Pacifi c Studies Series

Least Developed Sucos TIMOR-LESTE Pacif ic Studies Series

Least Developed Sucos TIMOR-LESTE © 2013 Asian Development Bank

All rights reserved. Published in 2013. Printed in the Philippines.

ISBN 978-92-9254-222-1 (Print), 978-92-9254-223-8 (PDF) Publication Stock No RPS135851-2

Cataloging-In-Publication Data.

Asian Development Bank. Least developed sucos: Timor-Leste. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2013.

1. villages. 2. Timor-Leste. I. Asian Development Bank.

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Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 This paper has been prepared by Craig Sugden. Fax +63 2 636 2444 The author thanks Helder Lopes, consultant to ADB, www.adb.org and Rommel Rabanal of the ADB Pacific Department, For orders, please contact: for research support. Comments from other colleagues Department of External Relations in ADB, the Government of Timor-Leste, civil society Fax +63 2 636 2648 organizations, and development partners are gratefully [email protected] acknowledged. The data used in the study are available from the author [email protected]. Printed on recycled paper Contents

Summary v Introduction 1 Measuring Living Standards 3 Findings 5 Alternative Approaches 11 Observations and Suggestions 14 References 44

Appendix 1: District Maps of Living Standards by Suco 15 Appendix 2: Living Standards Data by Suco 28 Appendix 3: Suco Characteristics by Living Standard Group 40

Figures, Tables, and Maps Figure 1: Asset Holdings by Suco by Living Standards 4 Figure 2: Suco Characteristics by Living Standards 6 Figure 3: Key Development Indicators by Living Standards 7

Table 1: District-Level Results 9 Table 2: Alternate Results for the Highest Group 12 Table 3: Alternate Results for the Lowest Group 12

Map 1: Living Standards by Suco 8

| iii iv | Summary

Timor-Leste’s national planning framework emphasizes the distribution of If development is to be the benefi ts of development. Th e Strategic Development Plan 2011–2030 commits to establishing inclusive development, while the fi fth Constitutional fair and inclusive, gaps Government has set a goal of creating opportunities for all in a fair and between sucos will need to inclusive manner. Views on whether development is fair and inclusive rest on an underlying be reduced assessment of those that are better-off and those that are less well-off . Th is paper presents an assessment based on living standards at the suco (i.e., village) level. Living standards are assessed through the ownership of assets within a suco—the quality of housing; the ownership of household durables such as cars, mobile phones, or radios; and the ownership of livestock. Living standards are higher where there is better housing and higher ownership of household durables. Th e sucos with higher living standards are mainly found in the urban areas, and are concentrated in Dili. Th e sucos with the lowest living standards are typically found in the more remote, less populated areas. A strong relationship is found between living standards and the provision of basic public services. Th ose sucos where living standards are the lowest have less access to secondary education, to key health services, and to electricity, improved water, and improved sanitation. In contrast, the sucos where living standards are highest have much better access to education, health, and infrastructure. Sucos with lower living If development is to be fair and inclusive, it is important that the standards will require diff erences between sucos be taken into account in development planning and the allocation of budget resources. Achieving fair and inclusive development extra support requires extra attention to the sucos with lower living standards and a reduction in the gap they face in access to education, health, and infrastructure services.

| v Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

vi | Introduction

Th e Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011–2030 commits to The government has set establishing “…. a pathway to long-term, sustainable, inclusive development.”1 Th e program for 2012–2017 of the fi fth Constitutional Government reinforces a goal of creating fair and this commitment by setting a goal of creating “opportunities for all, in a fair inclusive opportunity and inclusive manner, to enable the growth of a dynamic and innovating economy.”2 Th e distribution of the benefi ts of development is thus integrated into Timor-Leste’s development planning. What is considered fair or inclusive can vary from one society to another. But it is generally held that fair and inclusive development is a pattern of development that benefi ts all members of society equally. It is a situation where there is no gap, or at least only a small gap, between the better-off and the less well-off members of society. Measures of living standards are commonly used to distinguish between those that are better-off and those that are less well-off . A measure of living standards can thus underpin views on whether development is fair and inclusive. Th is paper uses information on asset holdings to assess living standards.3 Because of an interest in understanding where the less well-off live, the assessment is prepared at the suco (i.e., village) level.4 Th e paper builds on the government’s Sensus Fo Fila Fali process of 2011. A measure of living Th is disseminated the results of the 2010 Population and Housing Census. Under the Sensus Fo Fila Fali, which means returning the census to the village, standard is used to presentations were made in each suco of a 24-page, suco-specifi c report on assess the distribution of population and key development characteristics and asset holdings. Th e suco opportunity at the suco reports also included a simple performance benchmarking. As explained by the Minister of Finance in the suco reports, the level main objective (of the Sensus Fo Fila Fali)…. is to inspire and help community leaders to get involved in and lead the development process in their villages…. Community leaders will be taught how to interpret the social indicators…. and how they can be used to set local development targets and to monitor progress in their villages.5 Th e measure of living standards presented in the paper combines the suco-level data distributed through the Sensus Fo Fila Fali with a simple but analytically rich technique of measuring living standards based on asset holdings. Th is same analytical technique is used by demographic and health surveys worldwide.

1 Government of Timor-Leste (2011) p.12. 2 Presidency of the Council of Ministers (2012) p.6. 3 Th e paper applies the methodology presented in Sugden (2012a,b). 4 In Timor-Leste, there are 13 districts, 65 subdistricts, 442 sucos, and more than 2,000 aldeias. Th e suco is the equivalent of a village, while an aldeia is the equivalent of a hamlet. 5 Information on the Sensus Fo Fila Fali and the reports of the 2010 population and housing census are available at www.dne.mof.gov.tl.

| 1 Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

2 | Measuring Living Standards

Living standards at the suco level can be assessed by using the asset information Those with higher living of the 2010 Population and Housing Census. Th is requires the summation of the assets held by the households of a suco. Th e simplest approach to preparing standards have houses this summation is to count the number of assets held. A slightly more refi ned with better roofs, fl oors, approach is to count the assets but to give a diff erent weight to each asset when preparing the overall aggregate. Th is paper adopts a third approach. Th e and walls. They also have summation uses the statistical technique of principal components analysis to more household durables prepare an asset index.6 Th is technique uses data on the share of households in a suco with a particular asset or on the average number of assets held per person in a suco.7 Figure 1 illustrates how asset holdings vary when sucos are ranked by the asset-based measure of living standards. Th e fi gure shows the average asset holdings for sucos in fi ve groups, from the group with the lowest living standard to the group with the highest living standard. Th ere are either 88 or 89 sucos in each of these fi ve groups. Th e quality of housing is the key factor in ranking sucos by the asset-based measure of living standards. For example, of the 89 sucos with the lowest living standards, the average share of households with good roofs (steel or tile roofs) is only 6%. Th is compares with an average share of 50% in the 89 sucos with the highest living standards. Th e share of households with good fl oors (tile or concrete) and good external walls (concrete, brick, or iron/zinc) is also higher in sucos with higher living standards. Th ere is a sizeable gap between the group of sucos with the highest living standards over the other four groups of sucos. Th e ownership of most household durables is higher in sucos with higher living standards. In most cases there is sizeable gap in asset ownership between the group of sucos with the highest living standards and the other four groups of sucos. Th e only atypical household durable is the hand tractor, with the extent of ownership among the second lowest group of sucos similar to that seen in the group of sucos with the highest living standards. Unlike other assets, the ownership of livestock is higher in sucos with lower living standards. Th at is, there is a negative relationship between the ownership of livestock and the ownership of other assets. Th e sucos with the highest living standards have the lowest ownership of livestock. Th is is not surprising as these sucos are typically in urban areas.

6 An overview of how to prepare an asset index and an application to Timor-Leste is provided in Sugden (2012a). Illustrations of the application of asset indexes are also provided in Sugden (2012b) and ADB (2013). 7 Th e assets used are (i) the share of houses in a suco with good quality fl oors, roof, or walls; (ii) the share of households owning a hand tractor, television, motorcycle, radio, telephone or mobile phone, refrigerator or freezer, bicycle, car or van, rice husker, rice mill, or boat; and (iii) the average number per person of chickens, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, cattle or cows, and buff alos. Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

Figure 1: Asset Holdings by Suco by Living Standards

Housing Characteristics Major Household Durables 25 100 Good floors Hand tractor

Good roofs Car 80 20 Motorcycle Good walls 60 15

40 10

20 5

0 0 Average Share of Households with (%) with of Households Share Average Average Share of Households with (%) with of Households Share Average Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Minor Household Durables Livestock 5 100 Telephone

80 Fridge/freezer 4 Cattle Television Pigs 60 3 Chickens

40 2

1 20 per Number Person Average

0 0 Average Share of Households with (%) with of Households Share Average Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Source: Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates based on the suco data of the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census .

4 | Findings

Figure 2 summarizes the key characteristics of the fi ve groups of sucos when Sucos with the highest ranked by the asset-based measure of living standards. Th ose with the highest living standards are larger and more densely populated. Th ey have the highest living standards are population growth rates, typically have the largest households, and on average concentrated in or close have fewer female-headed households. Th e literacy rate is also highest in the sucos with the highest living standards. to Dili and district centers. Almost all sucos of Dili are within the group with the highest living Sucos with the lowest standards. Other sucos of this group tend to be within or close to the district centers. As the sucos with the highest living standards are urban, agricultural living standards are the activity is relatively low among this group. Labor participation rates are also most remote and have relatively low for this group. In contrast, the sucos with the lowest living standards typically have smaller small populations populations, are the most remote, have the lowest literacy rates, and are more extensively engaged in rice production. Th e four groups of sucos with lower living standards share many characteristics, but there are sizeable diff erences between them and the most well-off group. Th is corresponds with large gaps in asset ownership, and hence living standards, between the group of sucos with the highest living standards over the other four groups. Figure 3 shows key development indicators from the suco-level data. Access to infrastructure is higher in sucos with higher living standards, and There is a large gap in there is a large gap in access between groups.8 For example, of the 89 sucos with the lowest living standards, the average share of households with electricity is opportunity between only 3%. Th is compares with an average share of 66% in the 89 sucos with the sucos of high and low highest living standards. Access to improved water and improved sanitation is also much higher in sucos with living standards. living standards Access to maternal health care is represented by the presence of skilled attendants at birth. Th ere is a large gap in access to maternal health care between sucos of low living standards and those of high living standards. For example, of the 89 sucos with the lowest living standards, the average share of births delivered by a skilled attendant is 12%. Th is compares with an average share of 50% in the 89 sucos with the highest living standards. As for infrastructure, the four groups of sucos with lower living standards, have much less access than the group of sucos with the highest living standards. Access to basic education is shown by the net school enrollment rate for primary school and whether primary is the highest level of schooling attained.9

8 Access refers to the usage of a service. For example, if 50% of households in a suco use electricity, then 50% of households in the suco have access to electricity. And if births in 20% of households in a suco was delivered by a skilled attendant, then 20% of households in the suco have access to a skilled birth attendant. Th e precise defi nition of the development indicators used is given in National Statistics Directorate (2011). 9 Th e net primary school enrollment rate is the share of children of primary school age that are attending primary school. Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

Figure 2: Suco Characteristics by Living Standards

Demographic Characteristics 6,000 20 Average population 5,000 (persons) 15 4,000 Average population Population growth rate (% pa) density (persons/km2) 3,000 Female headed households (%) Average number of 10 households 2,000 5 1,000

0 0 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Literacy Distance to

100 200 Dili District center 80 150 Subdistrict center 60 100

40 Kilometers Share Literate (%) Literate Share Adults 50 20 15–24 year olds 0 0 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Economic Activity Agricultural Activity 100 100 Rice Maize 80 80 Coffee

60 60

40 40 Labor force particpation rate 20 20 Share ofShare 15–64 Year Olds(%) Employment rate Share Share of (%) Producing Households 0 0 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Source: ADB estimates based on the suco data of the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census.

6 | Findings

Figure 3: Key Development Indicators by Living Standards

Access to Basic Infrastructure Services Assistance at Birth 60 100 Skilled attendant Electricity Doctor 80 Improved water 40 Nurse or midwife Improved sanitation 60

40 20 Share with Access(%) 20

0 (%) Attended of Births Share Average 0 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Net School Enrollment Rate Highest Level of Schooling (population 5 years plus) 100 40

80 30 Primary 60 Primary 20 Secondary 40 Secondary University

Average Across Sucos Sucos Across (%) Average 10 20 Sucos Across (%) Average

0 0 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Living Standards Living Standards

Source: ADB estimates based on the suco data of the 2010 Timore-Leste population and housing census, as presented in National Statistics Directorate (2011).

Access to education is distributed more equitably than aceess to infrastructure Sucos with higher living and health. Th e net primary school enrollment rate is well below 100%, but the rate is similar across living standard groups. Th e decline with living standards standards have better of the share reporting primary school as the highest level of education mirrors infrastructure and health a rise in secondary education as the highest level of education. care opportunities. A map of living standards is provided in Map 1, and district averages are provided in Table 1. Th ey highlight the large gap between the Dili district Education opportunity is and other districts, and the concentration of the sucos with the highest living distributed more equitably standards in or close to Dili or district centers. Th e sucos with the lowest living standards are concentrated in Baucau, Lautem, Mantauto, Oecussi, and Viqueque and districts. District maps of living standards by suco are provided in maps A.1 to A.13

| 7 Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census (National Statistics the 2010 Timor-Leste Map 1: Living Standards by Suco Source: Map prepared by the National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on suco data Directorate 2011).

8 | Findings

Table 1: District-Level Results

District Suco asset index score Number of sucos in Simple Population Lowest Highest Total average weighted living living across average standard standard sucos group group Aileu –0.3 1.4 2 6 31 Ainaro –2.0 –0.8 1 2 21 Baucau –2.7 1.1 25 6 59 Bobonaro –0.3 1.8 5 7 50 Covalima –1.5 1.7 4 3 30 Dili 17.3 20.6 0 27 31 Ermera 0.0 0.8 4 7 52 Lautem –2.3 1.3 9 3 34 Liquica 1.6 3.0 0 8 23 Manatuto 0.2 1.7 9 9 29 Manufahi –1.4 1.7 4 6 29 Oecusse –2.9 –1.1 9 3 18 Viqueque –4.0 –2.1 17 2 35 Timor-Leste 0.0 5.1 89 89 442

Source: ADB estimates based on the suco data of the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census (National Statistics Directorate 2011).

of Appendix 1. Th e asset-based measure of living standards, the ranking of sucos by living standards, and key characteristics at the suco level, are presented in Appendix 2. Appendix 3 shows how key characteristics of the sucos vary across living standards.

| 9 Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

10 | Alternative Approaches

Th e asset index used in this paper is one way of measuring living standards. Consumption and income are more widely used measures of living standards, and have the advantage of allowing comparisons to poverty lines so the poor can be identifi ed. Such analysis can be extended to the local level using poverty mapping. But poverty mapping is data intensive and costly, and often is impractical.10 Th e human development index is an alternate development measure that combines information on incomes with health and education outcomes. Local-level variants of this approach are also possible.11 Diff erent approaches can produce diff erent rankings of sucos. Th is is illustrated in Tables 2 and 3. Th e tables show the number of sucos in a district in the lowest group and highest group for an asset index, being the index of this paper; a social index, which is a simple average of indexes of the adult literacy rate, the net enrollment ratio in primary education, the net enrollment ratio in secondary education, the share of births delivered with a doctor in attendance, and the share of births delivered with a nurse or midwife in attendance; an infrastructure index, which is a simple average of indexes of the share of households with electricity, improved water, and improved sanitation; and a composite index, which is a simple average of the asset, social, and infrastructure indexes.

Th e identifi cation of the sucos in the highest-scoring group of each index is relatively insensitive to the diff erent indexes. Th ese sucos are mainly in or near urban areas, and they typically have more assets and better education, health, and infrastructure services. Th at is, there are only minor diff erences for most districts in the sucos appearing in the highest group across the four indexes. Th e identifi cation of the sucos in the lowest group is more sensitive to the diff erent indexes. Th ere are important diff erences in the sucos in the lowest group across the four indexes. For example, Bobonaro, Ermera, and Liquica districts are relatively weak performers in education relative to their rank against assets and infrastructure access. In contrast, Baucau, Lautem, Manatuto, Viqueque are relatively good performers in education relative to their rank against assets and infrastructure access. Hence, an index that emphasizes education indicators, such as the social index, will rate Bobonaro, Ermera, and Liquica districts lower than an index based on assets or infrastructure. An index that emphasizes education 10 Hacket (2008) provides an overview of the technique and its suitability for Timor-Leste. 11 Examples for Timor-Leste are provided for 2010 by the United Nations Mission in Timor- Leste using the Population and Housing Census, and for 2001 by the East Timor Transitional Administration, Asian Development Bank, World Bank and United Nations Development Programme (2001) using the Suco Survey. Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

Table 2: Alternate Results for the Highest Group District Number of sucos in the highest group for each alternative measure Asset index Social index Infrastructure Composite index index

Aileu 6 7 7 6 Ainaro 232 2 Baucau 6 8 5 5 Bobonaro 7 5 9 7 Covalima 3 5 5 6 Dili 27 24 26 28 Ermera 7 3 5 3 Lautem 3 7 5 5 Liquica 8 3 7 7 Manatuto 9 11 12 13 Manufahi 6 4 2 2 Oecusse 3 1 2 2 Viqueque 2 8 2 3 Timor-Leste 89 89 89 89

Source: ADB estimates based on the suco data of the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census (National Statistics Directorate 2011).

Table 3: Alternate Results for the Lowest Group District Number of sucos in the lowest group for each alternative measure Asset index Social index Infrastructure Composite index index

Aileu 2 1 6 4 Ainaro 1 5 10 8 Baucau 25 6 25 23 Bobonaro 5 14 3 5 Covalima 4 2 2 4 Dili 0 0 0 0 Ermera 4 26 12 10 Lautem 9 5 3 5 Liquica 0 6 1 0 Manatuto 9 3 4 4 Manufahi 4 3 9 6 Oecusse 9 11 2 6 Viqueque 17 7 12 14 Timor-Leste 89 89 89 89

Source: ADB estimates based on the suco data of the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census (National Statistics Directorate 2011).

12 | Alternative Approaches

indicators will rate Baucau, Lautem, Manatuto, and Viqueque districts higher than an index based on assets or infrastructure. While the indexes rank sucos diff erently, they do share a common conclusion—there are large gaps between sucos, with some much better-off than others. Which of the four indexes is the most relevant? Th e answer depends on the intended use. Th e asset-based index is a measure of development outcomes. Th e social and infrastructure indexes are very diff erent in nature, being measures of opportunity. Opportunity can be characterized as the result of circumstances, such as the location of birth or the education background of parents, and of public policy.12 It is combined with eff ort to produce development outcomes. Th e state is largely responsible for ensuring opportunity is available and distributed equitably, but the individual and communities are largely responsible for eff ort. Measures of opportunity are distinctly diff erent from the asset-based index, which measures living standards and captures the eff ect of a broad range of opportunities plus the eff ort of individuals and communities. Assessments of whether development is fair and inclusive rest on an underlying assessment of those that are better-off and those that are less well- off . Th is is typically assessed based on living standards. For example, access to electricity would normally be considered fair and inclusive if those with lower living standards have similar access to those with higher living standards. Th is is more meaningful than assessing access to electricity for those, for example, with or without access to improved sanitation or a primary school. Indexes based on access to basic services are important for identifying gaps in opportunity that the state is responsible for correcting. But they are distinctly diff erent from measures of living standards such as the asset-based index. Th is interest of this paper is in fi nding a suco-level measure of living standards that can inform views on whether development is fair and inclusive. Th e asset-based index is better suited for this purpose. Th at said, concepts of what is fair and inclusive can vary across societies and be country-specifi c. It is important that what is fair and inclusive is viewed in a way that is meaningful for each society. Hence, it is important that Timor- Leste form its own view on how to distinguish those Timorese that are better- off from those that are less well-off .

12 Th e concept of opportunity is discussed further in Sugden (2012a,b) and ADB (2012).

| 13 Least Developed Sucos–Timor-Leste

14 | Observations and Suggestions

Th e suco-level analysis of asset holdings allows identifi cation of those areas of It is possible to identify the country with low living standards. It off ers a systematic tool for linking sucos the Sensus Fo Fila Fali with decisions on the delivery of basic public services. those with lower Notably, the asset-based measure of living standards can be used to target living standards. They service delivery on areas of greatest need. It can also be used for the monitoring and evaluation of public programs. require extra attention if Specifi cally, changes in the rate of asset accumulation or the ranking of sucos development is to be fair by living standards can be used to track the eff ect of public programs. Th is provides an alternative to tracking changes in poverty or health and education and inclusive outcomes, which can be costly, if not impractical, to do at the suco level. If development is to be fair and inclusive, it is important that diff erences in living standards between sucos be factored into development planning and budgeting. Achieving fair and inclusive development requires extra attention to the sucos with lower living standards so they can share in the benefi ts of development. Th is will require a reduction in the gaps they face in access to education, health, and infrastructure services. Ensuring consensus on which sucos are better-off and which are less well- off , and how best to respond to the diff erences between them, will enrich the quality of development planning and budgeting in Timor-Leste.

| 15 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics Map A.1: Living Standards by Suco in Aileu District Appendix 1: District Suco by Maps of Living Standards Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

16 | District Maps of Living Standards by Suco uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.2: Living Standards by Suco in Ainaro District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

| 17 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.3: Living Standards by Suco in Baucau District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

18 | District Maps of Living Standards by Suco uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.4: Living Standards by Suco in Bobonaro District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

| 19 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.5: Living Standards by Suco in Covalima District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

20 | District Maps of Living Standards by Suco uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics Map A.6: Living Standards by Suco in Dili District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

| 21 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.7: Living Standards by Suco in Ermera District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

22 | District Maps of Living Standards by Suco uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.8: Living Standards by Suco in Lautem District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

| 23 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.9: Living Standards by Suco in Liquica District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

24 | District Maps of Living Standards by Suco uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics Map A.10: Living Standards by Suco in Manatuto District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

| 25 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.11: Living Standards by Suco in Manufahi District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

26 | District Maps of Living Standards by Suco uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics Map A.12: Living Standards by Suco in Oecussi District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

| 27 Appendix 1 uco data of the 2010 population and housing census (National Statistics

Map A.13: Living Standards by Suco in Viqueque District Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste National Statistics Directorate, using ADB estimates of living standards based on the s Source: Map prepared by the Timor-Leste Directorate 2011).

28 | Living Standards Data by Suco 3 4 4 4 1 1 21 12 26 34 15 25 14 26 29 25 32 21 capital District 49 68 59 48 50 13 32 19 46 40 40 33 33 46 12 68 Dili Kilometers to 116 116 120 69 75 68 50 88 83 83 79 80 71 73 70 71 38 77 91 87 76  school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 68 34 46 35 82 60 49 59 57 54 52 61 52 34 60 73 64 33 2010 Adult  literacy rate (%) in  8 6 8 34 22 45 58 45 44 12 17 50 52 51 24 41 22 12 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a Suco  8 8 2 5 0 77 27 33 53 81 24 27 38 31 11 24 52 36 by (%)  Improved sanitation 3 72 20 71 71 90 59 66 57 27 56 47 57 82 16 16 94 72 Data (%)  water Improved Households with 6 42 10 6 45 71 61 15 61 6 42 10 14 45 71 6 61 2 36 66 10 41 78 9 42 4 50 25 58 77 19 35 0 46 27 30 6 49 73 6 17 4 38 20 51 80 24 9 41 1 70 22 13 50 77 6 45 0 47 74 57 77 2 26 27 36 35 1 13 6 37 66 63 27 42 0 6 1 27 36 33 0 94 23 48 60 82 42 38 0 20 59 49 71 16 4 123 1 14 8 36 87 15 0 0 0 9 3 0 1 0 0 1 49 78 4 51 89 40 22 40 1 49 78 51 89 4 20 136 0 45 8 33 69 7 68 45 85 47 73 47 33 72 36 57 65 47 43 69 81 45 3 45 57 65 47 69 81 43 57 65 54 25 54 66 49 2 49 57 65 54 54 66 25 19 66 35 65 69 60 68 35 5 40 54 51 43 57 87 53 Electri- city (%)

a 5 2 2 4 5 5 4 4 2 4 2 5 4 2 1 5 5 3 Standards Group  93 56 374 374 135 160 300 419 371 309 313 138 312 373 323 114 404 380 184 Rank Living standards Living 4.6 0.6 4.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 4.5 1.5 5.1  –4.0 –4.0 –3.4 –3.9 –4.9 –4.6 –6.0 –2.8 16.1 10.2 Suco asset index 2:  Suco Bandudato Fatubosa Lahae Saboria Malere Seloi Cotolau Madabeno Tohumeta Bereleu Fahisoi Manucasa Acumau Fahisoi Hautoho Suco-Liurai Ainaro Manutasi Mau-Ulo Appendix Subdistrict Aileu Vila Aileu Vila Aileu Vila Aileu Vila Aileu Vila Laulara Laulara Laulara Liquedoe Liquedoe Liquedoe Remexio Remexio Remexio Remexio Ainaro Ainaro Ainaro District Vila Aisirimou 5 398 9.0 Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Aileu Ainaro Ainaro Ainaro Aileu Aileu Vila Hoholau 3 195 Vila –2.6 Lausi Aileu Aileu 3 214 Aileu Aileu –2.1 Aileu Aileu Vila Laulara Aileu Fatisi Seloi Craic Laulara Aileu 3 229 Talitu 2 –1.8 Aileu Liquedoe 170 4 Acubilitoho 337 –3.3 –1.0 Liquedoe Aileu 2.0 Betulau 2 250 158 –3.5 3 Remexio Aileu 2 Fadabloco 92 3 –5.0 Remexio Aileu 226 Faturasa 2 –1.9 98 Remexio Aileu –4.8 Maumeta 2 Aileu Remexio 139 Tulataqueo –3.9 Ainaro Ainaro Mau-Nuno 2 141 –3.8 Aileu Aileu Vila Fahiria 5 357 Aileu Aileu 3.0 Aileu Aileu Vila Suco Liurai 2.2 Liquedoe Aileu Faturilau 1 348 74 Liquedoe Aileu –5.5 4 Namoleso 351 4 2.6 Ainaro Cassa 3 189 –2.7

| 29 Appendix 2 3 6 10 15 43 26 46 58 36 46 62 61 71 69 49 17 18 13 45 31 42 capital District 93 67 80 80 95 Dili Kilometers to 122 122 104 172 182 181 191 189 163 103 123 138 133 125 165 151 162 78 65 66 66 73 59 63 54 90 82 92 78 75 82 87 88 46 64 70 71 65 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 38 37 40 37 45 38 45 27 44 40 47 57 46 69 83 63 43 57 38 37 34 Adult literacy rate (%) 5 9 7 7 1 0 8 6 6 8 18 20 15 17 40 75 47 35 31 19 14 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 7 6 9 9 3 5 6 0 2 9 3 5 4 98 10 26 11 42 66 20 17 (%) Improved sanitation 1 7 2 8 7 6 97 62 37 32 24 62 28 50 99 15 71 41 84 88 14 (%) water Improved Households with 0 66 5 5 54 77 106 17 17 106 0 66 5 6 54 77 105 5 7 67 11 33 71 5 48 97 1 20 11 58 27 30 58 17 82 101 1 68 14 31 46 10 65 1 7 30 2 5 51 0 12 71 74 2 35 63 191 5 1 39 1 44 80 25 49 169 55 77 175 46 0 2 3 34 68 31 0 1 2 19 12 132 13 3 30 4 36 70 107 19 2 65 19 33 56 70 34 153 40 1 4 27 4 38 3 158 0 56 3 26 48 5 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 1 5 1 0 2 34 63 22 39 56 74 118 2 118 34 63 22 56 74 39 80 52 27 53 63 82 124 3 124 80 52 27 63 82 53 10 130 47 68 9 52 74 35 20 45 9 15 48 76 150 31 150 20 45 9 48 76 15 59 179 11 14 61 3 51 81 23 181 15 97 2 50 83 11 8 128 49 49 21 57 65 44 33 153 24 25 18 48 73 22 82 89 64 75 83 88 123 3 123 82 89 64 83 88 75 33 50 88 62 36 13 Electri- city (%)

a 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 5 5 4 3 1 4 1 Group 7 25 13 39 51 142 142 186 180 136 152 129 341 167 121 110 261 416 369 329 239 267 Rank Living standards 2.1 4.0 1.8 -3.8 –2.8 –2.8 –3.0 –3.9 –3.6 –4.1 –3.3 –4.5 –7.2 –7.9 –4.7 –8.5 –0.6 –1.4 –6.5 –0.4 –6.0 15.3 Suco asset index hu 11.3 408 5 408 hu 11.3 iloca 2.1 340 4 340 iloca 2.1 Suco Suro-Craik Mulo Foho-Ai-Lico Aitutu Fatu-Besi Manelobas Maubisse Suco Liurai Craic Alaua Defa Uassi Lari Sula Ossu-Huna Uacala Bucoli Buruma Gariuai Seical Trilolo Atelari Nunira Sagadati Subdistrict Ainaro Hatu-Builico Hatu-Udo Maubisse Maubisse Maubisse Maubisse Maubisse Baguia Baguia Baguia Baguia Baguia Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Laga Laga Laga Ainaro Hatu-Builico Mau-Chiga Ainaro Hatu-Builico 2 112 –4.6 Nuno-Mogue Ainaro Hatu-Builico 3 244 –1.3 Ainaro Hatu-Udo 3 211 Leolima –2.2 Ainaro Maubisse Edi Ainaro Maubisse Horai-Quic 2 153 Ainaro Maubisse 2 115 –3.6 Manetu –4.6 Ainaro Maubisse 2 127 Maulau –4.3 Baucau Baguia 1 54 –6.0 Afaloicai Leten Baucau Baguia –7.0 29 1 –6.3 41 1 Alaua Baucau Baguia Haeconi Baucau Baguia Lavateri Baucau Baguia –6.7 35 1 Samalari 221 3 Baucau –2.0 –5.8 60 1 Ba Baucau Buibau Baucau 307 4 0.8 Samalari 263 3 Baucau –0.5 Tr Baucau Laga Baucau Laga Libagua Baucau Laga Saelari –5.1 87 1 Samalari –5.9 59 1 –5.1 88 1 District Ainaro Ainaro Soro Ainaro 4 Ainaro 317 1.2 Ainaro Ainaro Ainaro Ainaro Ainaro Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Caibada 366 5 3.9 Baucau Wailili 190 3 –2.7

30 | Living Standards Data by Suco 22 28 32 44 45 52 36 51 40 19 19 19 34 37 55 32 55 18 26 41 15 capital District 75 84 Dili Kilometers to 142 142 148 152 164 165 172 156 171 160 140 106 140 154 157 175 152 125 140 136 81 85 82 75 82 70 82 69 77 46 76 72 72 64 78 80 74 81 61 64 65 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 64 30 48 39 40 31 45 35 43 34 49 38 51 40 31 49 53 36 47 43 28 Adult literacy rate (%) 8 9 8 9 6 4 30 31 10 34 11 22 51 16 18 21 22 29 14 38 12 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 3 1 4 1 0 5 2 4 0 9 4 44 10 55 14 21 29 28 10 32 11 (%) Improved sanitation 1 4 3 1 0 4 82 27 41 34 13 21 22 35 32 39 58 37 82 70 38 (%) water Improved Households with 0 5 0 7 33 66 168 48 48 168 66 0 5 33 0 7 27 147 0 98 1 34 66 45 7 165 0 12 39 1 40 80 13 159 45 0 1 25 0 33 5 153 0 93 1 36 46 3 21 48 150 96 0 46 21 41 71 16 83 36 0 6 7 12 24 144 3 49 24 53 67 20 25 145 18 1 47 7 52 75 109 33 1 61 12 68 36 71 19 88 0 71 36 32 80 22 30 129 1 69 5 30 60 16 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 61 22 41 18 27 38 38 81 15 53 61 77 156 36 156 38 81 15 61 77 53 36 156 29 43 7 47 79 44 38 88 62 38 18 36 9 67 32 87 61 29 39 55 74 47 38 158 37 32 38 29 55 74 21 157 39 13 40 66 82 32 40 111 34 32 53 58 62 23 28 27 16 32 51 69 142 22 142 28 27 16 51 69 32 Electri- city (%)

a 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 2 3 1 3 4 2 4 2 1 Group 6 82 90 77 65 46 97 79 47 412 412 125 109 324 192 169 228 207 347 143 305 122 Rank Living standards 1.5 2.2 0.7 –5.2 –5.2 –5.0 –5.3 –5.7 –6.1 –4.9 –5.3 –4.4 –4.7 –2.7 –3.3 –1.8 –8.9 –2.2 –3.7 –4.5 –6.1 12.6 Suco asset index de 1.9 334 4 334 de 1.9 Cima –6.1 49 1 49 Laisorolai De Cima –6.1 Suco Soba Abafala Afaca Bualale Laisorolai De Baixo Lelalai Locoliu Maluro Waitame Loilubo Ostico Uatu-Lari Bado Ho'o Fatulia Uaiolo Uma Ana Ico Aidabaleten Hataz Balibo Vila Cowa Leolima Subdistrict Laga Quelicai Quelicai Quelicai Quelicai Quelicai Quelicai Quelicai Quelicai Vemasse Vemasse Vemasse Venilale Venilale Venilale Venilale Atabae Atabae Balibo Balibo Balibo Baucau Quelicai Abo Baucau Quelicai Baguia Baucau Quelicai –7.6 15 Guruca 1 242 3 –1.3 Baucau Quelicai –6.8 33 1 Baucau Quelicai Letemuno Baucau Quelicai 183 3 Macalaco –2.8 Baucau Quelicai Namanei –7.1 27 1 Baucau Vemasse Caicua –6.9 31 Baucau Vemasse 1 Ossoala 223 Baucau Vemasse 3 –1.9 Uaigae –5.5 Baucau Vemasse 73 1 Vemase Mori Baucau Venilale –6.2 45 1 271 4 Baha –0.3 362 Baucau Venilale 5 3.4 Uailaha Baucau Venilale Uataco Baucau 332 4 1.8 Venilale Bobonaro Atabae 302 4 0.7 Atabae Bobonaro Atabae Uma Ana Ulu Bobonaro Balibo Rairobo Bobonaro Balibo –2.1 –5.0 Batuga 91 215 2 –4.4 124 Leohitu 2 3 –4.5 119 2 District Baucau Baucau Laga Mata Baucau 205 3 –2.2 Tequino Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Baucau Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro

| 31 Appendix 2 9 1 1 19 17 35 23 23 17 35 32 22 18 30 19 72 79 75 85 12 36 capital District Dili Kilometers to 171 171 169 191 173 175 169 187 184 174 170 182 161 181 194 198 194 204 153 153 164 238 84 82 50 24 79 65 79 87 79 44 29 70 50 77 84 77 84 76 81 61 84 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 40 47 26 20 21 19 37 43 31 29 14 47 36 68 59 55 66 61 60 25 53 Adult literacy rate (%) 4 8 5 5 1 2 3 3 17 10 18 25 10 19 20 18 10 32 56 53 13 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 9 0 2 6 8 2 5 9 15 33 10 14 11 15 17 16 12 39 72 72 78 (%) Improved sanitation 1 80 76 86 44 76 54 42 91 77 43 61 31 67 81 97 98 97 97 100 100 100 (%) water Improved Households with 2 63 11 16 36 52 189 37 189 2 63 11 36 52 16 3 96 30 10 30 68 175 23 175 3 96 30 38 30 68 10 190 1 62 17 29 21 43 4 181 0 55 36 27 60 8 24 176 2 74 23 41 70 12 15 167 0 99 48 27 21 79 4 179 2 64 15 35 28 57 3 187 0 99 24 22 32 64 9 174 0 97 30 0 17 62 182 0 0 97 1 21 58 10 12 162 1 87 20 17 65 6 1 100 71 17 80 240 208 2 78 49 52 3 90 56 69 6 33 235 1 89 7 56 85 22 2 80 32 22 39 63 167 15 167 2 80 32 39 63 22 0 3 3 1 1 5 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 2 47 24 27 44 60 94 47 94 2 47 24 44 60 27 51 97 61 27 51 87 189 37 189 51 97 61 51 87 27 97 201 38 75 13 1 55 92 16 152 89 91 76 75 87 54 5 157 51 90 67 57 84 29 37 49 58 93 78 90 91 84 67 69 78 151 1 151 90 91 84 2 69 78 67 155 29 95 41 35 70 28 Electri- city (%)

a 3 4 4 2 1 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 4 5 5 1 2 Group 26 52 238 238 326 350 175 336 196 224 166 163 116 256 268 316 292 132 339 415 405 144 Rank Living standards 1.7 2.4 2.0 1.2 0.5 2.0 –1.4 –1.4 –3.1 –7.2 –2.5 –1.9 –3.3 –3.4 –4.6 –0.7 –0.4 –4.1 –6.0 –3.7 14.5 10.4 Suco asset index bou 2.8 354 5 354 bou 2.8 Suco Ai-Assa Bobonaro Colimau Ilat-Laun Lour Male-Ubu Molop Sibuni Tapo Atudara Goulolo Manapa Purugoa Deudet Guda Lontas Opa Lahomea Raifun Saburai Fatululic Subdistrict Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Cailaco Cailaco Cailaco Cailaco Lolotoe Lolotoe Lolotoe Lolotoe Maliana Maliana Maliana Fatululic Bobonaro Bobonaro Atu-Aben Bobonaro Bobonaro Carabau Bobonaro Bobonaro 0.6 301 Cotabot Bobonaro Bobonaro 4 0.8 Leber 306 Bobonaro Bobonaro 4 –0.3 270 Lourba Bobonaro Bobonaro 4 Malilait Bobonaro –3.7 Bobonaro 148 2 –0.9 Oe-Leu 251 Bobonaro Bobonaro 3 Soilesu 4.9 Bobonaro Bobonaro 379 5 Tebabui 2.1 Cailaco Bobonaro 344 4 Udo –1.9 225 Bobonaro Cailaco Dau 3 Lai 0.0 280 –10.2 Guenu 4 1 Cailaco Bobonaro –6.0 1 55 Bobonaro Lolotoe 1 Raiheu Lolotoe Bobonaro Gildapil Bobonaro Lolotoe –2.2 Lebos 209 3 Bobonaro Maliana –3.9 Lupal 137 2 Holsa –2.3 201 3 –0.5 262 Bobonaro Maliana 3 14.1 414 5 Covalima Fatululic Tato/Memo Taroman 3.7 364 5 –2.0 220 3 Bobonaro Cailaco Cailaco Bobonaro Meligo 1.7 327 4 Bobonaro Maliana Bobonaro Maliana Odomau Rita 15.7 418 5 District Bobonaro Balibo Bobonaro Sanirin Bobonaro Bobonaro –1.3 Bobonaro 241 3 Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Bobonaro Covalima

32 | Living Standards Data by Suco 7 1 9 6 3 4 45 32 40 39 29 14 15 40 38 58 60 45 70 40 12 capital District 6 3 4 45 70 40 12 Dili Kilometers to 183 183 254 252 247 231 209 201 210 219 232 162 162 149 165 83 63 79 57 73 77 73 68 81 82 75 78 63 80 77 80 71 75 79 65 82 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 42 36 39 33 50 46 55 54 52 59 28 42 47 38 80 69 54 82 81 60 87 Adult literacy rate (%) 5 6 1 9 0 14 48 41 12 34 51 32 33 25 56 26 16 63 59 33 75 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 7 6 2 2 9 0 49 17 11 22 78 30 73 32 71 38 15 90 85 55 87 (%) Improved sanitation 52 70 99 68 37 69 54 89 71 51 53 13 97 90 99 96 88 87 96 100 100 100 (%) water Improved Households with 0 97 35 14 48 86 248 46 248 0 97 35 48 86 14 0 33 3 31 36 73 244 42 244 33 0 33 3 36 73 235 31 0 87 34 17 52 79 57 221 0 85 7 53 81 20 12 215 16 1 51 17 36 79 223 5 2 96 51 65 50 84 49 172 0 49 5 48 25 66 2 160 2 52 2 19 54 3 58 58 1 68 13 51 76 11 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 9 0 2 0 1 30 26 9 53 74 155 55 155 1 30 26 53 74 9 68 67 92 95 75 94 63 80 41 43 58 77 204 4 204 63 80 41 58 77 43 40 162 64 98 23 50 81 52 23 52 20 98 38 51 70 38 12 12 95 73 53 70 80 33 7 7 79 69 71 68 79 51 38 78 43 12 58 84 181 25 181 38 78 43 3 58 84 12 205 61 84 69 6 71 73 63 208 62 40 45 58 67 31 15 15 94 91 84 85 77 73 1 1 95 99 93 96 83 80 4 4 94 97 90 88 81 72 Electri- city (%)

a 2 1 1 3 2 2 5 4 4 4 2 3 3 2 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 Group 34 11 96 171 171 179 177 173 395 285 320 273 117 187 235 386 393 199 421 423 399 432 Rank Living standards 8.5 0.2 1.4 5.9 7.5 9.3 –3.3 –3.3 –6.7 –8.0 –3.0 –3.0 –3.1 –0.2 –4.6 –2.8 –1.5 –4.9 –2.4 17.3 17.4 22.7 Suco asset index tai 1.8 330 4 330 tai 1.8 ti Aut 27.3 438 5 Suco Belulik Leten Nanu Dato Tolu Lactos Holpilat Ogues Camenasa Labarai Casabauc Lalawa Fatuleto Lour Raimea Ucecai Atauro Vila/Maumeta Biceli Maquili Becora Camea Hera Bairropite Subdistrict Fatumean Fatumean Fohorem Fohorem Maucatar Maucatar Suai Suai Tilomar Tilomar Zumalai Zumalai Zumalai Zumalai Atauro Atauro Atauro Cristo Rei Cristo Rei Cristo Rei Dom Aleixo District Covalima Covalima Fatumean Covalima Fatumea Covalima –4.7 105 Covalima 2 Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Covalima Dili Dili Dili Dili Dili Dili Dili Covalima Fohorem Rua Dato Covalima Fohorem –5.6 Fohoren 69 Covalima Maucatar 1 Belecasac Covalima Maucatar –1.5 236 Ma 3 –3.6 149 2 Covalima Tilomar Covalima Tilomar Foholulic Zumalai Covalima Maudemo –5.2 84 Covalima Zumalai Lepo 1 2.2 346 Covalima Zumalai 4 Mape Zumalai Covalima Tashilin –4.9 95 2 Zulo 5 –3.5 157 Dili Atauro 2 2 4 Beloi Balibar 406 Rei 0.2 284 130 295 Dili Atauro 4 10.7 Macadade –4.1 0.5 Dili Cristo 2.6 352 4 Me Rei Dili Cristo Covalima Suai Covalima Suai Beco Covalima Suai Debos Loro Suai 0.8 310 4 5.7 384 8.5 396 5 5 Dili 5 431 Comoro Dili Aleixo 22.7 Cristo Rei Cristo Rei Dili Dom Bidau Santana Culu Hun 22.2 429 25.6 5 437 5

| 33 Appendix 2 3 2 3 2 0 7 3 3 8 2 27 60 51 49 69 58 22 18 32 34 352 352 capital District 3 3 8 2 1 7 4 27 96 94 97 67 48 53 63 47 77 84 Dili Kilometers to 105 105 114 103 85 78 87 87 77 84 85 74 64 42 60 40 28 48 63 47 62 61 78 68 43 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 91 62 90 89 82 87 68 90 34 28 32 23 17 18 40 45 45 47 74 41 26 Adult literacy rate (%) 4 3 9 4 2 76 21 83 92 59 79 23 76 17 22 10 18 13 11 14 41 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 6 4 7 7 96 43 89 97 81 94 42 91 33 15 12 24 20 58 97 73 49 (%) Improved sanitation 95 84 94 77 94 97 66 98 74 78 57 59 17 60 65 85 37 96 91 46 22 (%) water Improved Households with 1 95 65 9 14 34 113 68 113 1 95 65 72 14 34 9 117 52 1 3 14 4 1 63 108 4 28 14 42 72 8 25 0 58 70 8 36 51 4 47 100 0 56 20 6 30 54 16 65 0 53 30 37 52 10 2 66 7 5 18 49 100 61 61 100 2 66 7 18 49 5 9 1 0 1 9 2 0 8 1 0 63 6 4 30 52 60 15 0 63 60 6 30 52 4 85 47 97 88 89 97 46 93 15 24 27 77 72 83 92 28 70 71 24 24 24 72 83 92 70 71 28 69 114 33 93 9 24 57 761 106 26 81 33 40 61 25 7 54 35 66 44 40 73 11 97 97 99 80 94 82 3 3 3 97 97 99 94 82 80 96 94 99 88 95 84 1 1 1 96 94 99 95 84 88 0 0 94 97 99 93 83 88 1 1 97 99 96 91 82 0 83 1 100 98 99 92 78 82 2 1 98 99 1 53 95 90 1 94 98 89 94 91 84 83 12 57 18 58 47 49 66 11 1 49 20 75 28 48 62 8 Electri- city (%)

a 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 3 2 Group 71 434 434 353 436 441 426 424 391 430 283 319 264 257 176 297 359 343 308 417 265 134 Rank Living standards 2.6 6.5 0.2 1.3 0.5 3.1 2.1 0.8 –0.6 260 3 –0.5 –0.5 –0.7 –5.5 –3.1 –0.5 –4.0 24.4 25.2 30.7 19.9 17.6 22.3 15.4 Suco asset index Suco Fatuhada Duyung (Sereia) Acadiru Hun Bidau Lecidere Lahane Oriental Caicoli Dare Macarenhas Atadame/Malabe Craic Baboi Leten Beboi Lasaun Leimea Leten Paramin Estado Lauala Mirtutu Ponilala Riheu Ailelo Coliate-Leotelo Subdistrict Dom Aleixo Matinaro Nain Feto Nain Feto Nain Feto Vera Cruz Vera Cruz Vera Cruz Atsabe Atsabe Atsabe Atsabe Atsabe Atsabe Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Hatolia Hatolia Dili Matinaro Sabuli 3.3 361 5 Sabuli Dili Matinaro 361 3.3 Atsabe Ermera Atara Ermera Atsabe Batumanu Atsabe Ermera 303 4 0.7 99 –4.8 2 Laclo Atsabe Ermera Laubono 375 5 4.6 Ermera Atsabe 70 –5.5 1 Tiarlelo Ermera Ermera Humboe 322 4 1.4 Ermera Ermera Raimerhei 279 4 Hatolia Ermera 0.0 Asulau Hatolia Ermera Fatubolu 311 4 0.9 314 4 1.0 Ermera Atsabe Atsabe Ermera Obulo 182 3 –2.9 District Dili Dili Dili Dili Dom Aleixo Dili Alor Kampung Dili 22.0 Dili 428 Dili 5 Dili Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Dili Vera Cruz Lahane Ocidental 19.3 425 5 93 5 96 77 5 5 88 5 86 66 427 440 Bemori 5 5 Feto Cruz 20.9 442 425 29.1 Gricenfor Feto 32.3 19.3 Dili Nain Santa Feto 5 Ocidental 435 Dili Nain Colmera Cruz 25.2 Dili Nain Lahane Cruz 5 Dili Vera 439 Motael Cruz Dili Vera 29.1 Dili Vera Dili Vera Cruz Vila Verde 23.8 433 5 Ermera Ermera Leguimea Ermera Ermera 253 3 Poetete –0.8 Ermera Ermera 356 5 2.9 Talimoro 390 5 6.4

34 | Living Standards Data by Suco 1 25 44 19 18 30 46 14 37 48 15 24 19 46 43 51 55 39 56 66 33 10 capital District 80 89 69 47 80 91 59 82 93 44 47 48 44 Dili Kilometers to 268 268 265 262 178 174 160 176 193 236 46 54 49 36 36 28 65 50 64 83 60 62 88 75 85 79 71 89 78 46 86 83 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 5 33 32 24 25 20 41 24 30 75 46 41 54 43 38 31 53 48 46 38 59 68 Adult literacy rate (%) 3 1 3 4 4 5 4 8 6 5 2 7 8 18 25 10 22 16 14 14 17 28 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 2 7 2 5 41 20 29 30 18 36 74 17 45 93 19 36 25 32 20 22 20 22 (%) Improved sanitation 81 16 18 17 18 11 40 43 61 72 18 47 18 73 97 93 96 47 61 96 90 47 (%) water Improved Households with 0 33 6 2 36 67 105 60 60 105 0 33 6 32 36 67 2 2 15 40 77 9 29 54 85 3 3 67 28 40 14 17 52 1 38 97 7 32 25 39 2 1 62 87 8 40 58 3 27 1 97 48 1 50 80 9 17 42 1 56 41 40 59 25 12 50 1 73 19 36 67 8 44 266 2 78 65 49 81 9 45 265 48 1 88 2 202 38 76 7 2 93 29 57 80 24 27 200 28 0 51 58 60 74 28 202 42 2 95 50 60 83 25 171 0 58 18 51 80 44 7 86 40 17 60 80 43 2 43 7 86 40 60 80 17 49 162 1 51 32 34 78 10 2 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 2 2 1 4 1 1 28 38 37 9 54 74 61 16 61 28 38 37 24 54 74 9 69 25 24 19 41 68 17 46 268 47 17 29 34 37 7 59 89 71 43 81 76 35 10 35 59 89 71 81 76 43 21 39 17 16 45 65 80 35 80 21 39 17 45 65 16 14 70 15 42 13 32 52 57 Electri- city (%)

a 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 4 3 4 2 4 4 Group 61 24 22 289 289 333 197 145 113 240 213 246 397 325 185 212 151 269 230 272 101 335 338 Rank Living standards 0.4 1.9 8.9 1.5 1.9 2.0 –5.8 –5.8 –2.4 –3.7 –4.6 –1.4 –2.2 –1.1 –2.8 –2.2 –3.6 –7.3 –7.4 –0.3 –1.8 –0.2 –4.8 Suco asset index i 2.1 342 4 342 i 2.1 –3.6 154 2 154 –3.6 Suco Fatuessi Leimeacraic Lissapat Mau-Ubu Urahou Catrai-Craic Eraulo Hatugau Lauana Fatuquero Matata Railaco Leten Taraso Ailebere Fuat Iliomar II Baduro Daudare Ililai Maina II Parlamento Bauro Subdistrict Hatolia Hatolia Hatolia Hatolia Hatolia Letefoho Letefoho Letefoho Letefoho Railaco Railaco Railaco Railaco Iliomar Iliomar Iliomar Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lospalos Ermera Hatolia Lemia Sorimbalu –5.4 76 –5.4 1 Sorimbalu Ermera Hatolia Lemia Hatolia Ermera Manusae Ermera Hatolia Leten Samara 296 4 Letefoho Ermera 227 3 0.5 –1.8 Catrai Letefoho Ermera 203 3 –2.3 Ducurai Ermera Letefoho Goulolo 248 3 200 3 –1.0 –2.4 Letefoho Ermera Haupu Railaco Ermera Deleco 291 4 0.4 Craic Railaco Ermera 231 3 –1.8 298 4 0.5 Railaco Railaco Ermera Samalete Ermera Railaco Tocolul 282 4 Lautem Iliomar 0.1 Cainliu I Lautem Iliomar Iliomar Lautem Iliomar 155 2 –3.6 –7.5 18 1 Tirilolo Lautem Lautem Com Lautem Lautem –8.3 8 1 Euquisi I Lautem Lautem 254 3 –0.8 Maina Lautem Lautem 266 4 –0.4 Pairara Lautem Lautem Serelau 355 5 2.9 210 3 –2.2 Ermera Railaco Railaco Ermera Lihu 400 5 9.3 District Ermera Ermera Hatolia Ermera Hatolia Ermera 315 4 1.1 Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Ermera Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem

| 35 Appendix 2 2 7 3 2 9 10 15 52 60 60 36 17 12 14 16 11 23 51 37 15 119 119 capital District 45 33 34 33 18 52 47 45 56 87 73 48 Dili Kilometers to 226 226 236 233 211 184 190 192 262 185 79 77 84 69 72 70 50 79 20 73 74 69 72 62 61 76 59 42 53 76 79 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 76 43 51 59 31 35 30 68 42 58 66 60 62 34 32 56 34 31 39 50 65 Adult literacy rate (%) 2 9 52 36 10 32 10 10 19 26 21 41 44 19 12 26 23 20 23 54 54 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 1 1 64 50 15 23 31 33 58 47 50 48 37 27 15 33 14 20 35 49 51 (%) Improved sanitation 80 13 32 53 74 69 46 81 85 84 68 79 50 81 45 81 67 71 83 100 100 100 (%) water Improved Households with 1 62 14 46 42 72 151 85 151 1 62 14 42 72 46 0 48 2 13 40 83 252 26 252 0 48 2 40 83 13 1 90 61 21 46 71 252 26 252 1 90 61 46 71 21 64 196 1 76 62 2 57 29 65 1 188 194 1 23 0 31 68 61 7 0 1 46 1 7 31 77 2 50 43 39 52 7 31 67 1 66 12 39 56 13 45 81 1 75 17 30 36 53 20 63 1 73 40 31 52 19 0 0 2 5 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 100 10 60 236 47 14 82 25 53 1 36 25 9 54 59 21 46 1 84 24 34 80 18 21 52 0 67 29 39 56 3 81 76 49 15 40 50 79 64 54 20 57 25 35 7 21 48 79 234 8 234 25 35 7 48 79 21 45 271 85 64 13 88 0 68 20 41 35 81 51 57 66 22 22 16 66 96 62 65 80 33 0 36 65 85 65 74 78 47 27 109 63 21 82 53 38 55 29 175 85 99 54 76 70 68 76 92 24 31 65 78 230 4 230 76 92 24 65 78 31 Electri- city (%)

a 5 2 2 5 3 1 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 2 2 3 5 3 Group 78 403 403 150 172 385 216 194 287 252 370 402 381 382 278 222 377 147 174 232 372 202 Rank Living standards 5.7 0.3 4.1 5.2 5.2 0.0 4.8 4.4 –3.6 –3.6 –3.2 –2.1 –5.3 –2.6 –0.9 –1.9 –3.7 –3.1 –1.7 –2.3 10.0 10.0 Suco asset index Suco Fuiloro Leuro Lore II Rasa Afabubu Cotamutu Luro Mehara Fahilebo Lauhata Maumeta Motaulun Ulmera Darulete Hatuquessi Loidahar Gugleur Lissadila Vatuboro Vavaquinia Aubeon Subdistrict Lospalos Lospalos Lospalos Lospalos Luro Luro Luro Tutuala Bazartete Bazartete Bazartete Bazartete Bazartete Liquica Liquica Liquica Maubara Maubara Maubara Maubara Barique Manatuto Barique Barique –7.9 12 1 District Lautem Lospalos Lautem Cacavem Lautem –7.0 28 1 Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Lautem Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Liquica Manatuto Lautem Lospalos Lore I Lautem Lospalos Lore –4.9 94 2 Lautem Lospalos Souro Lautem Luro Lautem Luro 249 3 Baricafa –1.0 Lautem Luro Lacawa –7.4 21 1 Lautem Tutuala Wairoce –5.1 85 Tutuala 1 Bazartete Liquica Fatumasi –6.1 48 1 255 3 –0.8 331 4 1.8 Bazartete Liquica Tibar Liquica Liquica Asumano 407 5 Liquica Liquica 11.1 245 3 Dato –1.3 Liquica Liquica Leoteala 410 5 12.4 206 3 Maubara Liquica –2.2 Guiso Maubara Liquica Maubaralissa 178 3 233 3 –3.0 Maubara Liquica –1.6 Vatuvou Manatuto Barique 247 3 Oan –1.1 Abat 5.5 383 5 Lautem Lospalos Home Lautem Lospalos 299 4 0.6 Muapitine 276 4 –0.1 Bazartete Liquica Leorema Liquica Bazartete Metagou 281 4 0.1 275 4 –0.1 Liquica Liquica Luculai 243 3 –1.3

36 | Living Standards Data by Suco 0 0 0 4 45 17 49 64 49 25 19 15 68 60 64 58 31 89 16 15 101 101 114 capital District 83 91 84 66 81 66 Dili Kilometers to 167 167 111 115 130 143 134 126 183 177 150 233 208 119 135 112 134 78 62 69 63 55 67 81 70 73 82 75 88 88 82 77 63 79 89 76 53 64 79 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 50 43 38 28 20 45 55 59 54 58 76 67 64 62 58 55 62 54 59 37 49 60 Adult literacy rate (%) 6 5 5 5 69 11 27 10 29 46 89 39 32 80 55 54 21 24 18 31 30 17 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 0 3 0 5 23 41 50 36 75 22 80 56 82 60 96 12 45 43 14 29 17 11 (%) Improved sanitation 7 2 4 6 56 25 62 84 58 90 32 96 78 94 96 53 79 82 25 71 80 100 100 (%) water Improved Households with 1 21 13 4 27 75 143 49 143 1 21 13 21 27 75 4 87 70 37 68 0 0 4 55 174 1 35 46 60 59 68 16 178 7 88 109 5 56 69 6 228 0 53 2 54 85 0 66 185 4 14 26 68 87 10 15 134 0 78 7 35 59 6 3 48 38 37 69 84 187 68 187 3 48 38 69 84 37 0 0 1 5 4 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 43 29 26 40 64 83 23 83 1 43 29 40 64 26 38 22 16 86 46 89 37 73 14 52 38 31 64 34 13 35 55 84 18 84 31 64 34 18 35 55 13 84 27 81 46 49 68 24 64 130 21 42 19 32 68 26 18 84 84 87 76 69 85 0 97 66 58 83 69 1 45 38 61 66 81 73 89 91 0 88 66 132 65 82 93 63 66 85 48 131 57 57 54 62 89 67 55 72 19 63 74 77 146 80 146 55 72 19 74 77 63 16 10 13 14 48 77 132 66 132 16 10 13 48 77 14 24 143 36 63 21 58 63 28 1 119 78 93 55 70 78 39 Electri- city (%)

a 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 5 5 5 2 4 1 4 4 3 1 5 2 3 3 Group 38 81 17 89 40 75 217 217 108 191 422 401 360 420 156 345 294 288 188 376 161 258 193 Rank Living standards 9.7 3.1 2.2 0.5 0.3 4.7 –2.1 –2.1 –6.6 –5.2 –4.7 –7.6 –2.7 –5.0 –3.6 –6.4 –2.8 –5.4 –3.4 –0.7 –2.6 17.4 17.3 Suco asset index ala –2.1 218 3 218 ala –2.1 Suco Manehat Hohorai Uma Naruc Batara Funar Orlalan Cairui Lifau Aiteas Iliheu Sau Leo Hat Manufahi Aituha Mahaquidan Uma Berloic Caicasa Fahinehan Babulu Daisua Holarua Rotuto Subdistrict Barique Laclo Laclo Laclubar Laclubar Laclubar Laleia Laleia Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Soibada Soibada Alas Alas Alas Fatubarlihu Fatubarlihu Same Same Same Same Manufahi Fatubarlihu Manufahi Fatubarlihu Clacuc 4.8 378 5 Manatuto Laclo Manatuto Laclo Lacumesac Manatuto Laclubar Umacaduac –1.6 Manatuto Laclubar Fatumaquerec 234 3 –6.0 1.3 Manatuto Laclubar Manelima 318 53 4 1 Manatuto Laleia Sanana'in –7.8 14 Manatuto 1 Haturalan –7.0 Ailili 30 1 Manatuto 6.2 389 Ma'abat 5 7.0 392 Manatuto Soibada 5 13.7 413 Manatuto Soibada Manl 5 Manufahi Alas Samoro Manufahi Alas Dotic Manufahi Fatubarlihu 0.4 290 Bubususo Taitudac 4 Manufahi Fatubarlihu –5.9 0.2 286 –3.4 57 164 Fatucahi 4 1 2 Manufahi Same 3.9 367 5 Grotu –3.4 165 2 District Manatuto Manatuto Barique Manatuto Boco Uma Manatuto 3.6 363 Manatuto 5 Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manatuto Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manufahi Manatuto Cribas Manatuto Soibada –4.5 120 Fatumacerec 2 –5.2 83 1 Manufahi Same Betano Manufahi Same Letefoho 3.0 358 5 11.7 409 5

| 37 Appendix 2 3 8 73 74 82 77 85 87 45 24 32 50 18 18 58 32 26 42 42 17 26 capital District 99 Dili Kilometers to 101 101 117 112 118 122 288 288 308 338 291 296 306 306 346 200 194 183 183 158 164 77 75 83 67 90 27 41 49 60 39 76 64 52 47 64 71 72 68 61 75 80 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 53 67 54 37 43 27 40 26 31 20 72 48 32 19 23 61 37 24 32 50 83 Adult literacy rate (%) 2 8 8 6 6 6 3 3 6 8 4 18 32 15 38 35 49 21 59 19 33 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 0 0 3 5 7 7 4 9 4 1 0 25 11 20 41 55 39 10 25 18 27 (%) Improved sanitation 61 46 52 59 71 11 54 98 77 96 77 33 49 37 25 48 25 63 76 82 50 (%) water Improved Households with 0 3 1 3 45 47 108 73 73 108 47 0 3 45 1 102 3 137 0 96 0 87 33 59 0 113 0 32 72 6 40 55 89 3 0 44 26 67 87 75 15 122 3 44 46 4 48 55 334 0 0 89 4 21 21 56 16 309 1 85 3 12 17 56 5 288 1 60 45 3 19 48 288 8 1 70 12 22 47 4 14 302 4 64 22 32 48 36 59 18 337 201 8 48 13 17 36 3 16 0 6 14 3 6 34 175 1 60 15 37 56 9 24 165 25 0 81 5 183 46 39 7 1 82 45 46 84 14 4 100 22 52 193 43 5 80 0 39 4 13 46 62 127 12 127 0 39 4 46 62 13 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 11 64 51 11 66 37 13 79 32 14 53 72 306 18 306 13 79 32 53 72 14 32 200 69 39 12 4 7 16 8 166 25 95 29 60 79 21 22 74 21 15 38 66 300 12 300 12 22 74 21 38 66 15 300 90 96 81 29 31 21 Electri- city (%)

a 3 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 5 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 Group 5 86 58 62 64 23 72 36 43 198 198 304 100 102 133 126 181 394 387 162 277 123 Rank Living standards 0.7 7.9 5.9 0.0 –2.4 –2.4 –4.8 –4.8 –4.0 –4.3 –5.1 –5.9 –2.9 –5.8 –3.4 –5.7 –7.3 –5.5 –6.7 –9.1 –6.2 –4.5 Suco asset index Suco Aitemua Caimauc Foholau Liurai Matorec Orana Bene-Ufe Suni-Ufe Bobometo Usi-Taqueno Costa Lalisuc Naimeco Taiboco Malelat Dilor Uma Tolu Liaruca Nahareca Cima Ossu De Uaibobo Subdistrict Turiscai Turiscai Turiscai Turiscai Turiscai Turiscai Nitibe Nitibe Oesilo Oesilo Pante Macasar Pante Macasar Pante Macasar Pante Macasar Passabe Lacluta Lacluta Ossu Ossu Ossu Ossu Manufahi Turiscai Manufahi Turiscai Beremana Manufahi Turiscai Fatucalo –4.5 118 Manufahi Turiscai Lesuata 2 –5.7 Manufahi Turiscai Manumera 66 1 –4.8 Nitibe Oecusse 104 Mindelo 2 6.1 388 Oecusse Nitibe Banafi 5 –3.5 Oecusse Nitibe 159 Lela-Ufe 2 107 –4.7 Bobocase Oecusse Oesilo 2 Macasar Usi-Taco –7.6 16 1 Pante Oecusse Usi-Tacae 208 –2.2 3 –6.6 37 1 –5.3 80 1 Nipani Macasar Pante Oecusse 204 –2.3 3 Oecusse Passabe Abani Viqueque Lacluta Viqueque Lacluta Ahic –6.1 50 Viqueque Ossu 1 Laline Viqueque Ossu –10.1 Builale 2 Viqueque Ossu –8.0 1 Loi-Huno 10 Viqueque Ossu 1 –5.7 Ossorua 68 Ossu Viqueque –2.1 219 1 Uabubo 3 –4.7 106 Uaigia 2 –6.2 44 1 –4.8 103 2 District Manufahi Same Manufahi Manufahi Tutuluro Manufahi –4.2 128 Manufahi 2 Manufahi Manufahi Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Oecusse Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Oecusse Pante Macasar Cunha Macasar Lifau Oecusse Pante Macasar 321 1.4 Pante Oecusse 4 368 3.9 5

38 | Living Standards Data by Suco 2 5 83 66 93 14 17 32 45 38 43 capital District Dili Kilometers to 249 249 240 249 189 198 185 173 207 220 254 211 80 73 31 71 80 56 81 50 74 72 85 school rate (%) enrollment Net primary 47 70 41 42 80 59 59 40 33 53 59 Adult literacy rate (%) 12 62 10 21 75 31 46 10 28 53 14 Births skilled attendant (%) delivered by a 0 7 4 9 8 12 33 16 62 23 19 (%) Improved sanitation e 2001 Suco Survey (East Timor Transitional Administration, ADB, World Bank, and Administration, Timor Transitional e 2001 Suco Survey (East e suco with the highest standard of living. Five living standard groups are identified; are identified; groups Five living standard of living. standard highest with the e suco 8 44 40 61 13 87 33 15 22 96 92 (%) water Improved Households with 1 62 23 38 73 77 194 26 194 1 62 23 73 77 38 2 1 5 52 46 73 233 78 78 233 73 46 2 1 5 52 27 202 7 31 2 9 45 72 177 17 76 41 2 3 14 47 222 1 40 5 46 74 17 1 18 9 18 33 71 216 17 216 1 18 9 33 71 18 0 23 0 0 39 62 260 86 86 260 0 23 0 39 62 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 3 1 71 29 13 47 47 75 232 77 232 71 29 13 47 75 47 50 40 208 240 76 29 28 55 82 53 86 55 43 5 4 20 81 79 92 63 82 27 58 59 63 187 12 187 63 82 27 59 63 58 Electri- city (%)

a 1 4 1 2 5 1 4 2 1 2 4 Group 4 19 42 20 328 328 140 411 274 146 168 349 Rank Living standards 1.7 2.3 –6.9 32 32 –6.9 1 –9.3 –9.3 –7.4 –3.8 –6.2 –0.2 –3.7 –7.4 –3.3 12.4 Suco asset index Uain Craic 3.8 365 5 ssoru –4.1 131 2 131 ssoru –4.1 Watu Dere –1.5 237 3 Bibileo Suco Afaloicai Irabin De Baixo Loi Ulu Bahalarauain Caraubalo Maluro Uma Quic Uma Uain Leten Afaloicai Macadique Uaitame Subdistrict Uatucarbau Uatucarbau Uatucarbau Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Watulari Watulari Watulari Viqueque Uatucarbau Uma Viqueque Uatucarbau Uani Irabin De Cima Viqueque Viqueque –0.6 259 3 –5.7 63 Viqueque Viqueque Mori Uai 1 –9.3 Viqueque 3 1 Watulari Viqueque Viqueque Watulari Babulo Viqueque Watulari Matahoi –4.7 Ve 111 2 0.5 293 4 District Viqueque Viqueque Uatucarbau Viqueque Bahatata Viqueque –8.1 Viqueque 9 1 Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Viqueque Luca Viqueque Uma –5.7 67 1 the lowest, the second, the middle, the fourth, and the highest. highest. the and fourth, the middle, the second, the the lowest, 2010 Timor-Leste on the population and housing census (National Statistics Directorate 2011) th Source: ADB estimates based 2001). Programme. Development Nations United a The rank ranges from 1 to 442, where 1 is the suco with the lowest standard of living based on the asset index and 442 is th asset index on the of living based the lowest standard 1 is the suco with a The rank ranges from 1 to 442, where

| 39 Appendix 2 8.6 7.5 2.8 2.0 0.9 0.4 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.2 22.2 23.3 59.3 14.1 45.6 33.8 33.1 302.3 Total  5.5 1.7 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.6 49.7 49.6 82.5 18.2 22.2 74.6 19.1 27.8 13.4 190.2 Highest Group  9.0 8.7 3.2 2.0 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 25.7 27.9 69.6 15.4 51.7 35.6 29.7 294.3 Fourth 5.3 5.0 2.6 2.2 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 17.4 20.0 57.9 12.0 43.2 32.5 34.9 308.8 Middle Standard  3.8 2.7 1.7 1.9 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.1 12.2 12.2 47.4 15.4 33.2 31.9 39.2 Average across sucos by living standard group 320.3 Second Living  5.9 6.8 9.3 2.4 2.0 1.1 2.2 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.3 4.5 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.5 4.5 0.5 0.9 1.6 2.5 9.3 3.0 39.1 25.4 41.3 48.3 13.7 14.8 13.3 9.9 4.9 11.3 13.3 9.9 4.9 14.8 13.7 397.9 186.5 144.0 132.7 129.4 82.8 135.1 by Lowest  2.2 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.3 Characteristics  4.6 3.7 4.0 4.4 3.8 4.1 (%) 18.8 5.2 0.9 1.2 2.1 2.9 Suco  11.6 17.2 28.9 36.0 60.4 30.8 b b 3:  center to Dili (Vera Cruz District) (km) center to subdistrict capital (km) center to district capital (km) suco suco suco

asset index score –6.5 –4.1 –1.8 1.0 11.4 0.0 a Appendix suco In 2001, average time to district capital in the wet season (minutes) 165.5 154.4 143.9 123.1 59.9 129.3 Houses with good roofs in 2010 (%) Houses with good floors in 2004 (%) Houses with good walls in 2004 (%) Households with television (%) Households with a refrigerator or freezer 44.4 5.5 52.4 11.1 63.7 12.2 72.5 2.9 23.4 80.5 4.2 Distance of 48.7 62.7 Distance of 6.5 20.2 11.9 41.6 13.5 Households with a radio (%) Households with a car or van (%) per householdChickens in 2010 (number) 17.9 25.6 28.4 33.1 40.6 29.1 2010 Houses with good floors in 2010 (%) Houses with good walls in 2010 (%) Houses with good roofs in 2004 (%) Households with private/individual ownership of hand tractor (%) Households with motorcycle (%) Households with a telephone/mobile phone (%) Households with a bicycle (%) (%) mill rice or husker rice a with Households Pigs perhousehold in 2010(number) Goats per household in 2010 (number) Horses per household in 2010 (number) Cattle/cows per household in 2010 (number) Buffalos per household in 2010 (number) per householdChickens in 2004 (number) Pigs perhousehold in 2004(number) Goats per household in 2004 (number) Horses per household in 2004 (number) Cattle/cows per household in 2004 (number) Buffalos per household in 2004 (number) Altitude (3=high altitude, 2=mid altitude, 1=low altitude) Land area (square km) Distance of In 2001, average time to Vera Cruz in Dili in the wet season (minutes) Characteristic Assets Physical

40 | Suco Characteristics by Living Standard Group 2.0 5.6 4.4 7.5 0.9 –1.1 –1.1 95.4 22.4 15.7 46.1 66.0 32.9 40.1 162.2 357.6 698.1 222.3 1,388.6 1,388.6 Total 6.1 3.7 6.3 1.0 –0.1 –0.1 40.7 82.0 10.1 15.5 12.5 67.3 79.4 39.3 24.1 447.3 1,441.7 1,441.7 3,136.4 1,628.0 Highest 1.4 5.8 3.9 8.0 0.8 –2.1 –2.1 77.0 22.9 20.4 47.2 66.3 34.6 39.4 158.3 123.9 618.8 212.6 1,247.9 1,247.9 Fourth 1.9 5.4 3.2 5.7 0.9 –0.6 –0.6 97.3 20.6 93.2 14.2 42.3 62.7 31.5 42.7 173.9 503.4 176.6 1,026.3 1,026.3 Middle 1.2 5.4 2.4 5.2 0.9 –1.9 –1.9 37.7 68.2 17.5 38.9 61.3 30.0 46.1 Average across sucos by living standard group 118.3 210.8 795.6 387.6 141.9 Second 1.8 4.9 2.1 3.3 0.8 –0.9 –0.9 24.7 52.2 14.0 34.5 60.3 29.3 48.6 35.7 40.1 43.8 48.4 69.3 47.5 143.8 186.8 724.7 346.3 131.9 1,323.0 1,448.5 1,842.3 2,246.4 5,184.1 2,412.7 2,412.7 5,184.1 2,246.4 1,842.3 1,448.5 1,323.0 Lowest a Population aged 5+ (number) (number) 5+ aged Population Proportionof population aged 15–64(%) 2,065.8 4,504.1 1,909.9 1,573.2 1,221.3 1,103.7 48.1 48.6 49.2 50.5 57.6 50.8 Percentage of female-headed households (%) 18.2 16.7 16.7 15.9 15.5 16.6 Private households (number) households Private Household size growth rate from 2004 to 2010 (% pa) Share of births delivered with a nurse or midwife in attendance (%) Share of births delivered with a midwife/skilled birth attendant in attendance (%) 277.0 274.4 342.0 389.2 803.4 417.8 6.7 2.8 10.0 7.0 3.2 12.2 10.1 2.5 15.8 11.2 Populationreached aged 5+ polytechnic/diploma(%) level 19.2 3.6 24.7 40.2 3.8 12.0 19.5 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.4 Female population aged 15+ (number) 378.3 408.0 522.9 629.1 1,508.4 690.5 In 2001, average time to hospital in the dry season (minutes) 176.8 198.1 164.3 152.7 77.3 153.7 Share of births delivered by relatives (%) Literacy rate for population aged 15–24 years old in 2010 (%) Annual change in literacy rate from 2004 to 2010 for population aged 15–24 (% pa) Population aged 5+ who have left school (%) Populationreached aged 5+ pre-primary educationlevel(%) 0.9 3.0 63.1 2.5 71.4 66.1 2.1 62.9 67.9 1.8 63.9 1.7 72.0 21.8 2.1 54.0 86.4 2.0 23.0 34.7 2.0 71.1 24.5 57.4 2.4 25.2 2.5 33.5 2.2 25.6 In 2001, average time to subdistrict capital in the wet season (minutes) In 2001, average time to primary school in the wet season (minutes) In 2001, average time to vehicle passable road in the wet season (minutes) In 2001, average time to hospital in the wet season (minutes) Population (number) Population density (persons per square km) Population aged 15+ (number) 19.0 Male population aged 15+ (number) 26.6 Population growth rate 2004 to 2010 (% pa) 17.2 Household growth rate 2004 to 2010 (% pa) Average household size (persons per household) 12.3 Live births delivered by women aged 15+ in the past 5 years (number) 11.5 deliveredBirths skilled by a attendant(%) Share of births delivered with a doctor in attendance (%) 17.3 of births deliveredShare witha nurse attendance (%) Share of births delivered with an untrained midwife/traditional birth attendant (%) (%) rate literacy Adult Adult literacy rate in Tetun (%) Literacy rate for population aged 15–24 years old in 2004 (%) Population aged 5+ who are at school (%) Population aged 5+ who have never attended school (%) 12.1 Populationreached aged 5+ nonformal education(%) level 14.6 19.0 23.1 50.3 23.9 Characteristic Demography Health Education

| 41 Appendix 3 9.4 0.7 1.6 8.1 0.2 10.2 69.3 92.7 28.2 27.2 60.0 54.7 36.0 52.5 106.2 Total 0.9 1.4 0.5 0.3 13.7 19.3 76.6 88.2 61.1 19.7 40.8 40.1 20.8 37.2 108.6 Highest Statistics Directorate 2006), and the and the 2006), Statistics Directorate 8.9 0.9 1.6 2.2 0.3 11.4 69.7 91.9 31.7 21.1 63.9 59.7 44.0 56.7 107.6 Fourth 9.4 7.2 0.6 1.4 7.0 0.2 67.7 93.2 21.5 29.4 67.2 61.5 46.4 60.6 104.8 Middle 8.7 5.9 0.5 1.5 0.3 65.5 94.7 10.7 15.1 21.7 62.2 53.4 43.1 51.2 Average across sucos by living standard group 102.8 Second 3.8 2.7 3.0 3.5 3.3 7.6 5.4 0.4 2.1 0.1 67.0 95.6 20.2 11.2 44.0 66.1 59.1 25.9 56.8 107.1 Lowest ) 5.9 4.3 5.9 6.6 2.1 4.9 data of the 2010 Timor-Leste population and housing census (National Statistics Directorate (2011)), the 2004 census (National 2004 the (2011)), (National Statistics Directorate census housing and population Timor-Leste 2010 of the data suco

a Gross enrollment ratio in secondary education (%) 12.0 15.9 23.0 32.3 84.4 33.6 Populationreached aged 5+ university(%)level Households using kerosene for lighting (%) Households using wood for lighting (%) 0.4 Households using solar panels for lighting (% Households using an improved drinking water source (%) 0.5 0.7 0.9 4.4 64.6 40.6 1.4 74.0 3.3 50.9 72.1 56.3 63.7 63.5 25.0 79.1 59.8 58.1 Net enrollment ratio in secondary education (%) 3.5 4.2 Households involved in maize production (%) 6.5 Households involved in vegetable production (%) 8.1 Households involved in fruit (permanent) production (%) 21.7 Households involved in coconut production (%) Households involved in production of other permanent crops (%) 8.8 68.7 58.4 53.2 57.7 67.6 54.1 49.5 53.9 72.0 57.1 62.1 55.1 62.2 66.9 43.7 59.9 55.3 58.3 44.8 50.1 38.4 34.2 37.5 63.9 49.2 54.5 49.4 53.9 36.5 47.3 Population aged 5+ reached pre-secondary education level (%) Populationreached aged 5+ primary educationlevel(%) Populationreachedsecondary aged 5+ education(%) level Net enrollment ratio in primary education (%) Gross enrollment ratio in primary education (%) participationLabor force rate of population15–64 aged (%) Employment rate of economically active population aged 15–64 (%) Households using electricity for lighting (%) 35.3 Households using bio gas for lighting (%) Households using candles for lighting (%) 34.5 Households using candlenut/candleberry tree for lighting (%) 35.4 Households using other sources for lighting (%) 61.3 35.0 Households using an improved sanitation facility (%) 62.9 30.9 Households involved in crop production (%) Households involved in rice production (%) 60.9 34.2 Households involved in cassava production (%) 56.1 3.4 Households involved in fruit (temporary) production (%) 52.0 Households involved in coffee production (%) 4.9 Households involved in production of other temporary crops (%) 58.6 10.2 21.8 66.3 74.4 21.4 72.6 78.3 74.6 55.8 71.1 Characteristic Labor force Basic infrastructure Agriculture % = percent, pa = per annum annum per = pa percent, % = a noted. otherwise unless 2010 Data refer to b and 2010. 2004 basis in different a prepared on been have to appear on walls data The on the based Source: ADB estimates 2001). al. et Administration Transitional Timor (East 2001 Suco Survey

42 | References

References

Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2013. A Pathway to Inclusive Opportunity in Timor-Leste. Pacifi c Studies Series. Manila.

East Timor Transitional Administration, ADB, the World Bank, and the United Nations Development Programme. 2001. 2001 Survey of Sucos: Initial Analysis and Implications for Poverty Reduction. Dili.

Government of Timor-Leste. 2011. Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan, 2011–2030. Dili. www.tls.searo.who.int/ LinkFiles/Home_NATIONAL_STRATEGIC_DEVELOPMENT_PLAN_2011-2030.pdf

Hasket S. 2008. Potential for Small Area Estimation and Poverty Mapping in Timor-Leste. Feasibility Report. Phases 1 and 2. Prepared for the World Food Programme. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/ wfp207678.pdf

National Statistics Directorate. 2011. Timor-Leste Census Info 2010. 1.0. Beta 070711 Final. Dili.

Presidency of the Council of Ministers. 2012. Program of the Fifth Constitutional Government: 2012–2017 Legislature. Dili. http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Program-of-the-5th-Constitutional-Government.pdf

Sugden, C. 2102a. Is Timor-Leste’s Growth Inclusive Growth? ERD Working Paper Series No. 315. Manila: ADB.

______. 2012b. Is Growth in Asia and the Pacifi c Inclusive? ERD Working Paper Series No. 317. Manila: ADB.

United Nations Mission in Timor-Leste. 2011. Geographical Index of Social Vulnerability Based on the Data Fo Fila Fali: Comparisons at District Level. Draft. Dili.

| 43 Least Developed Sucos Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste has committed to creating fair and inclusive opportunity. To assist the pursuit of this goal, the paper assesses the distribution of opportunity in the sucos (i.e. village) level. This publication identifies the least developed sucos that mostly need extra support.

About the Asian Development Bank

ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.7 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 828 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.

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