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Anggrek Phalaenopsis & Penyakit Virus Tanaman

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Anggrek Phalaenopsis & Penyakit Virus Tanaman M E N G E N A L ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS & PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN Dr. MAHFUT, S.Si., M.Sc. Hak cipta pada penulis Hak penerbitan pada penerbit Tidak boleh diproduksi sebagian atau seluruhnya dalam bentuk apapun Tanpa izin tertulis dari pengarang dan/atau penerbit Kutipan Pasal 72 : Sanksi pelanggaran Undang-undang Hak Cipta (UU No. 10 Tahun 2012) 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud da- lam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau Pasal (49) ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara mas- ing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp. 1. 000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan atau denda paling banyak Rp. 5. 000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah) 2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepa- da umum suatu Ciptaan atau hasil barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait se- bagaimana dimaksud ayat (1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/ atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah) M E N G E N A L ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS & PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN Dr. MAHFUT, S.Si., M.Sc. Perpustakaan Nasional RI: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS DAN PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN Penulis: Dr. Mahfut, S.Si., M.Sc. Desain Cover & Layout Team Aura Creative Penerbit AURA CV. Anugrah Utama Raharja Anggota IKAPI No.003/LPU/2013 viii + 44 hal : 15,5 x 23 cm Cetakan, November 2019 ISBN: 978-623-211-139-4 Alamat Jl. Prof. Dr. Soemantri Brojonegoro, No 19 D Gedongmeneng Bandar Lampung HP. 081281430268 082282148711 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.aura-publishing.com Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-undang KATA PENGANTAR “Mengenal Anggrek Phalaenopsis dan Penyakit Virus Tanaman” merupakan buku teks yang diperlukan dalam mata kuliah wajib dan pilihan Orchidologi, Pengantar Virologi, Botani Ekonomi dan Etnobotani, dan Biologi Molekuler pada Program Studi Biologi. Mengingat belum adanya buku sejenis, Penulis berharap buku ini nantinya akan mempermudah mahasiswa dalam memahami konsep Botani Tanaman Anggrek Phalaenopsis dikaitkan dengan Ilmu Genetika (Molekuler) dan Virologi Tumbuhan. Melalui kesempatan ini, Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang membantu dalam penyusunan buku ini. Termasuk kepada Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (DRPM) melalui Kementerian Riset Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi, Universitas Lampung melalui Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LPPM), Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, serta Jurusan Biologi. Dengan ini, Penulis mengharapkan kritik serta saran dari para pembaca untuk menyempurnakan buku ini pada masa yang akan datang. Penulis MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS DAN PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN v DAFTAR ISI I MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS 1.1. Sejarah................................................................................................. 1 2. Klasifikasi ............................................................................................ 2 3. Botani .................................................................................................. 4 4. Manfaat ............................................................................................... 6 5. Jenis anggrek Phalaenopsis ............................................................ 7 6. Hama dan Penyakit........................................................................... 9 7. Konservasi Anggrek (Insitu dan Eksitu) ...................................... 13 II VIROLOGI TUMBUHAN 2.1. Sejarah ................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Cara Infeksi dan Penyebaran Virus .............................................. 16 2.3. Siklus Hidup Virus Tanaman .......................................................... 16 2.4. Fisiologi Tanaman Terganggu ........................................................ 23 III VIRUS TANAMAN ANGGREK 3.1. Jenis Virus Tanaman Anggrek ..................................................... 25 3.2 Metode Identifikasi dan Karakterisasi Virus........................... 25 3.3. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) ..................................... 34 3.3.1. Sejarah dan Distribusi .................................................................. 34 3.3.2 Karakteristik ................................................................................... 34 3.3.3 Gejala Infeksi .................................................................................. 35 3.3.4 Organisasi Genom ......................................................................... 38 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 39 MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS vi DAN PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR TABEL I MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS Tabel 1. Keanekaragaman spesies anggrek Phalaenopsissp. 1.1. Sejarah................................................................................................. 1 Alam di Indonesia ..................................................................... 3 2. Klasifikasi ............................................................................................ 2 Tabel 2. Beberapa jenis virus yang menginfeksi anggrek ............... 12 3. Botani .................................................................................................. 4 Tabel 3. Jenis tanaman indikator dan gejala terhadap infeksi ORSV ........................................................................................... 27 4. Manfaat ............................................................................................... 6 5. Jenis anggrek Phalaenopsis ............................................................ 7 6. Hama dan Penyakit........................................................................... 9 7. Konservasi Anggrek (Insitu dan Eksitu) ...................................... 13 II VIROLOGI TUMBUHAN 2.1. Sejarah ................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Cara Infeksi dan Penyebaran Virus .............................................. 16 2.3. Siklus Hidup Virus Tanaman .......................................................... 16 2.4. Fisiologi Tanaman Terganggu ........................................................ 23 III VIRUS TANAMAN ANGGREK 3.1. Jenis Virus Tanaman Anggrek ..................................................... 25 3.2 Metode Identifikasi dan Karakterisasi Virus........................... 25 3.3. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) ..................................... 34 3.3.1. Sejarah dan Distribusi .................................................................. 34 3.3.2 Karakteristik ................................................................................... 34 3.3.3 Gejala Infeksi .................................................................................. 35 3.3.4 Organisasi Genom ......................................................................... 38 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 39 MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS DAN PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN vii DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian bunga Phalaenopsis stuartiana Susanna ............................................................................... 5 Gambar 2. Bentuk bunga Phalaenopsis sp. ...................................... 6 Gambar 3. Poses penetrasi partikel virus TMV .............................. 17 Gambar 4. Macam-macam gejala infeksi virus pada tanaman .... 20 Gambar 5. Mekanisme translokasi cell to cell movement TMV pada tanaman..................................................................... 21 Gambar 6. Ilustrasi proses infeksi dan penyebaran virus dalam tubuh tanaman ...................................................... 22 Gambar 7. Model skematis daun dalam penurunan efektifitas penyerapan cahaya ........................................................... 24 Gambar 8. Peta distribusi geografis ORSV di dunia ...................... 34 Gambar 9. Ultra struktur ORSV ......................................................... 35 Gambar 10. Beberapa gejala ORSV ...................................................... 36 Gambar 11. Gejala ORSV pada bunga anggrek ................................. 37 Gambar 12. Gejala infeksi ganda CymMV dan ORSV ....................... 37 Gambar 13. Organisasi genom ORSV .................................................. 38 MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS viii DAN PENYAKIT VIRUS TANAMAN DAFTAR GAMBAR I. MENGENAL ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian bunga Phalaenopsis stuartiana 1.1 Sejarah Susanna ............................................................................... 5 Nama Phalaeopsis berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu phalaenos Gambar 2. Bentuk bunga Phalaenopsis sp. ...................................... 6 (ngengat atau kupu-kupu) dan opsis (menyerupai atau penampakan) Gambar 3. Poses penetrasi partikel virus TMV .............................. 17 (Setiawan dan Setiawan, 2002; Iswanto, 2005). C. L. Blume, seorang Gambar 4. Macam-macam gejala infeksi virus pada tanaman .... 20 ahli botani berkebangsaan Belanda yang memberi nama genus Gambar 5. Mekanisme translokasi cell to cell movement TMV anggrek ini dengan nama Phalaenopsis pada tahun 1825. Nama pada tanaman..................................................................... 21 tersebut muncul pada saat ia menemukan untuk pertama kalinya di Gambar 6. Ilustrasi proses infeksi dan penyebaran virus dalam
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