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Gaelic and Scottish Naming

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INTRODUCTION TO IRISH AND SCOTTISH NAMING Mistress Alys Mackyntoich [email protected] June 2017 I. TO GAELIC, OR NOT TO GAELIC There are many myths about what is or is not a Gaelic name, most of which are perpetuated by the average internet website on “Celtic” names. Gaelic was the majority language only in Ireland; in Scotland it was spoken only by a minority. Gaelic was not the only language spoken in Ireland. After the first Norman invasion in the late 12th century, you also find Anglo-Norman names entering the naming pool. Also, when the Norman and later English invaders starting trying to write down Gaelic, you got a distinct language called “Anglicized Irish.” In Scotland, very few people spoke Gaelic and we have very few written records in Gaelic. A Scottish person is more likely to speak Scots and/or English than Gaelic. Some Scots also spoke forms of Norse. So you don’t “have to put your name in Gaelic” if you want a Scottish persona. So, what does this mean for someone who wants an Irish or Scottish persona? o If you’re Irish, are you native or from an Anglo-Norman family that has been living there since the invasion? . Hint: Irish names like Fitzgerald or Butler aren’t Gaelic. Those are Anglo-Norman family names borne by invaders who settled and stayed. o If you want a name that starts with O’ like O’Toole, you can only be Irish. That construction did not exist in Scotland. o Even if you are native Irish, there’s a good chance that your name was recorded (effectively phonetically) in Anglicized Irish after about the 14th century. Anglicized Irish forms are vastly easier for modern English speakers to pronounced: Cormack mac Teige MacCarthie = Anglicized Irish Cormac mac Taidhg mhic Cárthaigh = Gaelic 1 If your persona is Scottish, it’s far more likely your name will be in Scots than in Gaelic. If you’re a woman, and you want to use a byname that starts with Mac- or O’ then you must construct your name in Anglicized Irish or Scots. o In Scotland, Mac- surnames became inherited surnames as highland families settled in cities and lowland parts of the country. Alys Mackyntoich isn’t the son (or daughter) of a chieftain; she’s the daughter of someone named Mackyntoich. o Because the English people writing down Irish names didn’t understand the difference between men’s names and women’s names in Gaelic, we find Anglicized Irish names for women using Mac and O constructions. “But I found it on the Internet!” These words make heralds cry. Here’s a few hints to help make sense of what a submitter brought you: o If it’s the spelling someone’s grandparent used, it’s almost definitely Anglicized Irish, not Gaelic. o Names of Irish saints are generally OK if we can confirm that they were venerated in period. Names of legendary figures like Cu Chulainn are not, unless there is evidence that real people adopted those names. o Baby naming websites, “clan history” websites and Behind the Name generally are not reliable. o Amateur-prepared genealogies are not necessarily reliable. But, they may provide evidence that will help an experienced herald find a reliable source. o 2 II. CONCEPTS IN GAELIC GRAMMAR Gaelic grammar has a number of unfamiliar concepts that affect naming and name structure. When building a Gaelic name, you should always have “Quick and Easy Gaelic Names” by Effric neyn Kenyeoch vc Ralte (http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/) open and handy at all times. Genitive Forms: “Mac” does not actually mean “son of” – it merely means “son.” To make a byname that means “son of [father’s name],” the father’s name must be in the possessive or genitive case. Lenition: When forming certain kinds of bynames, usually for women, the second element of the name must be lenited. Ms. Krossa explains that, “[g]rammatical lenition involves a "softening" of the initial consonant sounds of words in certain grammatical situations. This pronunciation change in Gaelic is sometimes indicated by a changed spelling as well.” Usually, lenition requires adding an “h” after the initial consonant. For more guidance on how to lenite a name, refer to Effric’s “Quick and Easy Gaelic Names” and also to “The Spelling of Lenited Consonants in Gaelic” by Effric neyn Kenyeoch vc Ralte (http://medievalscotland.org/scotlang/lenition.shtml) Pre-1200 vs. Post-1200 Spellings: Gaelic spelling conventions changed substantially around approximately 1200 C.E. For SCA purposes, Gaelic prior to 1200 C.E. and Gaelic after 1200 C.E. are considered two different languages. When creating a Gaelic name, you should try to make sure that all elements of the name are in the same form of Gaelic. If there is any doubt as to whether the spelling is pre-1200 or post-1200, be sure to advise the submitter to consent to ALL changes. Because pre-1200 and post-1200 Gaelic are different languages under the SCA rules, changing inghean to ingen is considered a MAJOR change. Gender Matters: The gender of the given name matters when constructing a Gaelic name. In Gaelic, women cannot use the marker mac, which literally means “son.” Nor can they use the marker Ó in a surname. Instead, they must use ingen/inghean, meaning “daughter” in place of mac and ingen Ui/inghean Ui in place of Ó. In addition, lenition is almost always required when using a descriptive byname for a woman, while it is not for men. 3 III. GAELIC NAMING IN IRELAND A. Name Patterns Irish Gaelic names use the following patterns: Simple patronymic bynames: Appropriate throughout the SCA’s period. o For men: <given name> mac <father’s name in the genitive case> o For women before 1200: <given name> ingen <father’s name in the genitive case and usually lenited> o For women after 1200: <given name> inghean <father’s name in the genitive case and usually lenited> Clan affiliation bynames: Appropriate from approximately the 10th cen. onwards. o For men before 1200: <given name> Ua <clan ancestor's name in genitive case> o For men after 1200: <given name> Ó <clan ancestor's name in genitive case> o For women before 1200: <given name> ingen Uí <clan ancestor's name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel> o For women after 1200: <given name> inghean Uí clan ancestor's name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel> Descriptive adjective bynames in the form <given name> + <adjective byname> o When modifying a woman’s name, the descriptive adjective byname needs to be lenited, except for a few very specific exceptions. For example, the descriptive byname Dubh becomes Dhubh when added to a woman’s name: Gráinne Dhubh = Black Grace The exceptions for the rule requiring lenition of women’s descriptive bynames can be found in Krossa’s “Quick and Easy Gaelic Names” (http://medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/#exceptions2) o A descriptive byname can be added to any of the patronymic styles. Placed after the given name, it modifies the given name. Placed after the father’s name, it modifies the father’s name. For example: Aindriú Ruadh mac Tomais = “Red Andrew, son of Thomas” Gráinne Dhubh inghean Domhnaill = “Black Grace, daughter of Donnell” Conn mac Muireadhaigh Móir = “Conn, son of Big Murdoch” Fionnghuala inghean Ádhaimh Óig = “Finola, daughter of Young Adam” 4 Multi-generational bynames o For men before 1200: <single given name> mac <father's given name in genitive case> meic <grandfather's given name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with C or a vowel> o For men after 1200: <single given name> mac <father's given name in genitive case> mhic <grandfather's given name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with C or a vowel> o For women before 1200:<single given name> ingen <father's given name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with D, T, L, N, R, or a vowel> meic <grandfather's given name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with C or a vowel> o For women after 1200:<single given name> inghean <father's given name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with D, T, L, N, R, or a vowel> mhic <grandfather's given name in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with C or a vowel> Patronymic plus Clan: Appropriate from approximately the 10th cen. onwards. o For men before 1200: <single given name> mac <father's given name in genitive case)> Ua <clan ancestor's name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel)> o For men after 1200: <single given name> mac <father's given name in genitive case)> Uí <clan ancestor's name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel)> o For women before 1200: <single given name> ingen <father's given name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with D, T, L, N, R, or a vowel)> Ua <clan ancestor's name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel)> o For women after 1200: <single given name> inghean <father's given name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with D, T, L, N, R, or a vowel)> Uí <clan ancestor's name (in genitive case & always lenited unless starting with a vowel)> Name Patterns Not To Use There is no evidence in Irish Gaelic for: Double given names Metronymics (bynames formed based on the mother’s name) Ní and nic prior to 1600. 5 B. Irish Gaelic Naming Resources 1.
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