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A Qualitative Exploration of Female Surfers: Recreation Specialization, Motivations, and Perspectives

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A Qualitative Exploration of Female Surfers: Recreation Specialization, Motivations, and Perspectives A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF FEMALE SURFERS: RECREATION SPECIALIZATION, MOTIVATIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in the College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences by Tiyanya Anna Nourbakhsh December 2008 i Copyright© 2008 by Tiyanya Anna Nourbakhsh ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: A Qualitative Exploration of Female Surfers: Recreation Specialization, Motivations, and Perspectives AUTHOR: Tiyanya Anna Nourbakhsh DATE SUBMITTED: December 29, 2008 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Dr. William W. Hendricks COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dr. Camille O’Bryant COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dr. Jeffrey A. Jacobs iii ABSTRACT A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF FEMALE SURFERS: RECREATION SPECIALIZATION, MOTIVATIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES By Tiyanya Anna Nourbakhsh DECEMBER 2008 Chair: Dr. William Hendricks Major Department: Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Administration This current study utilized recreation specialization and leisure motivation theory to explore the meanings, perspectives, and behaviors among female surfers. Despite numerous studies previously published regarding recreation specialization and leisure motivation related to activity participation, little research has been conducted on the activity of surfing from a female perspective. Data for this study were collected using in- depth, semi- structured interviews of nine women surfers from the California Central Coast. Content analyses of the data involved coding and identifying key themes, patterns, and categories. The dominant themes significant within recreation specialization included past participation (e.g., preceding activities to eventual participation and wave/swell conditions), perceived skills (i.e., skills important to surfing, perceived skill level), commitment (e.g., central to life activity, central leisure activity, affective attachment, and adoption of social/cultural values), and enduring involvement (e.g., attraction and sensory enjoyment). The major themes that emerged from data specific to leisure motivation included initial attraction (e.g., observing others), initial motivation to participate/actively pursue (e.g., desirable setting and sensory enjoyment) and enduring motivation (e.g., achievement/stimulation, sensory enjoyment, anticipation, attraction and iv flow). Major themes emerged from the results of this study identify the varying styles of involvement in the participants. Additionally, results revealed the behaviors and feminine perspectives of participants that identified the meanings and experiences associated with these categories. Participants identified the pre-activity routines they engage in to prepare for surfing addressed how surfing provides them opportunities for relational leisure and self-determined leisure. Lastly, participants’ revealed factors that constrain participation and opportunities for relational and autonomous experiences. Keywords: female perspectives, female surfers, leisure behavior, motivation, recreation specialization, surfing v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The moment I informed my conscience of my desire to pursue graduate school, was the moment my life, goals, and dreams would change indefinitely. With this decision came an incredible journey that would require an insurmountable amount of faith and grace provided by my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. Without Jesus, my graduate endeavors would be just an attempt, without meaning or purpose. I am forever grateful for my relationship with God. Next, I would like to extend my deepest appreciation for the unsurpassed dedication and support from my committee Chair, Dr. William Hendricks. I could not have accomplished this seemingly endless task without his consistent encouragement, respect, and easy smile that always reminded me that completion was within my grasp and all I had to do was reach for it. I wish to express my gratefulness to the two other members of my committee, Dr. Camille O’Bryant and Dr. Jeff Jacobs. Dr. O’Bryant was instrumental in providing me with the confidence and passion for my thesis. I am forever thankful for her knowledge, enthusiasm, and hugs of reassurance. I would like to thank Dr. Jacobs for his confidence in my abilities and his commitment to my success. Additionally, I am extremely grateful for faculty that served as my professors, advisors, and confidants throughout my graduate education at Cal Poly including Dr. Steve Rein, Dr. Beth Chance, Dr. Wendy Warner, and Judy Drake. I would like to also thank all faculty and staff in the Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Administration department for their continued support, knowledge, and expertise. In addition to the support from faculty and staff, I truly appreciate the wonderful people in my community that have touched my life and provided me with sanity and wisdom. I also would like to thank the candor of my nine participants that have shared their experiences vi and stories to make this thesis a reality. I also wish to express a special thank you to the Los Osos surfing community that generated an endless love and passion for surfing, for which I am forever grateful: Lindsley, Devin, Silvia, Fissouri, Giles, JW, Van, Tom, Ross, and all those that continue to amaze me. Lastly, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents Emil and Marlene Nourbakhsh and my siblings Monique, Sholeh, and Joseph. My family has been undeniably the most important factor in my completion of my graduate education. The words to express my appreciation and love for my parents do not exist. They are the driving force behind my motivation to be my absolute best. Thank you mom and dad for the early morning phone calls, the shedding of my tears, the financial support, the unconditional love, and for being the most amazing friends a daughter could have. vii “Out of the water I am nothing….” -Duke Kanhanamoku- To My Parents, Emil and Marlene Nourbakhsh. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Background of Study 1 Statement of Problem 6 Significance of Study 8 Delimitations 9 Definition of Terms 10 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 History of Surfing 13 Female Perspectives of Leisure Participation 19 Recreation Specialization 25 Theoretical Framework of Leisure Motivation 51 Summary of Literature Review 63 III METHODS 67 Study Location 67 Data Collection 68 Design of Instrument 70 Content Analysis 74 IV RESULTS 77 Description of Participants 77 ix Experience Level 82 Perceived Skills 90 Equipment/Monetary Investment 95 Commitment 100 Enduring Involvement 113 Leisure Motivation 116 Surfing Behavior 124 Affiliative Meanings Attached to Surfing 127 Autonomous Meanings Attached to Surfing 130 Constraints to Surfing 136 Summary of Results 140 V DISCUSSION 142 Key Findings 142 Recreation Specialization of Female Surfers 142 Leisure Motivation of Female Surfers 152 Surfing Behavior 156 Affiliative Meanings Attached to Surfing 157 Autonomous Meanings Attached to Surfing 158 Constraints to Surfing 160 Limitations 162 Practical Implications for Findings 163 Future Recommendations for Research 165 Conclusions 166 x REFERENCES 168 APPENDIXES 184 A Specialization Investigators and Selected Dimensions 185 B Informed Consent Form 187 C Sample In-Depth Interview Questions 188 D Diagrams of Coding 194 E Coding Brackets 197 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page D-1 An example diagram of a selective code and corresponding axial codes 195 D-2 Diagram of major categories and corresponding selective codes 196 E-1 Experience Level 198 E-2 Perceived Skills Coding 200 E-3 Equipment/Monetary Investment Coding 202 E-4 Commitment Coding 204 E-5 Enduring Involvement Coding 207 E-6 Leisure Motivation Coding 209 E-7 Surfing Behavior Coding 212 E-8 Affiliative Meanings Attached to Surfing Coding 213 E-9 Autonomous Meanings Attached to Surfing Coding 214 E-10 Constraints to Surfing Coding 216 xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study will use in-depth interviewing to understand the phenomenological meanings and behaviors of female surfers on the central coast communities of California. This first chapter presents the background of the study, identifies the problem of the study, describes the study’s significance to leisure research, and defines special terms used throughout the thesis. Background of Study This section of the introduction addresses the developments and changes in the sport of surfing as it relates to industry growth and female participation. A brief overview of the two theories, recreation specialization and leisure motivation, which served as the groundwork of this study, are discussed. Marine recreation, a burgeoning sector of the leisure and recreation industry, includes activities such as boating, sailing, fishing, diving, snorkeling, surfing, and kayaking (Jennings, 2003). Jennings suggested that each marine-based activity attracts an assortment of participants with varying behaviors, attitudes, and preferences. Differences observed in marine activity participation include level of specialization (e.g., skills and experience levels), choice of location for the pursuit of the activity, utilization of equipment (i.e. requiring minimal or substantial financial expense depending on skill level of the participants and type of activity pursued), and motivational factors (Jennings, 2003). In general, levels of participation in marine recreation are difficult to ascertain because a various number of sports and participants have not been accurately reported 1 (Jennings, 2003). However, research indicates
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