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Lobbying in EU Foreign Policy-Making Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Exploring the Potential of a Constructivist Perspective

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Lobbying in EU Foreign Policy-Making Towards the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Exploring the Potential of a Constructivist Perspective The London School of Economics and Political Science Lobbying in EU foreign policy-making towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Exploring the potential of a constructivist perspective Benedetta Voltolini A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, July 2013 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97640 words. 2 Abstract This thesis explores how constructivist insights could help us to form a more complete picture of lobbying in EU foreign policy-making, with a special emphasis on EU foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It demonstrates that non-state actors (NSAs) such as business groups, NGOs, solidarity movements and think tanks, are important players in the EU’s foreign policy-making. By sharing the constructivist views on the embeddedness of actors and assuming that actors interact with each other in order to make sense of the world, this thesis investigates lobbying on the basis of three analytical dimensions; namely roles, frames and levels. It is shown that NSAs lobbying the EU play a consensual role, which is based on mutually legitimising social interactions that do not challenge the EU’s actorness and policies towards Israel and Palestine. When combined with the use of legal or technical frames, these consensual forms of interaction are conducive to a re-framing of EU policies towards Israel and Palestine. In contrast, confrontational forms of social interactions, combined with the use of political frames are more recurrent at the national level. Finally, this thesis analyses how the national level is used, when NSAs lobby the EU. It concludes that there is a partial Europeanization of lobbying carried out by NSAs based in member states. The EU and national levels tend, however, to remain quite disentangled from each other. The argument presented in this thesis is tested in three case studies (EU-Israel trade relations, the UN Report following the war in Gaza in 2008-2009 and the EU-Israel Agreement on pharmaceutical products), which represent important aspects of EU foreign policy and were frequently mentioned by NSAs and officials. Moreover, the national level is analysed in the cases of France, the United Kingdom and Germany, which are the three big member states of the EU and crucial players in EU foreign policy. 3 Acknowledgements Although the Ph.D. is known to be a solitary enterprise, my Ph.D. journey has been a great opportunity to meet and work with many different people, who have enormously contributed to this thesis. Without their help, this thesis would not have seen the end. All mistakes or imprecisions however remain my sole responsibility. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors Federica Bicchi and Karen E. Smith. Their invaluable comments, criticisms, suggestions and feedback have helped me carry out the scaring task of writing a Ph.D. dissertation. Their intellectual and academic input has allowed me to constantly improve and progress towards becoming a researcher. Nathalie Tocci has also provided much support during these years, by readings draft chapters, sending me sharp comments, listening to my doubts over Skype and being a great friend, who has always believed in me and in this project. My colleagues and friends also deserve a special thanks for all the times they have listened to my complaints, they have supported and encouraged me in the bad moments, and have laughed with me. Thanks to Natali Pagliari for being a special friend and, together with her husband Stefano, my family in London. Thanks to Hadi Makarem for teaching me English, for sharing with me the craziness of the Piccadilly line in the morning, for cheering me up and being always in touch. Thanks to Roberto Roccu for his advice on teaching and research, and for his friendship. Roberto Orsi has also been a great ‘teaching mentor’ and I have learnt a lot from him. I cannot forget the various lunches I had with Jon Rahbek-Clemmenson, his jokes and our chats. Thanks to Simone Datzberger, who always looks at the positive side of things and forces me to do the same. Despite the noises and the construction work, the Q building has been a special place during the past three years thanks to the special people that have made this room a friendly place to share ideas and problems. Thanks to Outi Keranan, Yaniv Voller, Richard Campanaro, Zeynep Kaya, Philipp Lamprecht and Marta Iniguez-De- Heredia. Other friends that have made this Ph.D. a great experience are Carolina De Simone, Carolina Pavese, Giovanni Faleg, Damiano De Felice, Alessandro Giovannini and Luana Zaccaria. Despite being abroad, some good old friends have always supported me via email or phone. Veronica Depedri, Martina Calovi, Giulia Casagrande, Silvia Colombo, Nadia Bert, Martino Serapioni, Alessandro Rech, Beatrice Zorzin and Andrea Muzzarelli have been present over the past four years. The Ph.D. has also given me the possibility of travelling and spending some research time abroad. Part of the research has been conducted at the EU ISS in Paris, where Esra Bulut Aymat provided support and commented on a paper related to this project. Anna Dall’Oca, Tatiana Coutto and Judith Vorrath were great colleagues there and they have remained good friends. Brussels has been another crucial step in this research. The Centre for European Political Studies hosted me for one month, offering me a perfect place to conduct my research and to meet stimulating people. 4 My stay in Berlin at the Freie Universität has also been an important step to further this research and I thank Tanja Boerzel and Thomas Risse for hosting me at the Kollegsforschungsgruppe on Transformative Power Europe. My exchange with Sciences Po has been crucial for the final stage of this thesis. The MaxPo Centre and the LIEPP provided me with an inspiring and motivating environment where I met friendly people. I would like to thank Cornelia Woll for hosting me there and Camille Alle for having become a very good friend. The people who accepted to be interviewed also need a special thanks. Without their help, this thesis would have never seen the light. For anonymity purposes I cannot mention them, but they know who they are. I also thank all the people who entered into my life during this journey at different times and in different manners. They know who they are, even if they are not specifically mentioned here. Last but not least, I would have not been able to do a Ph.D. without the support of my family. My brother has been part of this journey in his weird way, but he has always been there. More importantly, a special thanks goes to my mother, who has been a constant presence over the years. Her love, patience, encouragement and understanding have helped me to face the numerous challenges of the past four years (and not only). This thesis is dedicated to nonno Mario and zia Riccarda, who cannot share this moment with me, but whose memory is always present in me. 5 Table of contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................. 8 List of Tables .............................................................................................................. 8 List of abbreviations .................................................................................................. 9 Introduction - ‘Embedded’ lobbying in EU foreign policy .................................. 11 Chapter 1 – Exploring lobbying in the EU’s foreign policy-making process through constructivist insights. The case of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict....... 19 1.1 Theorizing EU foreign policy ...................................................................... 23 1.2 Non-state actors in the EU: a rational-choice field of study? ...................... 30 1.3 Playing a consensual role in EU foreign policy-making? ........................... 44 1.4 Framing and arguing ................................................................................... 49 1.5 The level of lobbying and the Europeanization of NSAs ............................ 57 1.6 Methodology ............................................................................................... 64 1.7 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 72 Chapter 2 - The EU’s rhetoric, policies and actors towards the Israeli- Palestinian conflict ................................................................................................... 79 2.1 A smaller distance among ‘converging parallels’ ....................................... 80 2.2 The expansion of EU policies...................................................................... 84 2.3 The actors involved in EU foreign policy-making towards Israel and Palestine .................................................................................................................
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