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Distribution and Habitats of the Snail Lymnaea Truncatula, Intermediate Host of the Liver Fluke Fasciola Hepatica, in South Africa

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Distribution and Habitats of the Snail Lymnaea Truncatula, Intermediate Host of the Liver Fluke Fasciola Hepatica, in South Africa Article — Artikel Distribution and habitats of the snail Lymnaea truncatula, intermediate host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, in South Africa K N de Kocka, C T Wolmaransa and M Bornmana was done for each temperature interval in ABSTRACT which the species was recorded and the This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and habitats of Lymnaea truncatula, the sum of these scores was then taken as the intermediate, snail host of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, as reflected by the 723 samples in temperature index for that particular the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection, Potchefstroom, South Africa. The species (D S Brown,The Natural History 221 different loci (1 -degree squares) on record reflect an extensive but discontinuous distri- 16 Museum, London, pers. comm., 2002). bution, except in Lesotho and in parts of the Mpumalanga, Gauteng and North West Chi-square values were calculated to de- provinces of South Africa. Although recorded from 12 different types of waterbody, it was mostly (42.0 %) recovered from swamps. Most samples (45.8 %) were collected in habitats termine the significance of differences with slow-flowing water. A muddy substratum was recorded for 62.5 % of the samples. between the frequency of occurrence in, Most samples (86.3 %) were collected in habitats with a mean annual air temperature of on, or at the different options for each 10–20 °C, and more than 69 % came from localities with a mean annual rainfall of variable, such as waterbody, substratum 600–900 mm. An integrated decision tree constructed from the data indicated that tempera- or temperature. ture and types of waterbody play a decisive role in determining the presence of L. truncatula In addition, the effect size6 was calculated in a given area. A temperature index calculated for all mollusc species ranked L. truncatula for each variable to evaluate its impor- second in a total of 53 species according to its association with low temperatures. It remains tance in determining the distribution of to be established whether its distribution is indeed discontinuous, and whether its prefer- this species. The effect size is an index ence for a particular habitat, amphibious habits and ability to aestivate could have resulted that measures the degree of discrepancy in some populations having been overlooked during surveys. between the frequency distribution of a Key words: Fasciola hepatica, geographical distribution, habitat types, Lymnaea truncatula, given species in the set of alternatives of a temperature. given variable such as waterbody, com- de Kock K N, Wolmarans C T,Bornman M Distribution and habitats of the snail Lymnaea pared with the frequency distribution of truncatula, intermediate host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, in South Africa. Journal of all other mollusc species in the database the South African Veterinary Association (2003) 74(4): 117–122 (En.). School of Environmental in the set of alternatives of the same Sciences and Development, Zoology, Potchefstroom University for CHE, Private Bag variable6. The data in the database were X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa. also used to construct an integrated deci- sion tree1. This is a statistical model that enables the selection and ranking of those INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS variables that maximally discriminate Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula (Müller, 1874) Data on the geographical distribution between the frequency of occurrence of a is well known as the intermediate host of and habitats of L. truncatula were ex- given species under specific conditions the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, in Europe4 tracted from the database of the NFSC, compared to all other species in the data- and it is of major importance in transmit- which dates from 1956 to the present. base. This was done with SAS Enterprise ting fasciolosis in Lesotho,11 but no refer- Only those samples were included in Miner for Windows NT and Decision Tree ence could be found with regard to its the analysis for which the collection Modelling Course Notes10. role in transmission of the disease in South sites could be located on 1:250 000 topo- Africa. The oldest record of L. truncatula in cadastral maps. The 723 samples were RESULTS 1 the National Freshwater Snail Collection grouped into 211 different ‘loci’ ( 16-de- Although L. truncatula was collected in a (NFSC) is one from Lesotho that dates gree squares) (Fig. 1) and ranked in inter- wide variety of waterbodies, the highest back to 1956. This paper focuses on the vals according to mean annual rainfall, air numbers were recovered from swamps geographical distribution and habitats of temperature and altitude (Table 1). Rain- (Table 1) and its frequency in this type of L. truncatula as reflected by the 723 sam- fall, temperature and altitude data were waterbody differed significantly from ples on record in the NFSC. Habitat de- obtained from the Computing Centre for that of all other waterbodies (ranging tails, as provided by collectors at the time Water Research, University of Natal. All from P2 = 11.7. df = 1, P < 0.05, for irriga- of collection, and the influence of mean species in the database were ranked tion furrows to P2 = 572.39, df = 1, P < altitude, mean annual rainfall and tem- according to a temperature index based 0.05 for streams). The 304 samples recov- 1 perature in the different ‘loci’ ( 16-degree on their frequencies in the temperature ered from swamps represented 14.0 % of squares) are discussed. As L. truncatula is intervals. This was achieved by allocating the total number of samples (2179) of all the preferred host of Fasciola hepatica4, the numeric values, ranging from 1 for the mollusc species (Table 1). Aquatic vegeta- economic implications of its presence in coolest to 5 for the warmest of the 5 tem- tion was recorded at 91.6 % of the L. trun- South Africa are briefly discussed. perature intervals. The proportion of the catula collection sites, and the effect size total number of loci falling in a particular value for this factor was w = 0.2 (Table 2). aSchool of Environmental Sciences and Development, Zoology, Potchefstroom University for CHE, Private Bag temperature interval for each species was Most samples (81.3 %) were collected in X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] then multiplied by the value allocated to habitats described as perennial and this 2 Received: December 2002. Accepted: November 2003. that specific temperature interval. This differed significantly (P = 33.57, df = 1, 0038-2809 Jl S.Afr.vet.Ass. (2003) 74(4): 117–122 117 1 Fig. 1. The geographical distribution of Lymnaea truncatula in 16- degree square loci and mean annual air temperature in South Africa. P < 0.05) from the number of samples re- Although the largest number of samples calculated from these data, as well as the covered from seasonal habitats (Table 3). fell in temperature intervals covering ranking of the species in order of their With regard to water velocity, no signifi- the range 10–20 °C, the 95 samples from association with low to high tempera- cant difference was found between fre- the 5–10 °C interval represented 26.8 % of tures, are presented in Table 6. These quency of occurrence in habitats with the total number of collections in results show that only the small clam fast-flowing or standing water. Most sam- this interval (345) for all mollusc species Pisidium viridarium Kuiper, which is ples were, however, collected in habitats (Table 5). Almost 70 % of the samples widely distributed in Lesotho, is more with slow-flowing water (Table 3), which came from sites with a mean annual rain- closely associated with cooler climatic differed significantly from fast-flowing fall of 600–900 mm (Table 5). conditions than L. truncatula. water (P2 = 14.02, df = 1, P < 0.05) and The number of samples (31.7 %) from The effect size values for each factor are standing water (P2 = 83.14, df = 1, P < sites in the altitude interval 1500–2000 m also listed in Tables 1–5. Values in the 0.05). More than 80 % of the samples were differed significantly from all other inter- order of 0.1 and 0.3 indicate small and collected in habitats with clear and fresh vals (ranging from P2 = 85.31, df = 1, P < medium effects, respectively, whereas water (Table 3). 0.05, for the 500–1000 m interval, to P2 = values of 0.5 and higher indicate signifi- More than 60 % of the samples came 629.36; df = 1, P < 0.05, for the cantly large effects6. The results suggest from habitats with a muddy substratum 1500–2000 m interval). However, the fre- that temperature, altitude, type of water- (Table 4) and the frequency of occurrence quency of occurrence in 2 intervals body and, to a lesser extent, type of sub- in habitats with this type of substratum (2000–2500 and 2500–3000 m) in each case stratum, are important factors that could differed significantly from habitats with a represented more than 25 % of the total influence the geographical distribution of substratum of decomposing plant mate- number of collections for all mollusc L. truncatula significantly. The effect size rial (P2 = 15.36, df = 1, P < 0.05), a sandy species in these intervals (Table 5). values listed in Table 5 indicate that the substratum (P2 = 60.68, df = 1, P < 0.05) The frequency of occurrence in habitats temperature index of L. truncatula differs and a stony substratum (P2 = 93.2, df = 1, falling in the 5 selected temperature significantly from that of all other species P < 0.05). intervals and the temperature indexes apart from Pisidium casertanum (0.347), 118 0038-2809 Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. (2003) 74(4): 117–122 P.
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