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Tim Berners-Lee Le Web Quelques repères Informations compilées par Omer Pesquer - http://infonum.omer.mobi/ - @_omr Internet Mapping Project, Kevin Kelly, 1999, https://kk.org/ct2/the-internet-mapping-project La proposition d'Alan Levin pour l'Internet Mapping Project https://www.flickr.com/photos/cogdog/24868066787/ 3 Hypertexte «Une structure de fchier pour l'information complexe, changeante et indéterminée » Ted Nelson, 1965 http://www.hyperfiction.org/texts/whatHypertextIs.pdf + https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexte http://xanadu.com.au/ted/XUsurvey/xuDation.html THE INTERNET 2015 - THE OPTE PROJECT (juillet 2015) - Barrett Lyon http://www.opte.org/the-intern et/ 5 1990... Un accès universel à un large univers de documents En mars 1989, Tim Berners-Lee soumettait une Le 6 août 1991, Tim Berners-Lee annonce proposition d'un nouveau système de gestion de publiquement sur « alt.hypertext » l'existence du l'information à son supérieur. WorldWideWeb. http://info.cern.ch/Proposal.html http://info.cern.ch Le Web « Les sites (Web) doivent être en mesure d'interagir dans un espace unique et universel. » Tim Berners-Lee http://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee +http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html 8 9/73 Les Horribles Cernettes - première photo publiée sur World Wide Web en 1992. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Horribles_Cernettes Logo historique du World Wide Web par Robert Cailliau http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:WWW_logo_by_Robert_Cailliau.svg Le site Web du Ministère de la Culture en novembre 1996 Le logo est GIF animé : https://twitter.com/_omr/status/711125480477487105 "Une archéologie des premiers sites web de musées en France" https://www.facebook.com/804024616337535/photos/?tab=album&album_id=1054783704594957 11/73 1990... 1990 : Archie – Indexation des FTP publics - 1993 : Le CERN décide de placer le code source (Alan Emtage - Université de Montreal) du WorldWideWeb dans le domaine public. 1990/91 : Annonce Publique du Word Wide Web 1993 : Navigateur Web NCSA Mosaic (Tim Berners-Lee rend public le projet World Wide Web le 6 août 1991) 1993 : CompuServe France 1991 : Webcam (sur la machine à café de l'université 1994 : Yahoo (Jerry Yang et David Filo – Annuaire) de Cambridge) 1994 : WebCrawler (Premier moteur de recherche web 1991 : Linus Torvalds annonce la version 0.02 du Full-Text) noyau Linux 1994 : Geocities (hébergement de pages personnelles) 1991 : Lancement du langage Python (par Guido van Rossum) 1994 : QR Code créé par Denso-Wave au Japon (utilisation du QR Code avec une licence libre en 1999) 1992 : 1 000 000 ordinateurs connectés à l'Internet 1994/1995 : Langage Php 1992/1993 : IBM Simon (Téléphone + PDA + écran 1995 : AltaVista (développé par des chercheurs de DEC. Il tactile) fut le plus important moteur de recherche textuelle du Web utilisé avant l'arrivée de Google. ) 1993 : Apple Newton (PDA + assistant personnel tactile) 1995 : DVD-ROM 1993 : Lancement de Wired (Magazine) 1995 : Le JavaScript (langage de programmation de scripts ) 12/73 Les bornes interactives Musée de Préhistoire de Tautavel – 1996 - http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/tautavel/site_version1996/francais/musee.htm 1996 > « D'une superficie de 3700 m2, dont 1700 sont ouverts au public, ce musée est équipé de 10 consoles interactives qui permettent de prendre connaissance de façon ludique des recherches sur l'Homme fossile effectuées par des chercheurs du monde entier. Les consoles sont reliées à une banque d'images stockée sur vidéodisques et sur disque optique numérique. » 13/73 CDROM Culturel en France 1994 : le temps des pionniers 1995 : l'euphorie et l'emballement 1996 : le désenchantement 1997 : la braderie 1998 et suivantes : la disparition progressive Source « Regards rétrospectif sur les CD- Cédérom du Louvre – Décembre 1994 ROMS culturels – Michel LAVIGNE » Lire : http://www.liberation.fr/portrait/1995/12 /28/il-a-mis-le-louvre-dans-votre-ordinat eur_153403 + http://goo.gl/TCzsTe (1997) Page précédente > 1996 : Jeu vidéo d'aventure historique "Versailles 1685 : Complot à la Cour du Roi Soleil" (coproduit par la Réunion des musées nationaux & Canal + Multimedia & Cryo Interactive - En 1999, il totalise déjà 250 000 exemplaires vendus sur Mac OS et Microsoft Windows et 60 000 sur Playstation) 14/73 36 15 LOUVRE photo : Nicolas Nova CC by SA / https://www.flickr.com/photos/nnova/2209784488/ 15/73 Le site Web du Musée du Louvre en 1997 – http://www.culture.fr/louvre/ (en 1997) 16/73 1990... 1995 : Lancement d'Amazon.com ●1995 : RealAudio Player (RealPlayer) ●1996 : ICQ (messagerie instantanée) 1996 : Technologie FLASH ●1996 : 56K modem ●1996 : Lancement officiel du connecteur USB ●1996 : PALM PILOT ●1996 : « A Declaration of the Independence of 1997 : Création du WAP (Wireless Application Cyberspace » de John Perry Barlow Protocol) pour les téléphone mobile https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence 1998 : Open Source Initiative ●1997 : Google (Sergey Brin et Larry Page - Université de Stanford - Californie) 1999 : Wi-Fi ●1997 : Jorn Barger utilise le terme "weblog" qui deviendra blog 1999 : RSS V 0.91 ●1997 : Garry Kasparov, champion du monde 1999 : MSN Messenger d'échec, doit s'incliner contre l'ordinateur Deep Blue (développé par IBM). 1999 : ADSL - Lancement effectué en France par France Telecom Interactive ● Release earl$, release often « Release early, release often (abrégé en RERO, en français : publiez tôt, publiez souvent) est une philosophie de développement logiciel qui souligne l'importance de diffusions (release) précoces et fréquentes pour créer une boucle de rétroaction rapide entre les développeurs d'une part et les testeurs et les utilisateurs d'autre part. Elle s'oppose à la stratégie traditionnelle de diffusion basée sur les nouvelles fonctionnalités (feature-based). Les partisans avancent que la philosophie RERO permet un développement plus rapide, améliore l'implication des utilisateurs dans la définition du logiciel, et finalement favorise sa conformité aux attentes des utilisateurs pour enfin aboutir à un programme de meilleure qualité. Cette philosophie de développement vise à éviter de créer un logiciel que personne n'utilisera. Cette philosophie a été popularisée par Eric S. Raymond dans son essai de 1997 La Cathédrale et le Bazar, où il formulait explicitement "Publiez tôt. Publiez souvent. Et écoutez vos clients". Cette philosophie a initialement été appliquée au noyau Linux et à d'autres logiciels libres, mais également ensuite à du développement de logiciel propriétaire et commercial. Les inconvénients de cette stratégie de diffusion incluent la possibilités de bugs plus fréquents ou même de pertes de données, et l'obligation pour les utilisateurs finaux de mettre à jour leur logiciel plus fréquemment. L'alternative à la philosophie RERO est de diffuser seulement des versions longuement testées et supposées exemptes de bugs. Les partisans de RERO mettent en doute le fait que cela aboutisse réellement à des livraisons de meilleure qualité. » Source :https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_early,_release_often Tim Berners-Lee & Vinton G. Cerf https://www.w3.org/20/ https://twitter.com/HTeuMeuLeu/status/768019129433456640 Le Web – Rappels historiques 1969 : Connexion des premiers ordinateurs entre 4 universités américaines 1971 : 23 ordinateurs sont reliés à ARPANET. 1973 : L'Angleterre et la Norvège rejoignent le réseau Internet avec chacun 1 ordinateur 1983 : Arpanet devient Internet (TCP/IP) 1984 : 1 000 ordinateurs connectés 1987 : 10 000 ordinateurs connectés Sites des États-Unis reliés à ARPANET en 1974. (Auteur : Yngvar 1989 : 100 000 ordinateurs connectés http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Arpanet_1974.svg) 1991 : Annonce publique du World Wide Web 1992 : 1 000 000 ordinateurs connectés 1993 : Le CERN fait entrer le Web dans le domaine public 1996 : 36 000 000 ordinateurs connectés 2015 : 5 milliards d’équipements connectés à Internet 916 millions d'ordinateurs connectés fin 2011 « History of the Internet » de Melih Bilgil https://player.vimeo.com/video/2696386 « Le projet WorldWideWeb (WWW) vise à permettre de faire des liens de partout vers n'importe quelle information. » Tim Berners-Lee 6 août 1991 (sur alt.hypertext) http://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee +http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html Le Web – Rappels techniques Le Web, une application d'Internet Le (World Wide) Web est un système de documents hypertextes fonctionnant sur l'Internet de façon décentralisée. Il est constitué de trois éléments fondamentaux : ● un système d'identificateurs uniques pour les documents (URL - Uniform Resource Locator) ● un langage de balisage pour les documents (HTML - HyperText Markup Language) ● un protocole de transfert de documents (HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Le Web n’est qu’une des applications d’Internet. Quelques autres applications : le courrier électronique, le transfert de fichier (FTP), la messagerie instantanée et le partage de fichiers en pair à pair. Le Web – Rappels techniques URL - un système d'identificateurs unique Un URL (Uniform Resource Locator) désigne une chaîne de caractères utilisée pour adresser une ressource du Web. 1) Hypertext Transfer Protocol – http ou https – le protocole de transfert de document utilisé par le Web 2) Le nom de domaine du site Web 3) Le sous-répertoire de la page 4) Le nom de la page ressource demandée Le Web – Rappels techniques Traitement d'une requ te Source : https://delmas-rigoutsos.nom.fr/documents/YDelmas-ArchiWeb/YDelmas-ArchiWeb.html Le Web – Rappels techniques Dominique navigue dans le web. Il clique sur un lien vers une page de l'agenda du musée Vivant Denon. Le navigateur voit que le lien mène à l'URL http://www.museevivantdenon.fr/agenda/2017/octobre Il va donc essayer de télécharger la page correspondante. Le navigateur analyse l'URL et voit que la machine qui connaît le contenu de cette page (le serveur web) s'appelle www.museevivantdenon.fr. Il demande l'adresse IP de cette machine à un serveur DNS, qui lui répond 213.186.33.4. Il envoie un message HTTP à cette machine pour lui demander le contenu de la page /agenda/2017/octobre La machine lui envoie un message HTTP en réponse, qui contient le contenu de la page.
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