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Représentation Du Métis En Littérature Francophone

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Représentation Du Métis En Littérature Francophone REPRÉSENTATION DU MÉTIS EN LITTÉRATURE FRANCOPHONE: EXPÉRIENCE(S) ET EXPRESSION(S) MÉTISSES DANS LE CHERCHEUR D’AFRIQUES D‟HENRI LOPES, 53 CM DE BESSORA, GARÇON MANQUÉ DE NINA BOURAOUI ET L’AMANT DE MARGUERITE DURAS By ANNY MAVAMBU-NDULU A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Anny Mavambu-Ndulu 2 To the shepherd of my life, my Lord and savior Jesus Christ, I am what I am by your grace. “What is impossible with men is possible with God”. (Luke 18:27) 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All my praises go first to God, who is the shepherd and the head of my life, without whom I am nothing. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Alioune Sow, my dissertation committee chair, for his guidance, expertise, patience, encouragement throughout the dissertation writing and help. When I was sinking, you came to my rescue and I am very grateful. I thank all the members of my supervisory committee, for their mentoring. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Fiona McLaughlin, Dr. William Calin and Dr. Carol Murphy for their guidance, advice and invaluable suggestions. Special thanks go to Dr. Brigitte Weltman- Aron who was always there for me during the storms of life. When I lost hope, your encouraging words and willingness to help were a great comfort. To all who nurtured my intellectual curiosity, academic interests, and sense of scholarship throughout my lifetime, Thank you. To my family and friends, there is not enough space to express the volumes of appreciations that I have for you. Thank you for your love, prayers, support and laughter. Corinne Ngo Gates, Thank you. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to Ms. Debra Anderson, International Student Services Coordinator and Mr. Richard Scarborough, President of Scarborough Company Insurance, Inc., for their support, comfort and help. When I was at the end of my rope, I thought of giving up this race. I would not have reached this finish line without you. Thank you. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................11 1.1 Le métis : origine et définition ......................................................................................13 1.2 Choix du corpus, problématique, méthode et structure de l‟analyse ............................19 1.2.1 Le choix du corpus ............................................................................................19 1.2.2 La problématique ..............................................................................................21 1.2.3 Méthode d‟analyse et structure de l‟analyse .....................................................25 2 REPRÉSENTATION CLASSIQUE ET MODERNE DU MÉTIS EN LITTÉRATURE FRANCOPHONE DANS LE CHERCHEUR D‟AFRIQUE D‟HENRI LOPES ...................32 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................32 2.2 Représentation classique du métis dans Le chercheur d’Afriques ................................36 2.2.1 Le métis n‟existe que dans la tête de certaines personnes ...............................37 2.2.2 Un Métis à la recherche de l‟autre moitié de lui-même ...................................45 2.3 S‟auto-affirmer et s‟accepter : une représentation moderne du métis en littérature francophone ...................................................................................................................54 2.3.1 Le sort du métis change dans la société et en littérature ...................................55 2.3.2 Se sentir bien dans sa différence : le Métis embrasse son destin ......................59 2.4 Dire le métis dans Le chercheur d’Afriques ..................................................................67 2.4.1 Entrelacement des contraires, structure métisse................................................67 2.4.2 Traduction intratextuelle, métissage de la langue .............................................74 2.4.3 Dire le métis différemment en littérature francophone .....................................82 2.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................85 3 LE MÉTIS DANS L’AMANT DE M. DURAS: « JE SUIS CRÉOLE, JE SUIS NÉE LÀ- BAS », UNE EXPÉRIENCE MÉTISSE EXCEPTIONNELLE/ORIGINALE ? ....................88 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................88 3.2 « Je suis créole, je suis née là-bas », l‟axe focal de l‟expérience métisse dans L’Amant .........................................................................................................................95 3.2.1 « Je suis créole, je suis née là-bas », des traces dans le texte ? .......................97 3.2.2 Rencontre des cultures, prise de conscience de la situation de l‟entre-deux ..107 3.3 La subversion des codes évoque l‟expérience métisse dans L’Amant ........................119 3.3.1 Désir illimité et figure de la mère du métis ethnique dans L’Amant ...............121 3.3.2. Métaphore de domination (coloniale) inversée dans L’Amant .......................126 3.4 L’Amant : un texte métis? ...........................................................................................134 3.4.1 Fondement autobiographique de L’Amant ......................................................135 5 3.4.2 La mémoire et l‟image de soi à véhiculer, des entraves à l‟autobiographie ...141 3.4.3 La technique du commentaire d‟album de photographies ..............................145 3.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................150 4 53 CM OU LA DÉCONSTRUCTION DE LA REPRESENTATION DU MÉTIS EN LITTERATURE ...................................................................................................................155 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................155 4.2 Redéfinition de l‟expérience métisse dans 53 cm .......................................................160 4.2.1 Frontière floue entre l‟expérience métisse et celle de l‟immigré ....................161 4.2.1.1 Une loi pour tous : Zara et le vécu de l‟immigré ordinaire ..............161 4.2.1.2 Encartage fantastique de l‟identité métisse, désarroi de la bureaucratie dans 53 cm ....................................................................166 4.2.2 Expérience métisse du « non-métis » ..............................................................172 4.2.2.1 Infusion du Noir dans le Noir ou celui du Blanc dans le Blanc .......173 4.2.2.2 Une expérience métisse dédiée à Sara Baartman .............................180 4.2.3 L‟expérience métisse se renouvelle-t-elle dans 53 cm? ..................................184 4.3 53cm : Une expression foncièrement métisse ? ..........................................................184 4.3.1 Subversion du genre littéraire et polyphonie en vedette dans 53 cm ..............185 4.3.1.1 Entre la fiction, l‟autobiographie et l‟essai/pastiche : un genre littéraire plurivoque ..........................................................................186 4.3.1.2 Polyphonie en vedette dans 53 cm ....................................................188 4.3.2 Métissage linguistique dans 53 cm ..................................................................200 4.3.2.1 De l‟oral dans l‟écrit .........................................................................200 4.3.2.2 Mélange de registres de langue dans 53 cm ......................................202 4.3.3 Un renouvellement de l‟expression métisse lié à la technique de l‟inversion .......................................................................................................205 4.3.3.1 Un discours sur la race à l‟envers .....................................................206 4.3.2.2 Inversion des rôles entre « le civilisé » et « le barbare » dans 53 cm ......................................................................................................208 4.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................210 5 PARADOXE DE L‟ENTRE-DEUX DANS GARÇON MANQUÉ DE NINA. BOURAOUI .........................................................................................................................214 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................214 5.2 Réception paradoxale du corps métis ..........................................................................218 5.2.1 Une expérience métisse conventionnelle : inclusion et exclusion du métis....220 5.2.2 Un corps métis à deux identités sexuelles .......................................................226 5.2.2 Métisse ou prisonnière libre ? .........................................................................235 5.2.4 Quand l‟agresseur et l‟agressé font corps avec la métisse ..............................241 5.3 Garçon manqué, une expression du métis ..................................................................245
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