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Mechanical Engineering Annual National Seminar (SNTTM) organized by Indonesian Consortium of Higher Education in Mechanical Engineering (BKSTM) 18th Oct., 2012 at Gadja Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia Outline

— About University

— What is a Detonation Wave? A Study on — What is a Pulse Detonation Engine Pulse Detonation Engine — Studies on PDE/PDTE in in Japan — Concluding remarks Shigeharu Ohyagi Saitama University Japan

Saitama University

— Founded by Japanese Government at 1949 in Urawa, Saitama

— 5 Faculties (Culture, Education, Economics, Science and Engineering)

— 8,000 undergraduate students, 1,000 graduate students

— Foreign students; 170 undergraduates, 280 graduates — From Indonesia, only 2 graduate students(2012)

http://www.saitama-u.ac.jp/en/index.html

What is a Detonation? What is a Detonation?

— Premixed Combustion — It is a combustion wave. — Deflagration — It propagates through combustible mixtures like — Spark Ignition Engine hydrogen/air. — Bunsen Burner — Detonation — It propagates at a velocity 2000-3000 m/s, i.e., supersonic velocity. — Diffusive Combustion (Non premixed combustion) — Diesel Engine — It consists of a shock wave and a combustion wave. — Gas Turbine — It compresses a medium 10 to 20 times a initial

— Candle pressure.

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Detonation Wave Processes of = Shock Wave + Combustion Pulse Detonation Engine

Burned Gas Unburned Gas

p2>p1, T2>T1 p1, T1

Supersonic Propagation Velocity courtesy of Dr. Sakurai

Specific Impulse of Various First Experimental Study Propulsion System

Nicholls, J. A., Wilkinson, H. R. and Morrison, R. B., Intermittent Detonation as a Thrust-Producing Mechanism, Jet Propulsion, 27, 5, pp.534-541, 1957.

Review Papers Studies in World

— Dr. K. Kailasanath ; US Naval Research Laboratory

— Dr. Venkat Tangirala ; US General Electric — Kailasanath, K., Review of Propulsion Applications of Detonation Waves, AIAA J. 38, 9, pp. 1698-1708, 2000. — Dr. John Hoke and Dr. Fred Schauer ; US Air Force Research Laboratory

— Roy G.D., Frolov S.M., Borisov A.A., Netzer D.W., — Prof. Ming-Hsun Wu; Republic of China National Cheng-Kung Pulse detonation propulsion: challenges, current status, University and future perspective, Progress in Energy and — Prof. Piotr Wolanski ; Poland Warsaw University of Technology Combustion Science, 30, pp. 545-672, 2004. — Prof. Sergey Frolov ; Russia Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics

— Dr. Ratiba Zitoun ; France Institute PPRIME, CNRS

— Prof. Longxi Zheng ; China Northwestern Polytechnical University

— Prof. Mike Kuznetsov ; Germany Kalsruhe Institute of Technology

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First PDE of Studies in Japan Saitama University(2005)

— ; Prof. Koichi Hayashi — Hiroshima University; Prof. Takuma Endo — Hokkaido University; Prof. Masashi Wakita — ; Prof. Akiko Matsuo — Tokyo Metropolitan University; Dr. Takashi Sakurai — Tsukuba University; Prof. Jiro Kasahara — Yokohama National University; Kazuhiro Ishii — Saitama University; Prof. Shigeharu Ohyagi

Schematics of Time Sequence of a Cycle Experimental PDE 1 cycle

S:Solenoid Valve S S Fuel Ig Ig:Ignition Plug Purging Pt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Dump Tank Injection Time : τpu Ignition Combustion Ig PT Ion Probe S S Delay and PT:Pressure Transducer Circuit Time Exhaust

H2 Valve Ignition H Air Air 2 Drive Circuit Circuit Schellkin spiral coil Signal Inside view of detonation tube Amprifer Digital Oscilloscope Time I/O Board PC

Experimental Condition Outlet of PDE

Fuel/Oxidizer H2/Air Initial Pressure Atmospheric Pressure H2/Air Injection Time 13 11 8 [ms] H2/Air Injection Volume 820 700 700 [cc] Equivalence Ratio ：φ 2.5 1.3～3.5 2.0～3.5 Ｉｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ Delay Time ： 0.1 τig Ignition Position [mm] 150 Purging Time [ms] ：τpu 1.9～12.9 1.9～14.9

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Pressure Profile on the Wall Pressure Profile on the Wall

20 Hz 5th cycle 20 Hz 5th cycle τ =13 ms τ =13 ms inj inj τ =6.9 ms τ =3.9 ms pu pu

P6 P6

P7 P7 Non-dimentional Pressure[5/div] Non-dimentional Pressure[5/div]

Time[0.5ms/div] Time[0.5 ms/div]

Impulse on Thrust Wall Comparison with Theory █Impulse[Ns]; �=�∫�����↑▒�(�)�� @Speciic Impulse[s]; ​ H -Air (φ=1, p =101 kPa) �↓��,� =​�/​�↓����� ,�� 2 0

I [Ns] Isp [s] Ispf [s]

Experiment 0.493 104.7 1965 50 0.6

0.5 40 Nicholls Theory 0.266 65.1 2511 Impulse █�; Thrust Wall Pressure[Pa]@�; time[s]@�; ​Cross−sectional Area of the Tube[m↑2 ]@​�↓�����0.4 ,� ; mass of fuel consumed per cycle[kg]@�; ​speciic gravity[m/s↑2 ] Impulse Impulse [Ns] 30

0.3 Shepherd Theory 0.633 155.0 5980

20 0.2

Thrust wall pressure, P [atm]pressure, ThrustP wall 10 1D Numerical 0.669 132.6 6320 Pressure 0.1

0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Elapsed time from ignition [ms]

Thermodynamic Cycles of TWO CYLINDER PULSE Pulse Detonation Turbine Engine DETONATION TURBINE ENGINE

FUEL：HYDROGEN OXIDIZER：AIR PURGE GAS：AIR

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Turbine Inlet Pressure and USED TURBO-CHARGERS THANKS FOR MOTOHIDE MURAYAMA (IHI) Rotation Speed Model A Model B

PDTE of Turbine Output Hiroshima University

Model A

Courtesy of Prof. Endo

Hiroshima University Hiroshima University Courtesy of Prof. Endo Courtesy of Prof. Endo

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Hiroshima University Courtesy of Prof. Endo Courtesy of Prof. Kasahara

PDE of Tsukuba University University of Tsukuba Courtesy of Prof. Kasahara

Courtesy of Prof. Kasahara

University of Tsukuba Tokyo Metropolitan University Courtesy of Prof. Kasahara Courtesy of Dr. Sakurai

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Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo Metropolitan University Courtesy of Dr. Sakurai Courtesy of Dr. Sakurai

Concluding Remarks

— A pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a propulsion system utilizing detonative combustion of Thank you for your kind combustible gas. attention. — It is very attractive because of its rapid completion Shigeharu Ohyagi of combustion and of its high pressure release.

— However, in the present stage, the development of PDE is not complete so that it is necessary to perform a fundamental study on detonation phenomena.

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