecánica, el disco de Nipkow y la rueda fónica 3 1.1.4 Televisión electrónica 6 1.1.4.1 Tubo de rayos catódicos (TRC), receptor 7 1.1.4.2 El iconoscopio (en el emisor) 8 1.1.5 La señal de vídeo 10 1.2 Fundamentos de un sistema de televisión 11 1.2.1 Escaneo de líneas 12 1.2.2 Barrido entrelazado 14 1.2.3 Frecuencias de exploración horizontal y vertical. 16 1.2.4 La señal de color 16 1.2.5 Pixeles y ancho de banda 20 1.2.6 Modulación y espectro de frecuencias 22 1.3 Tipos de televisión 25 1.3.1 Televisión analógica 25 1.3.2 Televisión digital 27 1.3.3 Televisión por cable (CATV) 30 I 1.3.3.1 Componentes de una red de CATV 30 1.3.4 Televisión satelital 32 1.3.5 HDTV 33 2. INTERNET Y REDES 37 2.1 ¿Qué es Internet? 37 2.1.1 Historia de la red de Internet 37 2.1.2 Servicios que ofrece Internet 38 2.2 Protocolo de Internet IP (Internet Protocol) 40 2.2.1 Estructura de los paquetes IP 42 2.2.2 Direcciones IP y nombres de dominio 45 2.2.3 Conexión a la red 50 2.3 El modelo OSI 52 2.3.1 Las capas del modelo OSI 54 2.4 El modelo TCP/IP 63 2.5 Tipos de Redes 69 2.5.1 Clasificación de las redes 69 2.5.2 Topologías de red 72 2.5.3 Ethernet 74 2.6 Tecnologías WAN 79 2.6.1 Dispositivos WAN 81 2.6.2 Encapsulamiento WAN 83 2.6.3 Conmutación de paquetes y circuitos 85 2.6.3.1Conexión telefónica analógica 89 2.6.3.2 ISDN 90 2.6.3.3 Frame Relay 92 2.6.3.4 ATM 93 2.6.3.5 DSL 94 2.7 Internet de banda ancha 97 2.7.1 ¿Cómo funciona la banda ancha? 97 2.7.2 Ventajas de la banda ancha 98 2.7.3 Tipos de conexiones de banda ancha 99 II 2.7.3.1 Línea digital de suscriptor (DSL) 99 2.7.3.2 Cablemódem 101 2.7.3.3 Fibra óptica 102 2.7.3.4 Inalámbrica 103 2.7.3.6 Banda ancha por la línea eléctrica (BPL) 105 2.8 Voz sobre IP 105 2.8.1 Elementos de la voz sobre IP 106 2.8.2 Protocolos de voz sobre IP 107 2.8.2.1 Protocolo H.323 107 2.8.2.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 109 3. TELEVISIÓN DIGITAL 111 3.1 Imágenes digitales 112 3.1.1 Color 114 3.1.2 Principios de radiodifusión de video digital 117 3.1.3 Ventajas de la televisión digital sobre la analógica 118 3.2.1 Muestreo y cuantizacion 122 3.3 Estándar de digitalización CCIR 601 (actualmente ITU-R.BT.601) 125 3.3.1 Muestreo de la señal de horizontal y vertical 129 3.3.2 Cuantización 130 3.3.3 Digitalización del audio 131 3.3.3.1 Velocidad de muestreo para el audio. 132 3.3.3.2 Cuantizacion del audio. 134 3.3.3.3 Audio multicanal. 135 3.4 Compresión de video digital 136 3.4.1 La necesidad de comprimir 137 3.4.2 Formatos de compresión de video 139 3.4.3 Estándar de compresión de Video MPEG-2 142 3.4.3.1 Preparación de datos de video (submuesteo) 143 3.4.3.2 Compresión temporal 144 3.4.3.2.1Agrupación de imágenes. 146 3.4.3.2.2 Unión de bloques 147 III 3.4.3.2.3 Predicción y movimiento de cuadros 148 3.4.3.3 Compresión espacial 150 3.4.3.3.1 Transformada de coseno discreto (DCT) 150 3.4.3.4 Cuantización DCT 151 3.5 Formatos de video basados en MPEG-2 153 4. MODELO DEL SISTEMA IPTV 159 4.1 Servicios Broadcast, servicios Unicast y conmutación de video digital 160 4.2 Arquitectura del sistema IPTV 163 4.2.1 Headend 167 4.2.2 El CORE de la red. 171 4.2.3 Redes de acceso telco 174 4.2.3.1 Acceso por cobre 174 4.2.3.2 Acceso por fibra óptica 176 4.2.3.3 Redes de acceso por cable 177 4.2.4 Red del usuario final (o red doméstica) 178 4.3 Aplicaciones adicionales para el modelo IPTV 179 4.3.1 Señalización digital (vallas publicitarias) 180 4.3.2 Video empresarial 181 5. IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL SISTEMA IPTV (IPTV en el hogar) 183 5.1 Redes digitales para el hogar (DHN) 184 5.2 Medios de transmisión para redes domésticas DHN 186 5.2.1 Cableado con UTP. 189 5.2.2 Redes inalámbricas (Wireless) 191 5.2.3 Líneas de potencia (Power Line) 194 5.2.4 Líneas telefónicas 197 5.2.5 Cable coaxial 199 5.3 Dispositivos IP en la red DHN 202 5.3.1 Router’s/ Gateways 202 5.3.2 IP STB (IP Set-Top Box) 203 5.3.2.1 Arquitectura de Hardware de IP STB 205 IV 5.3.2.1.1 Primera generación de receptores digitales. 206 5.3.2.1.2 Segunda y tercera generación de receptores digitales. 211 5.3.2.2 Arquitectura de software de IP Set-Top-Box 214 5.3.2.2.1 Arquitectura de capas del software IPTV 217 5.4 Servicios avanzados 222 5.4.1 Triple Play 223 5.4.2 Movilidad 225 5.4.3 Juegos en red 227 5.4.4 Video conferencia 227 5.4.5 Control a distancia 228 5.4.6 Diagnósticos remotos 229 5.5 Ancho de banda necesario para IPTV 230 5.6 Transmisiones de banda ancha con tecnologías xDSL 231 5.6.1 ADSL 232 5.6.1.1 Rendimiento del sistema ADSL 233 5.6.1.2 Como funciona ADSL 234 5.6.1.3 Modulación ADSL 235 5.6.2 VDSL 239 5.6.2.1 Anchos de banda para VDSL 241 5.6.3 HDSL (High Bit Rate Digital Suscriber Line) 241 5.6.4 SDSL 242 5.6.5 RADSL 243 5.6.7 G.SHDSL 243 5.6.8 Ancho de banda en función de la distancia y medio de transmisión 244 5.7 DSLAMS 245 5.7.1 Tipos de DSLMA’s 246 5.7.1.1 DSLAM sobre ATM 246 5.7.1.2 IP-DSLAM 247 5.8 Seguridad en el Sistema IPTV 247 5.8.1 Un modelo de capas para un sistema DRM.
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