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The Impact of Gender Stereotyping on Judicial Decisions (2020)

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COMPARATIVE LEGAL REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF GENDER STEREOTYPING ON JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN CASES ACROSS THE PACIFIC ISLAND REGION Title goes here The Equality & Justice Alliance is dedicated to advancing equality and promoting equal protection of the law for all Commonwealth citizens regardless of sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression. www.equalityjusticealliance.org.uk 2 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region 1. Key concepts 1. 2. 3. Key concepts International and regional Country reports obligations of states to combat gender bias and stereotyping This report This report commissioned by Sisters For Change explores the link between gender bias and stereotyping and violence against women and girls. Gender bias and gender stereotyping constitute forms of gender discrimination prohibited under international law. In recent years, gender stereotyping has come under increased scrutiny from the international legal community and it is now widely recognised that the persistence of gender stereotypes creates a normative framework in which discrimination and violence against women is normalised and perpetuated. The report analyses the development of international and regional standards and jurisprudence on State obligations to eliminate gender bias and stereotyping and identifies case studies of good practice from Commonwealth jurisdictions including Canada, Fiji, Namibia, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, which have produced pioneering case law and domestic legislation explicitly targeting gender bias. Women and girls in Pacific Island Countries face the highest rates of violence globally, with 60-80% of women and girls aged 15-49 years experiencing intimate or non-intimate partner violence. Yet perpetrators of domestic and sexual violence often receive disproportionately low sentences or no custodial sentence at all. The report examines the scope of gender-based violence against women and girls in the Pacific Island Region and provides an in-depth analyses of the impact of gender bias and stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across seven countries in the Commonwealth Pacific Island Region – Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Kiribati. The purpose of this report is to highlight positive developments in international and regional standards, domestic legislation and case law targeting gender bias and stereotyping to inform and improve judicial decision-making in cases of violence against women and girls across the Pacific Island Region and the wider Commonwealth. 1 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region Authors and acknowledgements This report was commissioned by Sisters For Change, authored by Jaspreet K. Singh, Hansdeep Singh, Erin Thomas and Natalie Druce of the International Center for Advocates About Sisters For Change Against Discrimination (ICAAD) and edited Sisters For Change (SFC) is an international NGO by Jane Gordon, SFC Legal Director. working to eliminate discrimination and violence against women and girls worldwide through legal reform, legal empowerment, legal accountability and legal advocacy strategies. SFC works to generate systemic change in how governments combat violence, structural change to give women voice and agency in justice systems and About ICAAD social change to end the social acceptance of violence ICAAD works at the intersection of legal innovation against women and girls. SFC is active in the UK, India and human-centered design to create evidence-based and Indonesia. As a member of the Equality & Justice programs with organisations and communities to combat Alliance, SFC is working to reform laws that discriminate structural discrimination. By leveraging multidisciplinary against women and girls and LGBT people across the teams and taking an integrated approach, we are able Commonwealth. SFC is currently working with the to improve resilience, safety and equity across systems. governments of Namibia, Saint Lucia and Samoa on technical assistance programmes and is a member For more information visit of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) https://icaad.ngo/ Parliamentary Forum’s Technical Working Group on the Follow us on @icaadglobal development of a Model Law on Gender-Based Violence. For more information visit www.sistersforchange.org.uk Follow us on @sisters_4change Registered Company No. 9136425 Registered Charity No. 1165647 Copyright © Sisters For Change 2020. This work can be copied, shared and distributed, in whole or in part, for research, educational and public policy purposes subject to the condition that the work is not altered or adapted and the Equality & Justice Alliance is acknowledged as author of the work. This work has been commissioned by Sisters For Change, a member of the Equality & Justice Alliance, but it has not been approved by, nor does it represent the opinions of, any other member of the Alliance. Printed in the United Kingdom. First printing 2020. ISBN No. 978-1-913173-10-4 Design by Bright Design, [email protected] Sisters For Change is grateful to the UK Government Foreign & Commonwealth Office for supporting the work of the Equality & Justice Alliance. 2 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region 3 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region Contents 04 Focus of review 06 Executive summary 06 Structure of report 1. Key concepts 3. Country reports 10 Introduction 36 Introduction 11 Key concepts 37 A. Scope of GBV in the 13 Case studies: The link between discrimination Pacific Island Region and violence against women 39 B. Analysis of case law 13 A. Fiji: Domestic violence of Pacific Island Countries 14 B. Vanuatu: Bride price 41 C. Longitudinal study of Fiji 15 C. Papua New Guinea: GBVAW cases Accusations of sorcery and witchcraft 46 D. Country case studies 46 Fiji 49 Vanuatu International and regional 52 Tonga 2. obligations of states to combat 55 Samoa gender bias and stereotyping 59 Solomon Islands 18 Introduction 64 Papua New Guinea 19 A. International legal framework 66 Kiribati 19 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 22 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 23 Convention on the rights of Persons with Disabilities 23 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 24 Other UN initiatives: Beijing Platform for Action 1995 25 B. Regional frameworks 25 Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women 26 Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 27 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 28 Other international and regional instruments addressing gender bias and stereotyping 30 C. Case studies of good practice 30 Judicial decision-making 30 Canada 30 Fiji 31 Mexico 32 Legislation and regulatory developments 32 Namibia 32 Australia and New Zealand 33 United Kingdom 2 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region 3 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region TitleFocus goes of review here Papua New Guinea 3 5 Solomon Islands Vanuatu 7 Fiji 1 1 Fiji Population of 896,445 2 Kiribati Population of 433,285 3 Papua New Guinea Population of 119, 4 49 4 Samoa Population of 197,097 5 Solomon Islands Population of 686,884 6 Tonga Population of 104,494 7 Vanuatu Population of 299,882 4 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region 1. Key concepts Kiribati 2 4 Samoa 6 Tonga 7 5.5m 60-80% countries women of women and girls aged reviewed 15-49 experience GBV 5 Comparative legal review of the impact of gender stereotyping on judicial decisions in violence against women cases across the Pacific Island Region Executive summary One third of all women and girls worldwide face an and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights ongoing epidemic of gender-based violence (GBV). and its 2003 Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa Gender discrimination in the form of GBV, bias/ (the Maputo Protocol). All these instruments and related stereotyping, myths, customary practices, patriarchy, jurisprudence brought before respective regional courts and toxic masculinity shapes societal expectations about speak to the nuances related to gender stereotyping/bias women’s and girls’ continued subordination. A clear and and violence. direct line can be drawn between gender discrimination Part II further analyses gender stereotyping, bias, myths and violence, and this report seeks to elucidate this and customary practices through the lens of international connection by providing an international and regional and regional human rights instruments, by examining overview of cases and legislation that have been
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