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A Revolutionary Resolution of Time and Space: the Challenge

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A Revolutionary Resolution of Time and Space: the Challenge A REVOLUTIONARY RESOLUTION OF TIME AND SPACE: THE CHALLENGE TO REVIVE AND REVISE BLACK POWER By SKY EUTON KENNEN WILSON A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Program of American Studies DECEMBER 2014 © Copyright by SKY EUTON KENNEN WILSON, 2014 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by SKY EUTON KENNEN WILSON, 2014 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of SKY EUTON KENNEN WILSON find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ________________________________________________ Victor Villanueva, Ph.D., (Co)Chair ________________________________________________ John Streamas, Ph.D. (Co)Chair ________________________________________________ Thabiti Lewis, Ph.D. ________________________________________________ Azfar Hussain, Ph.D ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would first like to thank my committee. This has been a protracted struggle and I never would have made it to this point without you. Your patience, brilliance creativity and unwavering commitment to justice gives me hope in the possibility of reconciling one’s academic work with the world. You have all challenged me intellectually, mentored me academically, and supported me personally. The examples you set, I hope to emulate wherever I end up. I also need to thank my family who has been with me along this whole trip, and who has had to sacrifice financially and hustle with me through the challenges of graduate school. Oziah, your tiger concentration is an inspiration. Alma, the love and energy that saturates your works reminds me to stay focused on the work that is relevant to my heart. Etta, your intense compassion keeps me hopeful that we can make a better tomorrow. Laura, your belief in me, the family, and yourself pulls us all together and allows us all to reach for our potential. You have put in at least as much of the day- to-day work that was necessary for me to accomplish this goal, and while doing so, you’ve continued to grow stronger, and even more beautiful. Thank you to my Father and sister Nneka, we’ve been through so much in the time that I’ve been in graduate school, but I could always depend on your love and support. iii A REVOLUTIONARY RESOLUTION OF TIME AND SPACE: THE CHALLENGE TO REVIVE AND REVISE BLACK POWER Abstract by Sky Euton Kennen Wilson, Ph.D. Washington State University December 2014 Co-Chairs: Victor Villanueva and John Streamas In A Revolutionary Resolution of Time and Space: The Challenge to Revive and Revise Black Power I use an interdisciplinary approach to consider the capitalist production of time and space, and how this historical process, through colonization, slavery, and the globalization of capitalism, racializes our world in the service of profit. I argue that black power, as part of the long black liberation struggle, offers an alternative spatiotemporal paradigm that has the potential to create a future that prioritizes the people’s needs over profit. Whereas the political economic system of our contemporary historic bloc creates an inverse relationship between people and power, black power is based upon the assumption that people equal power. This project is necessarily broad in scope. To ground this work I use the production of Angola and Angola Louisiana State Penitentiary, from the Portuguese colonization of southern Africa, to Isaac Franklin’s slave plantation, Angola, to Angola Louisiana State Penitentiary—as a historical example that creates a specific space and accounting of time. iv While black power means many things to different people, I contend that the radical politics and praxis of the Black Panther Party, in the tradition of the long black liberation movement, is especially significant to contemporary community organizing as we respond to a seemingly ever expanding private sphere that effaces public space and the people’s time. This is especially true concerning the Panther’s survival programs, anti-capitalist and anti-U.S. imperialist politics, and the Party’s ability to forge revolutionary alliances among communities of color in the United States, and throughout Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East. In our time, we face new, or historically specific, challenges including man-made environmental catastrophe, and the exponential monopolization of the world’s resources; our capacity to revive and revise black power in this context, holds our potential to meet and overcome these obstacles. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. iv-v CHAPTER 1. THE MAKING OF ANGOLA AND THE CONTINUITY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ... 1 2. MARKET—MARK IT .............................................................................................................. 24 3. BREAK TIME: TOWARD THE PRODUCTION OF A NEW PUBLIC TIME AND SPACE .......................................................................................................................................... 57 4. BLACK PANTHERS RELOADED ........................................................................................ 83 5. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 106 WORKS CITED ....................................................................................................................................... 117 vi Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my Mother, you are the one who taught me how to see the world, how to question authority, challenge injustice, and to see power in (the) people. Your indomitable spirit is miraculous and we hold you in our hearts forever. vii CHAPTER ONE THE MAKING OF ANGOLA AND THE CONTINUITY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE I begin with a quote from the former warden of that all-American institution, Angola Louisiana State Penitentiary, a former slave plantation that is now the largest prison in the Nation of Prisons. When asked about the prison’s policy of automatically segregating inmates who identify (or whom prison employees identify) as transgender or gay, Warden Blackburn responds, “Segregation? That’s the system” (qtd. in Rideau and Wikberg 103). So honest. And it may be that it is easier for the Warden to be so explicit about the racism and sexual violence that saturates the institution because they are effects not only of the prison, but of the political economic system that creates, demands and supports the prison structure. My interest in the significance of Angola to this project began to take shape as a result of my relationship with two pillars of black lyricism. Indeed, both Gil Scott- Heron and the Jamaican dub-poet/poet-philosopher Mutabaruka helped shape my understanding of the significance of art, music and the word to the world.1 Their registers and ranges, rhythms and rhymes resonate in profoundly dynamic and revolutionary ways to create a soundclash. A soundclash is a musical and lyrical 1 Paulo Freire frames my understanding of “the word” here. Freire writes, “Within the word we find two dimensions, reflection and action, in such radical interaction that if one is sacrificed—even in part—the other immediately suffers. There is no true word that is not at the same time a praxis. Thus, to speak a true word is to transform the world” (87). 1 event that draws its roots from Kingston Jamaica in the 1950s. In these public events DJs or selectors, engineers, toasters or MCs bring their sound systems together to confront each other in battle. (Later, the soundclash becomes a foundational element in the production of Hip Hop in the United States.) But while many interpret, or at least see the pivotal point of the soundclash as the battle between sound systems, each reflecting the dissonance and describing the volatility of the slums with bass heavy beats, the significance of the soundclash is much more than its reflective or descriptive properties; the soundclash is also generative. A clash is an event and, by definition, marks a meeting at a specific point in space and instant of time. And while, intuitively, a clash may seem like a localized event, it is not, in fact, isolated in space and time; a clash implies both a confluence of trajectories and effect. Similarly, when sounds clash, the sound waves are not smashed into oblivion; they create a new effect. In this way, Gil Scott Heron and Mutabaruka’s songs “Angola Louisiana” and “Angola Invasion” reveal a dialectic between the historiography of colonial Angola and Angola Louisiana State Penitentiary. These songs, in fact, by the nature of their form, make the history of this dialectic material. In this particular soundclash, Gil Scott-Heron and Mutabaruka do something that no myopic history of Angola or Angola Louisiana State Penitentiary can do; they bring into focus a universe that is marked by the production of a specific spatiotemporality, a space and time that sets the stage, and allows, for the circulation of capital and that transforms black bodies into capital while simultaneously denying black (and all colonized) people’s subjectivity. 2 Marx’s often cited passage is pertinent here: “Theory will become a material force as soon as it seizes the masses. Theory is capable of seizing the masses as soon as its proofs
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