Schliemann and His Papers 787

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Schliemann and His Papers 787 HESPERIA 76 (2OO7) SCHLIEMANN AND HIS Pages 785-817 PAPERS A Tale from the Gennadeion Archives ABSTRACT Heinrich Schliemanns heirs deposited most of his personal papers in the Gennadius Library of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens over in 1936, but retained control them until the School purchased them in 1962. For 27 years, the heirs granted sole authorization to exploit the papers access to Ernst Meyer, who published only limited excerpts, obstructed the of other researchers, and borrowed several volumes that were never returned. The author explores the troubled history of the Heinrich Schliemann Papers since the archaeologist's death in 1890 and examines the ways inwhich recent access are new on improvements in cataloguing and facilitating research Schliemann s life and career in their historical context. The basic outline of Heinrich Schliemanns life is fairly well known: his successes parsonage childhood and straitened youth, the entrepreneurial of his maturity, his quest for the Greek bride who became his second wife, and the famous archaeological discoveries of his later career.1 Schliemann own frequently publicized his life story, beginning with the preface to The abbreviations for archival 1.1 thank Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan, following - archivist of the American School of documentation are used: HS&FP Studies at for Heinrich Schliemann and Classical Athens, grant Family Papers; access to GennRec = Gennadeion ing the Schliemann Papers Records, and to the Schliemann approval publish elements of Correspondence Folders; further work B = Heinrich series correspondence, enabling Schliemann Papers, on = the database, and for encouragement B: Correspondence; BBB Heinrich are to and advice; special thanks due Schliemann Papers, series BBB: Copy Maria Voltera and Katerina Papatheo books. HS&FP is the unpublished phani of the Gennadius Library for finding aid on file at the Gennadius 2.1 am wherever a for their efforts regarding Fig. Library; possible, URL to the also grateful Tracey Cullen, editor webpage reproducing HS&FP of the content is also accessed Hesperia, anonymous reviewers, given (all pages and Curtis Runnels for their comments June 2007). The Gennadius Library's on an administrative and suggestions earlier draft. correspondence relating Quotations of texts written in to Schliemann is cited as follows: name, + English preserve original spelling; all date (GennRec file number). translations of other texts are my own. ? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 786 STEFANIE A. H. KENNELL an account Ithaque, le P?loponn?se, Troie: Recherches arch?ologiques (1869), further elaborated in the mythopoeic autobiographical introduction to Ilios in (1880) and perpetuated his posthumous Selbstbiographie (1892), which is still in print.2 s The original documentation for Schliemann career, however, consists sources of archival that remain largely unpublished. Most of these primary sources have been housed in the Gennadius Library of the American School are more of Classical Studies at Athens since 1936. They both plentiful more and lacunose than many would suspect. In this study, I examine how at the Heinrich Schliemann Papers arrived the American School, what persons had access to them, the purposes and results of their research, and on the effects of their efforts and interests scholarship about Schliemann. The part played by Ernst Meyer in the history of the papers is of particu lar interest. I also consider the ways inwhich recent improvements to the documentation of the papers may benefit present and future research on Schliemann and the era in which he lived. THE SCHLIEMANN PAPERS, THEIR CREATOR, AND THE GENNADEION as In order to understand the papers material evidence?a deposit of textual artifacts?we need to consider the factors that influenced their formation, beginning with the circumstances of Schliemanns death and the habits of a lifetime. Heinrich Schliemann died at 68 in on December age Naples 2. Schliemann 1869,1880,1892; of from an ear he had in Korres 26, 1890, complications operation undergone Meyer 1930-1931. Cf. 1974, was to a nos. nos. Germany the month before. His body returned Athens few days p. 37, 261-268, p. 38, 270, no. 40, no. 292 later by his brother-in-law Panagiotis Kastromenos and his archaeologi 278, p. 39, 282, p. (and to n. 32, below). The most recent r??dition cal associate Wilhelm D?rpfeld.3 In addition his many publications, of the (Vollmann 2004, numerous international and the Iliou his monumental autobiography honors, Melathron, is with accompanying essay) subtitled residence in Schliemann left behind an extensive collection of cor Athens, Trojanische Tr?ume inMecklenburg. See respondence and other documents.4 His practice of assiduously archiving also Calder 1972; Easton 1982; Calder own as as andTraill Runnels copies of his outgoing letters well incoming correspondence and 1986;Traill 1995; 2002. account when he was a businessman still in his twenties, ledgers, adopted 3. worked with Schlie continued his life and into the most D?rpfeld throughout working metamorphosis mann at Orchomenos, Troy, Tiryns, famous of modern times. Because he died before the end of archaeologist and other sites beginning in 1882 the calendar Schliemann did not have his cor year, however, incoming and became First Secretary of the set never of German Institute at respondence for 1890 bound; that final of letters became part Archaeological one of Athens in 1887: Traill 1995, p. 297, his literary legacy (Nachla?) and thus constitutes important group citing "Stoll 1953" (= Stoll 1958), p. 304. items lost from his personal archive.5 See also HS&FP, pp. 3-4 (http://www The first Schliemann documents to arrive at the Gennadius Library .ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/ were a set of letters written to the brothers Frank and Calvert of the James Schliemann/SchBiography.htm). vast Dardanelles and donated by Francis Bacon in 1923. The majority of the 4. Korres 1974; Runnels 2002. were Andromache 5. See Ernst to Peter papers deposited at the library by Schliemanns children, Meyer Top were ping, November 26,1956 (GennRec 1). Melas and Agamemnon Schliemann, in 1936 (Fig. 1). Still others 6.HS&FP, 5-7 donated between the 1960s and the 1990s.6 In this article I am pp. (http://www primarily .asesa. edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/ concerned with the and that came to the Genna papers correspondence Schliemann/SchHistory.htm). Cf. deion in 1936 and their fate at the hands of various Schliemann researchers Lord 1947, pp. 255-266; Meritt 1984, sources and often difficult tale (Schliemannforscher). The for this cautionary pp. 222,230. SCHLIEMANN AND HIS PAPERS 787 Figure 1.The Schliemann Papers in 1937: letters to Schliemann, copying and 1870 books, diaries, ledgers, 1890. Photo E. Meyer, courtesy Gennadius Library, American School of Classical Stud ies at Athens not comprise only the papers themselves, but also the Gennadius Library's own correspondence, reports, and other documentation.7 The textual archive that Schliemann created through the habits of a now lifetime is designated the Heinrich Schliemann Papers. It forms the core of the Heinrich Schliemann and Family Papers held by the Genna dius Library The "Family" section of the papers comprises two sets of one documents, connected with Schliemann's second wife, Sophia Enga stromenos Schliemann, and another relating to Heinrichs extended fam ily, including his birth family and his children from his first and second are a 7. For abbreviations and citation marriages.8 The Heinrich Schliemann Papers proper much larger see n. above. more formats, 1, and diverse array of documents that required many years of effort 8.HS&FP, pp. 47-50 to (http://www process and catalogue.9 Donald Easton's survey of the papers, written .ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/ were before they organized into their present archival form, offers a useful Schliemann/SchSophia.htm and http:// introduction to their and contents as well as to their which www.ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/ history gaps, he estimated to include to nine travel/excavation diaries and Schliemann/SchFamily.htm). up missing 9.HS&FP, pp. 8-9 (http://www 14 copying books of letters.10 .ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/ Since Easton's survey, the Gennadius Library has organized the papers Schliemann/SchProcess.htm). in series according to document type. These include 18 travel diaries (series 10. Easton (1982) reviews Emil 106 boxes over and ac A); containing 34,000 original incoming letters, postcards, Ludwigs Meyer's published counts of the and (series B); 6 folders of letters written Schliemann papers, supplementing telegrams original by them with some 43 volumes of Gennadius Library (series BB); containing copies approximately 25,000 of "oral see 95-99. tradition"; esp. pp. Schliemann's outgoing letters (series BBB); manuscripts of books, articles, 788 STEFANIE A. H. KENNELL speeches, and other handwritten notes (series C); official documents such as passports, citizenship papers, excavation permit applications, and wills as (series D); "economics," including financial documents such receipts, invoices, 38 ledgers, and various banking records (series E); documents relating to Schliemann's Athens properties and coin collection (series F); as miscellaneous items such photos, letters, pamphlets, invitations, notes, and language exercises bound into books (series G); newspaper clippings as (series H); secondary documents such photocopies of legal documents, transcriptions, and material about Schliemann published after
Recommended publications
  • Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich Und
    BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Most of the sources on German history from 1890 to the end of the Weimar Republic are of use in a study of Maximilian Har­ den. In the following paragraphs are noted, besides the un­ published sources, only the published materials that deal directly with Harden, and the general works or monographs on the period that have been used most extensively. Many works cited in the text are not listed here; a complete reference to each one is found in its first citation. The indispensable source of information on Harden is the magazine he edited from 1892 until 1922. The one hundred and eighteen volumes of the Zukunft contain the bulk of his essays, commentaries, and trial records, as well as many private letters to and from him. The Zukunft was the inspiration or the source for Harden's principal pamphlets and books, namely Kampfge­ nosse Sudermann (Berlin, 1903); KopJe (4 vols., Berlin, 1911-1924); Krieg und Friede (2 vols., Berlin, 1918); and Von Versailles nach Versailles (Hellerau, 1927). Even Deutschland, Frankreich und England (Berlin, 1923), written after the Zukun}t had ceased publication, was in large a repetition of Zukunft articles. Harden's earliest work, Berlin als Theaterhauptstadt (Berlin, 1889), consisted in part of pieces he had written for Die Nation. Apostata (Berlin, 1892), Apostata, neue Folge (Berlin, 1892), andLiteraturund Theater (Berlin, 1896), were collections of his essays from Die Gegenwart. The Gegenwart and the other magazines for which he wrote before 1892 - Die Nation, Die Kunstwart, and M agazin fur Litteratur - are also indispensable sources. Harden's published writings also include articles in other German and foreign newspapers and magazines.
    [Show full text]
  • DR. SCHLIEMANN and the Archieological VALUE of HIS DISCOVERIES
    1891.] Dr. Schliemann and his Discoveries. 257 DR. SCHLIEMANN AND THE ARCHiEOLOGICAL VALUE OF HIS DISCOVERIES. BY THOMAS CHASE. THE nineteenth century, and especially the latter half of it, will he memorable in all time for its archasological dis- coveries. It may boast no single achievement equal to the unveiling of the buried citjcs of Campania, which gave us as in an. Instantaneous photograph, the very life of the ancients, moulds waiting only to be filled with plaster to repeat the forms and features of old inhabitants, the chicken broiling on the grill and the loaf baking in the oven, as well as breathing statues which adorned the houses and paintings on the walls with colors fresh as of yesterday. But even Herculaneum and Pompeii aöbrded only fuller details in the knowledge of a civilization which we knew fairly well already : the discoveries of our age, while they have in like manner increased our former knowledge, have also revealed new epochs and widened the annals of time. They have been made in all those regions which were the ñiruous seats of ancient civilization ; each of them has thrown additional light on the results of all the others : they have made immortal the names of many great explor- ers : but none arc connected with more fascinating legends . of epic and dramatic song, none are more important hi their historical significance, and none have added greater lustre to the name of the explorer, than those conducted by our late associate. Dr. Heinrich Schliemann. In one of the most racy and romantic of autobiographies.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin to the Meeting with You for Handy Reference
    B u l l e t i n of The North American Paul Tillich Society Volume XXXI, Number 4 Fall 2005 Religious Studies Department Santa Clara University 336 Bannan Hall Santa Clara, CA 95053 PHILOSOPHY Editor: Frederick J. Parrella, Secretary-Treasurer, NAPTS CULTURE THEOLOGY Telephone: 408.554.4714 FAX: 408.554.2387 Email: [email protected] Website: www.NAPTS.org In this issue: Annual NAPTS Meeting: Schedule and Banquet Information Report of the Tillich Collected Works Project Committee “Paul Tillich and Capital Punishment: The Meaning of Power” by Anne Marie Reijnen On the Calendar ___________________________________________________________________________________ Annual Meeting of the North Nerve? American Paul Tillich Society Robison James, University of Richmond The following schedule includes three parts: (1) ses- Symbol Early and Late: Continuity and sions of the NAPTS on Friday, November 18, 2005; Discontinuity between the German and (2) information about the annual banquet on Friday American Tillich night; (3) the schedule of the American Academy of Religion Group, “Tillich: Issues in Theology, Religion Stephen Murray, Skidmore College and Culture.” Paul Tillich and the Wrath of God Bring your Bulletin to the meeting with you for handy reference. Locations are subject to change. NAPTS Sessions 11:00 AM – 1:15 PM (A18–9) And Banquet Loews Philadelphia Hotel Commonwealth C Friday, November 18, 2005 Theme: The Early Tillich Terry O’Keeffe, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland 9:00 – 10:45 AM (A18–8) Presiding Loews Philadelphia Hotel
    [Show full text]
  • Schliemann on Schliemann: a Study in the Use of Sources Calder, William M Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1972; 13, 3; Proquest Pg
    Schliemann on Schliemann: A Study in the Use of Sources Calder, William M Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1972; 13, 3; ProQuest pg. 335 FOR SIR RONALD SYMB ON HIS SBVBNTIETH BIRTHDAY Schliemann on Schliemann: A Study in the Use of Sources William M. Calder III NB HUNDRBD FIFTY years ago, on 6 January 1822, in the Pastor's O Housel at Neubukow2 near the Ostsee by Wismar in Meck­ lenburg was born Johannes Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann.3 Others will write encomia. This occasion provides an historian of classical scholarship with an opportunity to examine selected aspects of the great man's life and to provide a suggestion for future biographers. If today a scholar should write a biography of Cicero, he would naturally use not only Cicero's private letters and published writings, he would further try, as far as possible, to make use of independent sources in order to augment, confirm or refute what Cicero might say about himself. This is the fundamental methodological problem for any scholar who works with the biography of Schliemann. All pub­ lished biographies of Schliemann are based almost entirely on docu­ ments written by Schliemann himself. In order of importance they are (1) an autobiography in various versions,4 (2) eighteen diaries,S (3) 1 For the old pfarrhaus see PLATE 10 jig.Z and Sebastian Heissel, Neubukow: aus der Geschichte einer mecklenburgischen Landstadt (Rostock 1937) 176ff. The building was demol­ ished ca. 1880 because the foundation was sinking in the sand. Since 1929 a bronze memorial plaque has been attached to the left of the front door of the new pfarrhaus: see PLATE 10 jig.I, where it has been wreathed by the author for the l50th Birthday celebrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Refuse Archeology: Virchow—Schliemann— Freud
    Refuse Archeology: Virchow—Schliemann— Freud Dietmar Schmidt Universität Erfurt In the early twentieth century, psychoanalysis tries to investigate a speciªc logic of the appearance and the incident of what is taken to be unintended in everyday communication and human behavior. What before hardly seemed to be worth systematic research, now becomes a privileged ªeld, in which the meaningful signs of a hidden and unwelcome past appear. For representing this new ªeld of research Freud often makes use of archaeological metaphors. But in quoting the knowledge and the techniques of archaeology, he evokes imaginary landscapes of a reappearing human past, which is not depraved and repressed but glorious and precious. This contradiction or gap between the character of analytical objects and their representation gives reason for an ‘archaeological’ investigation of psychoanalysis itself. To this end one of the heroes of nineteenth century archaeology, Heinrich Schliemann, will be con- fronted with two little works of Rudolf Virchow, in which he follows up the astonishing idea of an archaeology of refuse. Relating treasure troves and rubbish dumps it can be asked whether ‘archaeological’ practices in the late nineteenth century constituted a type of historical knowledge which runs counter to contemporary historicism and is crucial not only for Freud but also for today’s theoretical reºections on archaeological perspectives in cultural studies. I. In the second half of the nineteenth century, refuse became an object of historical research. This event occurred in different contexts, and in each almost casually. Although refuse as an object of analysis ªrst emerged only occasionally or even by accident, in the long run it unfolded a speciªc type of knowledge concerning not only the constitution of culture but also the Translated by Andrew Gledhill.
    [Show full text]
  • Schliemann on the Excavation of Troy: Three Unpublished Letters , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 31:3 (1990:Fall) P.323
    DYCK, ANDREW T., Schliemann on the Excavation of Troy: Three Unpublished Letters , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 31:3 (1990:Fall) p.323 Schliemann on the Excavation of Troy: Three Unpublished Letters Andrew R. Dyck THOUGH THIS IS THE centennial of his death, genuine bio­ graphical research on Heinrich Schliemann has only x. begun in the last two decades. The revisionist work of W. M. Calder III, Wolfgang Schindler, David Traill, and others has shown that, because of his propensity to lie in matters both personal and scholarly, no statement by Schliemann can be taken at face value. 1 There is need for a new biography of the founder of modern archaeology; and an obvious first step is the editing of the primary documents-Schliemann's own letters and diaries-which, so far, have received only partial and inadequate publication; these can then serve as a control on each other and on the accounts Schliemann published during his lifetime. 2 The present study is one small contribution toward that still distant goal. The collection published here for the first time comprises three letters from Heinrich Schliemann to the British ar­ chaeologist John Turtle Wood, F.S.A. (1821-90), dated (I) 26 April 1872, (II) 6 August 1872, and (III) 7 April 1874, the first two written at Troy, the last one at Athens.3 Wood, born in 1 For the current status quaestionis see Calder, "A New Picture of Heinrich Schliemann," in W. M. Calder III and David A. Traill, edd., Myth, Scandal and History: the Heinrich Schliemann Controversy and a First Edition of the Mycenaean Diary (Detroit 1986) 17-47; Traill, "The Schliemann Controver­ sy," Ancient History: Resources for Teachers 20 (1990) 81-87.
    [Show full text]
  • HANS-LUKAS KIESER • Talat Paşa
    HANS-LUKAS KIESER • Talat Paşa HANS-LUKAS KIESER Osmanlı’nın son dönemleri ile Osmanlı sonrasının yerel, bölgesel ve küresel boyutları üzerine uzmanlaşan bir tarihçi ve Newcastle, Avustralya ve Zürih üniversitelerinde modern tarih profesörüdür. 2005’ten 2015’e kadar Basel’deki İsviçre-Türkiye Araştırmalar Derneği’ne başkan- lık yapmıştır. World War I and the End of the Ottomans (2015), Nearest East: American Millennialism and Mission to the Middle East (2010), Vorkämpfer der “neuen Türkei” (2005, Türkçede: Türklüğe İhtida, 2008, İletişim Yayınları), Turkey Beyond Nationalism (2005), Der verpasste Friede (2000, Türkçede: Iskalanmış Barış, (2005, 5. baskı 2018, İletişim Yayınları) ve Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah (2002, 3. baskı 2014) yayınları arasındadır. Halen Lozan Konferansı ve Antlaşması’nın tarihi üzerine çalışmaktadır. Talaat Pasha. Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide © 2018 Hans-Lukas Kieser İletişim Yayınları 2998 • Tarih Dizisi 151 ISBN-13: 978-975-05-3062-3 © 2021 İletişim Yayıncılık A.Ş. / 1. BASIM 1. Baskı 2021, İstanbul EDİTÖR Merve Öztürk KAPAK Suat Aysu KAPAK FOTOĞRAFI Talat Paşa, 1910 UYGULAMA Hüsnü Abbas DÜZELTİ Remzi Abbas DİZİN Berkay Üzüm BASKI Ayhan Matbaası · SERTİFİKA NO. 44871 Mahmutbey Mahallesi, 2622. Sokak, No: 6/31 Bağcılar 34218 İstanbul Tel: 212.445 32 38 • Faks: 212.445 05 63 CİLT Güven Mücellit · SERTİFİKA NO. 45003 Mahmutbey Mahallesi, Devekaldırımı Caddesi, Gelincik Sokak, Güven İş Merkezi, No: 6, Bağcılar, İstanbul, Tel: 212.445 00 04 İletişim Yayınları · SERTİFİKA NO. 40387
    [Show full text]
  • Heinrich Schliemann
    Heinrich Schliemann Central to the success or failure of piecing together ancient history is the use of archaeological evidence to fill in the holes of the historical record. In the case of ancient Mycenae, the task of sorting out truth from legend was made harder by a lack of evidence—at least until the 19th century, when amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann of Germany unearthed the remains of the famous city, giving readers of the Iliad some sense of satisfaction that the place of Agamemnon's glory was, indeed, a real location. An adventurer who taught himself up to 13 languages and traveled extensively throughout the world, Schliemann had grown so wealthy as a military contractor during the Crimean War that he retired by about the age of 40. At that point, he set out to become an archaeologist, during a time when it was not necessary for those interested in excavations to have extensive formal training in the discipline. Guided by Homer Obsessed with the works ascribed to Homer, Schliemann was determined to find the true location of the mythic Troy. However, by 1876, he had diverted his attention to Mycenae; in that summer, he uncovered the city's citadel and its impressive Lion Gate. The most important find of his dig was six shaft tombs that Schliemann believed to contain the graves of Agamemnon and his wife, Clytemnestra. Those burial sites held immense riches, including personal items wrought in ivory, gold, and bronze and intricate silver jewelry, and suggested that the characters of the Iliad had been real people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rarity of Realpolitik the Rarity of Brian Rathbun Realpolitik What Bismarck’S Rationality Reveals About International Politics
    The Rarity of Realpolitik The Rarity of Brian Rathbun Realpolitik What Bismarck’s Rationality Reveals about International Politics Realpolitik, the pur- suit of vital state interests in a dangerous world that constrains state behavior, is at the heart of realist theory. All realists assume that states act in such a man- ner or, at the very least, are highly incentivized to do so by the structure of the international system, whether it be its anarchic character or the presence of other similarly self-interested states. Often overlooked, however, is that Real- politik has important psychological preconditions. Classical realists note that Realpolitik presupposes rational thinking, which, they argue, should not be taken for granted. Some leaders act more rationally than others because they think more rationally than others. Hans Morgenthau, perhaps the most fa- mous classical realist of all, goes as far as to suggest that rationality, and there- fore Realpolitik, is the exception rather than the rule.1 Realpolitik is rare, which is why classical realists devote as much attention to prescribing as they do to explaining foreign policy. Is Realpolitik actually rare empirically, and if so, what are the implications for scholars’ and practitioners’ understanding of foreign policy and the nature of international relations more generally? The necessity of a particular psy- chology for Realpolitik, one based on rational thinking, has never been ex- plicitly tested. Realists such as Morgenthau typically rely on sweeping and unveriªed assumptions, and the relative frequency of realist leaders is difªcult to establish empirically. In this article, I show that research in cognitive psychology provides a strong foundation for the classical realist claim that rationality is a demanding cogni- tive standard that few leaders meet.
    [Show full text]
  • The 90Th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic CHAIRMAN’S COMMENTS the Atatürk Society of America Voice of 4731 Massachusetts Ave
    Voice of OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ATATÜRK SOCIETY OF AMERICA | FALL 2013 The Unveling: The new Atatürk Statue in Washington, D.C. represents the first public monument in the United States honoring one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century. The 90th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic CHAIRMAN’S COMMENTS The Atatürk Society of America Voice of 4731 Massachusetts Ave. NW CONTENTS Washington DC 20016 Phone 202 362 7173 Fax 202 363 4075 Mustafa Kemal’in Askerleriyiz... CHAIRMAN’S COMMENTS E-mail [email protected] 03 www.Ataturksociety.org Reversal of the Atatürk miracle— We are the soldiers of Mustafa Kemal... Destruction of Secular Democracy EXECUTIVE BOARD “There are two Mustafa Kemals. One, the flesh-and-blood Mustafa Kemal who now stands before Hudai Yavalar you and who will pass away. The other is you, all of you here who will go to the far corners of our President land to spread the ideals which must be defended with your lives if necessary. I stand for the nation's Prof. Bülent Atalay PRESIDENT’S COMMENTS dreams, and my life's work is to make them come true.” 04 Vice President —Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 10th of November — A day to Mourn Filiz Odabas-Geldiay Dr. Bulent Atalay Treasurer Members Believing secularism , democracy, science and technology Mirat Yavalar Aynur Uluatam Sumer 06 he year 2013 marked the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Turkish Republic. And ASA NEWS Secretary Ilknur Boray Hudai Yavalar 05 it was also the year of the most significant uprising in the history of Turkey. The chant Lecture by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin
    Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Johnson, Kelly. 2012. Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9830349 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 Kelly Scott Johnson All rights reserved Professor Ruth R. Wisse Kelly Scott Johnson Sholem Schwarzbard: Biography of a Jewish Assassin Abstract The thesis represents the first complete academic biography of a Jewish clockmaker, warrior poet and Anarchist named Sholem Schwarzbard. Schwarzbard's experience was both typical and unique for a Jewish man of his era. It included four immigrations, two revolutions, numerous pogroms, a world war and, far less commonly, an assassination. The latter gained him fleeting international fame in 1926, when he killed the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petliura in Paris in retribution for pogroms perpetrated during the Russian Civil War (1917-20). After a contentious trial, a French jury was sufficiently convinced both of Schwarzbard's sincerity as an avenger, and of Petliura's responsibility for the actions of his armies, to acquit him on all counts. Mostly forgotten by the rest of the world, the assassin has remained a divisive figure in Jewish-Ukrainian relations, leading to distorted and reductive descriptions his life.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reexamination of Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans
    Desire, Expectation, and the Forging of History: A Reexamination of Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans Whitney White Introduction Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans are two of the most well-known names in archaeology. Their excavations of Aegean civilizations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries dramatically influenced our understanding of the Bronze Age world. Though there is overwhelming evidence that at least some of their findings were faked and forged to varying degrees, tourists still flock to view their discoveries and even the most contested objects remain included in art historical canon. This continued mainstream acceptance of Schliemann’s and Evans’ findings has meant that the two are rarely considered within the context of another part of the artworld that they certainly could be associated with: that of forgers. Though the study of art forgers is relatively limited, the existing scholarship has revealed that most forgers have a consistent profile and share similar motivations—which are at odds with those of these amateur archaeologists. The question that emerges, then, is how do Schliemann and Evans fit into our understanding of forgers? In this paper, I argue that, as it stands, the current definition of forgers is far too limited. By introducing psychological understandings of desire and expectation as a new framework for considering the motivations of forgers, our understanding of forgers can be expanded to include Schliemann and Evans and our definition of forgeries can be complicated to critically reexamine the contested objects associated with these men’s excavations. White 2 Defining Forgers and Forgeries In order to place Schliemann and Evans within the context of art forgers, it is useful to first consider the state of knowledge on the subject.
    [Show full text]