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THÈSE 2019 -2020 Pour L’Obtention Du Grade De Docteur De N° D’ORDRE : L’Université Jean LOROUGNON GUÉDÉ ……………025………… RÉPUBLIQUE DE CÔTE D’IVOIRE Union-Discipline-Travail Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique UFR ENVIRONNEMENT ANNÉE UNIVERSITAIRE : THÈSE 2019 -2020 Pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de N° D’ORDRE : l’Université Jean LOROUGNON GUÉDÉ ……………025…………. Mention : Écologie, Biodiversité et Évolution Spécialité : Hydrobiologie Diversité, structure des communautés de macroinvertébrés aquatiques et état CANDIDAT d’intégrité écologique des milieux aquatiques NomCANDIDAT : KRESSOU de la Réserve de Faune et de Flore du Haut- PrénomsNom : ALLOUKO : ARMAND Bandama (Centre-nord, Côte d’Ivoire) Prénom : JEAN-RENAUD JURY Président : M. KOUADIO Yatty Justin, Professeur Titulaire, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé; Daloa. Directeur : M. BONY Kotchi Yves, Maître de Conférences, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé; Daloa. Rapporteurs : M. OUATTARA Allassane, Professeur Titulaire, Université Nangui Abrogoua; Abidjan.M. BONYnougnon Examinateurs : M. ASSEMIAN N’guessan Emmanuel, Maître de Conférences, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé; Daloa. Mme. ABOUA Benié Rose Danielle, Maître de Conférences, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny; Abidjan.M. BONY Kotcon i Soutenue publiquement le : Guédé ; Daloa 28 /11/2020 TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES. ......................................................................................................... i DÉDICACE. ............................................................................................................................. vii AVANT-PROPOS. ................................................................................................................. viii REMERCIEMENTS. ................................................................................................................ ix LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS. .......................................................................... xii LISTE DES TABLEAUX. ...................................................................................................... xiii LISTE DES FIGURES. ............................................................................................................ xv LISTE DES ANNEXES. ......................................................................................................... xxi INTRODUCTION. ..................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE I : GÉNÉRALITÉS. ............................................................................................... 6 1.1. Présentation du milieu d’étude. ........................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. Situation géographique et caractéristiques générales. ................................................... 7 1.1.2. Géologie et géomorphologie. ......................................................................................... 8 1.1.3. Climat. ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.1.4. Végétation et sols. ........................................................................................................ 10 1.1.5. Hydrographie. .............................................................................................................. 11 1.1.6. Activités anthropiques environnants. ........................................................................... 11 1.2. Concept d’intégrite écologique. ........................................................................................ 12 1.3. Macroinvertébrés aquatiques. ............................................................................................ 13 1.3.1. Définition. .................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2. Composition spécifique. .............................................................................................. 13 1.3.3. Biologie et écologie. .................................................................................................... 16 1.3.3.1. Cycles biologiques. ................................................................................................. 16 1.3.3.2. Habitat et écologie. ................................................................................................. 17 1.3.4. Groupes fonctionnels trophiques des macroinvertébrés aquatiques. ........................... 18 1.3.5. Macroinvertébrés aquatiques et bioindication. ............................................................ 19 1.3.5.1. Indices biotiques d’évaluation de la qualité écologique des eaux. ........................ 19 1.3.5.1.1. Indice Biologique Global Normalisé (IBGN). .................................................. 20 1.3.5.1.2. Indice Multimétrique des Macroinvertébrés Yaoundéen (IMMY). .................. 20 CHAPITRE II : MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES. ...................................................................... 22 2.1. MATÉRIEL. ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Matériel biologique. ..................................................................................................... 23 2.1.2. Appareils de mesure des paramètres physico-chimiques et hydromorphologiques. ... 23 i TABLE DES MATIÈRES 2.1.3. Matériel de collecte et d’observation des macroinvertébrés. ....................................... 23 2.2. MÉTHODES. .................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1. Choix des stations d’échantillonnage. .......................................................................... 24 2.2.2. Description des stations d’échantillonnage. ................................................................. 27 2.2.2.1. Stations situées au Nord de la Réserve. .................................................................. 27 2.2.2.1.1. Station Bandama Nabédjakaha (BN). ............................................................... 27 2.2.2.1.2. Station Bandama Tortiya A (BTA). .................................................................. 28 2.2.2.1.3. Station Bandama Tortiya B (BTB). .................................................................. 29 2.2.2.2. Stations situées au Centre de la Réserve. ............................................................... 30 2.2.2.2.1. Station Bandama Sinaïm A (BSA). ................................................................... 30 2.2.2.2.2. Station Bandama Sinaïm B (BSB). ................................................................... 30 2.2.2.2.3. Station Mare Sinaïm (MS). ............................................................................... 31 2.2.2.2.4. Station Mare Vodougue Sinaïm (MVS). ........................................................... 32 2.2.2.3. Stations situées au Sud de la Réserve .................................................................... 33 2.2.2.3.1. Station Nambyon Yayakaha A (NYA). ............................................................ 33 2.2.2.3.2. Station Nambyon Yayakaha B (NYB). ............................................................. 33 2.2.2.3.3. Station Bandama Yayakaha A (BYA). ............................................................. 34 2.2.2.3.4. Station Bandama Yayakaha B (BYB). .............................................................. 35 2.2.2.3.5. Station Bandama Badasso (BB). ....................................................................... 35 2.2.3. Collecte des données abiotiques et biotiques. .............................................................. 36 2.2.3.1. Mesure des paramètres physico-chimiques de l’eau. ............................................. 36 2.2.3.2. Mesure des paramètres hydromorphologiques de l’eau. ........................................ 36 2.2.3.3. Échantillonnage des macroinvertébrés aquatiques. ................................................ 37 2.2.3.4. Tri et identification des macroinvertébrés récoltés................................................. 39 2.2.4. Analyse de la composition et de la structure des communautés. ................................. 39 2.2.4.1. Richesse spécifique................................................................................................. 39 2.2.4.2. Fréquence d’occurrence (F).................................................................................... 40 2.2.4.3. Similarités spécifiques entre les stations. ............................................................... 40 2.2.4.4. Abondances relatives. ............................................................................................. 40 2.2.4.5. Analyse de la diversité des communautés de macroinvertébrés............................. 41 2.2.4.5.1. Indice de diversité de Shannon (H’). ................................................................. 41 2.2.4.5.2. Indice d’équitabilité de Piélou (E). ................................................................... 42 2.2.5. Structuration trophique des communautés de macroinvertébrés. ................................ 42 2.2.6. Évaluation de la qualité écologique de l’eau. .............................................................. 42 ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES 2.2.6.1. Indices de diversité des communautés. .................................................................. 43 2.2.6.1.1. Indice Chironomidae. ........................................................................................ 43 2.2.6.1.2. Indice
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