CALVIN BULLOCK FORUM ONE WALL STREET

Printed in U.S.A. Lecturers HONOURABLE HAROLD B. BUTLER, C.B. His Britannic Majesty's Minister in Season 1944.1945 Washington - "Britain's Foreign Policy" BRIGADIER LORD LOVAT, D.S.O. (In reverse order) Famous Commando Leader - "Jerry Got Hell"

MAJOR GENERAL E. R. QUESADA HIS EXCELLENCY HENRI BONNET U.S. Army - "Part of Air Power in Winning Ambassador of France - "France's Present Policy" German War" BRIGADIER FENIMORE IRWIN, C.B.E. HONOURABLE JOHN BALFOUR, C.M.G., Chief Staff Officer, British 14th Army - "The Burma Campaign" British Minister in Washington (British Minister in Moscow, 194345) - "What About Russia?" BRIGADIER GENERAL CARLOS P. ROMULO, U.S. Army HONORABLE J. A. KRUG Resident Commissioner of the Chairman, War Production Board - "Industry's Part in Reconversion" Philippines to the United States - "The Philippine Campaign" FIELD MARSHAL SIR HENRY MAITLAND WILSON, G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O. HIS EXCELLENCY CIMON DIAMANTOPOULOS Head of British Joint Staff Mission Ambassador of Greece - "Current Situation in Greect (Formerly Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theatre) - "The Internal Security of OFFICIAL PICTURES OF BRITAIN'S GRIM Europe After Victory" BATTLE AGAINST GERMANY'S VENGl!:ANCE WEAPON: - "The Robot Bomb" HONOURABLE SIR GIJlJA BAJPAI, K.B.E., C.I.E. HIS EXCELLENCY ALEXANDER LOUDON Agent General for India - "The Future of India" Ambassador of the Netherlands - "Holland's Extremity"

MAJOR C. B. ORMEROD HONORABLE BASIL O'CONNOR Special Relations Officer and Chairman Assistant to the Controller of the American National Red Cross - "The Red Cross in Action British Information Services - "An Inside Account of the in Europe" San Francisco Conference" HIS EXCELLENCY JAN CIECHANOWSKI DR. EDWIN W. KEMMERER Ambassador of Poland - "Poland's Part in the War Professor Emeritus of International and in the Peace" Finance, Princeton University - "Stabilization Under the Bretton Woods Plan" MAJOR GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT - "Fruits of Victory" HIS EXCELLENCY THE NORWEGIAN AMBASSADOR CALVIN BULLOCK FORUM

HONORABLE BASIL O'CONNOR ONB WALL STRBBT

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS CROWN PRINCE OLAV OF NORWAY

HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE ARCHDUKE OTTO OF AUSTRIA

HIS EXCELLENCY THE POUSH AMBASSADOR This unique Wall Street institution was founded by Mr. Calvin Bullock in 1937. The eminence of its speakers and HIS EXCELLENCY THE PORTUGESE AMBASSADOR audiences has given it an international reputation.

BRIGADIER GENERAL CARLOS P. ROMULO, U. S. Army A partial list of speakers appears within. Audiences have substantially exceeded 10,000. BRIGADIER GENERAL THEODORE ROOSEVELT Lectures are usually held in mid-week at four o'clock sharp, HIS EXCELLENCY THE AMBASSADOR OF THE UNION OF last thirty minutes, and are followed by a fifteen-minute ques­ SOVIET SOCIAUST REPUBUCS tion period.

HONORABLE LEVERETT SALTONSTALL Everything said is off the record. This permits unusually intimate addresses and discussions. HIS EXCELLENCY THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR Subjects are confined to military or political or economic ADMIRAL W. H. STANDLEY questions, in short those matters that would profoundly affect the business world. GENERAL C. P. SUMMERALL Attendance is by invitation and by ticket only. MAJOR GENERAL T. A. TERRY, U. S. Army The sad death on June 21, 1944 of the Forum's beloved HONORABLE WENDELL L. WILLKIE founder determined its continuance by his associates as a Memorial to him. But his perfect counsel as to choice of FIELD MARSHAL SIR HENRY MAITLAND WILSON, speaker, subject, and audience can never be replaced. G.B.E., K.C.B., D.S.O.

REAR ADMIRAL HARRY E. YARNELL Sept. 1, 1945.

HIS EXCELLENCY THE YUGOSLAV AMBASSADOR

Printed in U.S.A. Some Lecturers Since 1937 HONORABLE HUGH GIBSON HIS EXCELLENCY THE GREEK AMBASSADOR

HONORABLE JOSEPH C. GREW WINTHROP W. ALDRICH, ESQ. LIEUTENANT GENERAL GEORGE GRUNERT, U. S. Army VICE ADMIRAL ADOLPHUS ANDREWS, U. S. Navy SIR GODFREY HAGGARD, K.C.M.G., C.V.O., O.B.E. SIR GIRJA BAJPAI, K.B.E., C.I.E. HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF lIAuF.u, HONOURABLE JOHN BALFOUR, C.M.G. P.C., K.G., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E. THE BISHOP OF WASHINGTON, D. C. HONORABLE LEON HENDERSON AIR VICE MARSHAL Sm HARRY BROADHURST, K.B.E., C.B., D.S.O., D.F.C., A.F.C. MAJOR GENERAL LEWIS B. HERSHEY, U. S. Army

HONOURABLE HAROLD B. BUTLER, C.B. DR. EDWIN W. KEMMERER

SIR RONALD CAMPBELL, K.C.M.G., C.B. CAPTAIN ANTHONY KIMMINS, Royal Navy

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE RICHARD GARDINER CASEY, P.C., C.H., HONORABLE J. A. KRUG D.S.O., M.C. VICE ADMIRAL HERBERT FAIRFAX LEARY, U. S. Navy HIS EXCELLENCY THE CHILEAN AMBASSADOR BRIGADIER LORD LOVAT, D.S.O., M.C. HIS EXCEllENCY THE CHINESE AMBASSADOR ANNE O'HARE MCCORMICK HIS EXCELLENCY THE CZECHO·SLOVAK AMBASSADOR HONORABLE JOSEPH W. MARTIN, JR. HIS EXCELLENCY THE ROYAL DANISH MINISTER

LIEUTENANT GENERAL HUGH A. DRUM, U. S. Army LADY LOUIS MOUNTBATTEN, C.B.E.

MAJOR GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT HIS EXCELLENCY THE NETHERLANDS AMBASSADOR

HIS EXCELLENCY THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR HIS EXCELLENCY THE NEW ZEALAND MINISTER

DR. GEORGE GALLUP ADMIRAL Sm PERCY NOBLE, R.N., G.B.E., K.C.B., C.V.O. AMERICAN COUNCIL ON PUBLIC RELATIONS

369 PINE STREET SAN FRANCISCO 4, CAUFORNIA

September 5, 1 945

Commander Harold Stassen, U. S. N. State Capitol St. Faul, Minnesota

Dear Commander Stassen:

Our Council has conducted a poll among our members to determine the individual in America who, they think, has contributed most educationally and scientifically to public relations during the past year. The results of this national poll, which has recently closed, are as follows: Dr. Raymond if. Miller, l.Jashington, D.C., was first; Eric Johnston of the United States Chamber of Commerce was second; E~lard Stettinius, United lations representative, was third; you were fourth; and Paul Garrett of General Motors Corporation was fifth.

e are pleased to pass this information on to you, as we consider it a splendid tribute to the work you have done at the United Nations Conference.

Enclosed is an invitation to be present at the dinner here where Dr. Miller will receive the award from our Council. All of us officially connected with the Council would feel very pleased and proud if you could attend.

President

Rex F. Harlow/dam

Enc. The Officers and Trustees

of the American Council on Public Relations

cordially invite you to attend a banquet in the Italian Room of Hotel st. Francis, San Francisco,

Thursday evening, September 20th, at 6:30 P.M., at which Dr. Raymond W. Miller of Washington, D. c., selected by a national ballot of Council members, will receive the Council's 1945 Award for the person in America

who has contributed the most educationally and

scientifically to public relations during

the past year.

R.S.V.P. OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES

THOMAS D. GRIFFIN, Exec. Vice President HENRY NORTH, Vice President Local Loan Company Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. Chicago, Illinois San Francisco, California

REX F. HARLOW STUART O 'MELVENY, President Public Relations Consultant Title Insurance and Trust Co. San Francisco, California Los Angeles, California

GEORGE W . KLEISER, President JOHN E. PICKETT, Editor Foster and Kleiser Company Pacific Rural PreJS San Francisco, California San Francisco, California

S. B. MOSHER, President DONALD R. RICH BERG, Attorney Signal Oil Company Davies, Richberg, Beebe, Busick Los Angeles, California and Richardson Washington, D. C.

RAY B. WISER, President California Farm Bureau Federation Berkeley, California

SPONSORING COMMITTEE

GEORGE T. CAMERON, Publisher ADRIEN J . FALK, Vice President, Gen. Mgr. San Francisco Chronicle S & W Fine Foods, Inc.

HENRY F. GRADY, President JOSEPH 1. CAUTHORN, President American President Lines, and San Francisco News President, S. F. Chamber of Commerce

EDMUND D. COBLENTZ, Publisher CLARENCE R. LINDNER, Publisher San Francisco Call-Bulletin San Francisco Examiner

ALFRED W . EAMES, President JAMES K. LOCHEAD, President California Packing Corporation American Trust Company CHARLES E. MOORE, President WILLARD D. ELLIS, President Joshua Hendy Iron Works Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of Berkeley, and General Agent N. R. POWLEY, President Farm Credit Administration The Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co.

J. D . ZELLERBACH, President Crown Zellerbach Corp.

Stoughton Vocational School s BOARD OF V OCATIONAL AND ADULT EDUCATION J. E. Duer, President Norman A. Dahl G. W. Schefelker, !J)ilft/M v Phones 570-887 Henry A. Olson, Supt. of Schools, Secretary Stoughton ' Wisconsin s Elmer Gullickoon Palmer C. Hanson

September 12, 1945

The Honorable H. E. Stassen State Capitol Building Minneapolis, Minnesota Dear Sir: During the past several years the public forum, which has been sponsored and developed in the city of Stoughton, has come to be regarded as one of the outstanding events of the year by the general public . of our community. This year we are again making an effort to present to our community the best program that can be provided. Our local forum committee, which is now endeavoring to complete arrangements for a series of programs, desires very much to in­ clude you in its list of guest speakers. Because of your recent travels abroad in countries in which the people of our community are especially interested, we can think of no other speaker in whom they would have a greater interest or a desire to hear. The speakers that have been selected for this year's forum thus far are: Hulda Frisk Gran January 20 Robert Kazmayer January 27 Henry M. Hodges February 3 Dr. Robert Hartman February 10 Dr. Diosdado M. Yap February 24 Is it possible for you to accept our invitation to appear as guest speaker on our program on Sunday afternoon, March 3? If so, kindly advise us as to the subject upon which you would like to speak, and also the fee that would be .expected. Very respectfully, !fl,e~~ Director GWS:vln -Tl MINNEAPOLIS

STAR JOURNAL AND TRIBUNE

JOHN COWLES September 15 PRESIDENT 1945 Commander Harold E. Stassen USNR Staff Commander, 3rd Fleet c/o Fleet Post Office San Francisco, California

Dear Harold:

As you may have heard, I was out in the Pacific for three weeks in August visiting the navy and army installations. I had hoped very much to see you, but of course you were with Halsey's task force at that time.

Literally dozens of different men in the navy from admirals down to gobs talked to me about you. Without a single exception, everyone said that you had done a superb job in the navy.

Although I am well aware of your previous decision not to run against Shipstead for the senate in 1946, I wonder whether, since the Japanese war was won possibly six or eight months sooner than most people anticipated, and it is a long time until 1948, it wouldn't conceiv­ ably be well for you to review that original decision. In no sense am I trying to urge you to run. I also fully realize that a freshman senator is in a difficult position. On the one hand he has to commit himself on all sQrts of troublesome minor issues, and he cannot play tooprominent a part in some of the senate's activities or he will alienate the older ' senators who think a newcomer should lie low. I also realize that you are much more in­ terested in the administrative side of public office than you are in the legislative side. You did such an outstandingly superb job at San Francisco, however, that conceivably you might have developed a liking there for conciliating and mediating conflicting viewpoints and pushing for affirmative agreement on legislative acts which you favor.

I believe that you could beat Shipstead. I am far from sure that Walter Judd can. although I am a great admirer of Judd and think that aside from you and possibly Ed Thye, Judd would probably make the best runaElt against Shipstead in the Republican primary of any of the possibilities.

If you were elected to the senate, I believe that you could strengthen your hold on the Republican organization in the state and probably bring about more unity within the party. The RepUblicans are, as you know, badly split now. If Shipstead should beat Judd, you might find yourself with a badly divided party organization here at home when 1948 rolls around.

Again let me emphasize that I have no desire to try to persuade you to make the senatorial race if you don't want to do that or if in your judgment it is unwise. I simply wanted to suggest that possibly you should take another look at the whole picture in the light of the present situation before finally reaching any conclusion.

Attached is a pamphlet of reprints of some articles I wrote for the Star-Journal following my return from the Pacific. Even if you don't have time to glance at any of the others, I would appreciate your reading the last cv~pter in the pamphlet, the one urging consolida­ tion of the war department and navy department into a single unified Department of National CONTI NUATI O N Commander Harold E. Stassen September 15 M I NNEAPOLI S Page Two 1945 STAR J O U R N AL. A N D TRI BUNE

Defense. I regard that as of top importance. I realize the opposition of most of the admirals and have discussed the thing with many of them. I don't believe it is possible for us to have a modern, effective system of national defense without combining the services. If you have the time, I would be interested in your personal slant on this subject.

With congratulations on the wonderful war record you have made, and with warm personal regards, I am

Sincerely yours, ~~e.

Report From the Paeifie By John Cowles

It is almost impossible for anyone who has not actually crossed the Pacific ocean to comprehend the enormous area it covers, or to appreciate how widely separated are many of the islands which J UST prior to the Japanese our American forces have had to capture on their way to Tokyo. surrender, John Cowles visited American army and But those distances must be got into one's mind before one can navy forces and installations in the Pacific theater, understand the problems American military, naval and air forces at the invitation of the Secretaries of INavy and faced in the Pacific. Guam, our island base where for some months Fleet Adm. Nimitz War. has had his headquarters, is 4,000 land miles west of Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor itself is 2,400 miles from San Francisco. For comparison, He visited Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Pearl Harbor, to realize what such distances mean, one should remember that it is the Philippines, etc., and was on Okinawa when only 2,600 miles from New York the 'first Japanese overtures that resulted in sur­ to San Francisco. and machine guns hidden in the hillside caves, from their prepared render were received. In recent months the actual positions. ground fighting with the Jap To clear the jungles and cut forces has been in the Philippines, down the ,hills so that airstrips for 1,500 miles southwest of Guam, our planes could be constructed, and on Okinawa, which is almost incredibly large amounts of road that far northwest of Guam, and building and grading machinery which is 1,000 miles from Manila. were necessary. Far more bull­ Most of these Pacific islands, dozers have probably been used on moreover, have not had harbors half a dozen relatively tiny Pacific deep enough to handle ocean-going islands than were employed in ships. Manila is an exception, but building the Alaskan highway. there 400 Jap craft of all kinds Our victory in this war should were sunk by our fleet and air mean ample glory for every force and they seriously obstruct­ branch of our services. When the ed our use of Manila's harbor and laurel wreaths are awarded, the dock facilities. construction battalions-both navy Sea bees and army engineers­ Our whole war supply problem should certainly not be neglected. in the Pacific consequently was immeasurably more difficult and Scores of thousands of construc­ complicated than it was in Eu­ tion troops labored 12 or 16 hours rope. a day, seven days a week, frequent­ ly under direct Jap air bombing We have had to dredge and or artillery fire. They improved deepen harbors and build break­ the harbors, and constructed the waters and docks on many Pacific air strips and the gasoline pipe islands, to handle the landing of lines necessary to fuel our planes, our vast stores of supplies and built the roads essential for haUl­ equipment. ing bombs to the airfields, and all This was imperative so that we the other installations necessary could give our men that superior. for pressing the assault against the ity in armaments and equipment Japs. which was essential in .order to Even while the first waves of blast the Japs, with their artillery our combat troops were attacking the hills and ridges in which the world away from us. We have In capturing such islands, one comfortably in the inner room. Japs were fortified with artillery had to carve airfields out of moun· must reaUze our troops had the Whenever the Nips' machine gun and machine guns, our supply tains and Jungles. Without the great disadvantage of going up ceased firing because of a direct forces were also landing and be­ extraordinary ingenuity, resource­ against not only tough Japanese American hit, the Jap officer glnnlng their jobs of clearance and fulness and courage of our engl· ' soldiers who, according to experts, would presumably send two more construction. neer troops, it couldn't have been fight more desperately and sav· men and a fresh machine gun to The recognition and praise of a done. agely than any troops known in the cave's mouth to resume shoot· military history, but also against ing. It required some 18 direct grateful nation should be given It will be a difficult job for any· without stint to our Seabees and natural fortifications that greatly hits before the pillbox and its 36 body to try to persuade those boys defenders were eliminated. army engineers as well as to the who have seen the almost impos· aided the defense. Infantry and marines, the airmen sible achieved under fire in the Okinawa, for example, is a suc­ * * * and the sailors, whose valor has In invading most of the central Pacific that we can't find ways in cession of Jungle-covered ridges, a Pacific islands, our forces faced naturally been more widely pubU. peacetime to do such things as series of steep bills sometimes cized. another serious military disadvan· clear the slums, eliminate condi· cliff·like in the sharpness of their tage. Frequently these islands had We have fought and won a war tions of squalor, and provide de­ rise. The strata of rock are brok· only one or two beaches where a a third of the way around the cent housing here at home. en every few rods by fissures and landing was even potentially pos· caves in which the Japs installed sible. Cliffs or almost impassable artillery and machine gun nests. reefs prevented the possibility of Even violent, sustained naval landings elsewhere. bombardment and concentrated Consequently tne Japs . could air raids against such enemy posi­ know with certainty at what point tions could do no great damage or points the American forces II except as direct hits were scored would land, and would install their The islands in the Pacific where in pools of sweat. Clothes mil· in the actual cave openings, some­ artillery and machine gun nests to the final battles against the Japs dew. Leather moulds. times only a foot or two or three sweep those areas. were fo'ught, and from which Mr. Maugham's play, moreover, wide at the surface. A friend of mIne who command­ On large land masses like the our planes bombed Japan, are omits a new development: dust. Philippine Islands or New Guinea, mostly of volcanic origin. It is difficult to describe how dus­ ed a marine platoon on three inva· sions (he was the only officer in landings could be made at many Some, such as those in the Mar· ty those islands can be in inter· different points. Consequently the his battalion 'not killed or wounded shall group, are at~lls or coral vals between cloudbursts. in one day's fighting) showed me Japs, not knowing where we would reefs, surrounding a volcanic hit, could not concentrate their Due to our incessant, round·t.he· a Jap position that had held up mountain which long ago sank be· clock construction of air strips and defenses. low the ocean's surface. his outfit for almost a day with roads on an island like Okinawa, heavy losses. He said that occa· As a result, initial landings Other islands, like Guam, are the dust clouds are so dense five sionally American artillery would could be made with far fewer or tops of volcanic peaks, with coral minutes after a heavy rainstorm make a direct hit in the mouth of no casualties. Once our forces reefs off the shore, so landings that even though the sun is shin· the cave where a :Tap machine were ashore, the greater strategic by even small craft are difficult. ing brightly frequently trucks gun was located and silence it. and tactical mobility that the Most of these islands are located and jeeps have to use their head· Thereupon the marines would im· larger land masses provided en· in the typhoon belt, where storms lights. mediately advance, only to have abled our men to destroy the of such terrific intensity as to The n the sudden downpour the Jap machine gun resume fire enemy with relatively lighter be able literally to blow warships brings wet dust, blobs of mud that and mow down the attackers. casualties than was the case on apart are not uncommon. coat windshields and make truck Eventually the cave was cap· some of the smaller islands. and jeep driving something like tured, and it was discovered that Considerable discussion has tak· Persons who have seen Somer· en place here at home as to the set Maugham's play "Rain" on the flying blind with no instruments. after a narrow passage some 40 feet in length there was a large relative merits and abilities of the stage or in the movies will have Add the factor of rough, hilly top army and navy commands in some appreciation of how wet room, impregnable because but· roads just being constructed, with amphibiou~ landings; The fact that these islands can be. While some tressed in every direction by 40 or hairpin curves around steep cliffs, 50me invasions of relatively small have moderate temperatures, the more feet of rock. roads being built to air strips being islands resulted in heavier casual· heat on others is frequently so leveled on what a few days In it were the remains of 85 ties than did other invasions of intense and the humidity so high before were jungle hilltops, and Jap soldiers and one Jap officer. much larger areas, is in itself that after a bath it is impossible one can appreciate why traffic ac· Apparently two Japs marined meaningless as a standard for to get dry. cidents are not uncommon on such the pillbox at the cave's mouth judging the relative mlUtary abil· Sometimes one sleeps at night islands as Okinawa. while the remaining ones waited ities of the commanders. after the war, his eyes grew cold semble an Indian moccasin, except III and his expression hard. He said, that the big toe is in a separate Wholly apart from the various It would have been impossible "It is my duty to return and help compartment. Presumably it was Jap-held islands which the Ameri­ to place enough guards along the rebuild Japan into a powerful na­ designed so that the Japanese can forces in the Pacific by-passed gasoline pipe lines completely to tion." troops could move more quietly on the long road back to Tokyo, protect them_ One island com­ Although the Japs were wearing when trying to infiltrate Amer­ ican lines or slip up on American there were many Japanese troops mander told me that instead of prisoner of war garb, many of soldiers. hiding in jungles and caves on doing a half way job of guarding them still had their original shoes, most of the islands that had been the pipe lines, he figured it was which are designed with the great On Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Oki· successfully invaded and occupied better psychology not to guard toe separated from the four small­ nawa and the Philippine~ addition· by the Americans and announced them at aU, to avoid suggesting er toes. This was the "cleft hoof" al Jap prisoners were being as "secure." to the Japs the idea of sabotag­ which we saw on many still un­ brought in almost daily while I Saipan, for example, one of the ing them. buried Jap corpses both on Oki­ was there, prior to the Mikado's surrender. I saw 78 Jap prisoners Marianas group from which our nawa and Corregidor. Small painted signs warned being admitted at one time on Oki· B29s bombed Japan, was declared truck drivers every few hundred These Jap shoes somewhat re- nawa. "secure" almost a year ago. yards of the existence of a gas It contains 71 square miles. At pipe line so that they would not that time, it was believed that accidentally run over it and dam­ there were from 1,000 to 2,000 age it, and cautioned troops not Jap troops still loose on the is­ to throw lighted cigaret butts near land_ Since Saipan was declared the pipe line where leaking gaso­ IV "secure," more than 8,000 Jap line fumes might become ignited. To persuade the Jap soldiers fiant Jap officers who objected to soldiers have been killed there, One night the Japs on Saipan who were still hiding out on Pa­ their trying to persuade their more than 800 captured, and on moved all of these warning signs cific islands occupied by Ameri­ countrymen to give themselves the day Tokyo surrendered, it was several hundred yards away from can forces to surrender, various up. estimated there were still from the place where the pipe line actu­ tactics were used. 1,000 to 2,000 Japs hiding in ally ran, presumably to confuse On one occasion, a prisoner of Airplanes with loudspeakers jungles or caves. the Americans as to its location, war returned from his assignment On various other relatively but they made no effort to dam­ were flown over the areas where with word that he had located small isla·nds invaded and occu­ age the pipe line itself. Japs were believed to be hiding a Jap major who did not believe pied by our forces, the number and small boats with loudspeakers the stories about how good the cruised close to shore where Japs of Jap troops killed or captured On Okinawa* I* visited * a prison prison camp food was and how were believed to be in caves. Good subsequent to the date that the camp which contained some 6,700 decently he would be treated if island was declared "secure" has Japanese troops, some 800 of them treatment and good food was he surrendered_ He reported that run from five to ten times the officers. Through a Nisei United promised those who complied. Fre­ the Jap major was willing to come number estimated alive at the States anny interpreter, I talked quently Nisei or Jap prisoners of to the prison camp and see for time organized resistance was de­ with a number of them, both of­ war were sent out into the jungle himself what the conditions were, clared at an end. ficers and enlisted men. to try to locate Japs, talk with if the American commanding offi­ them and attempt to convince cer would give him his word that Although *the *Japs * hiding on They looked husky ana well fed, them to become captives. he could return to the jungle if such islands frequently sniped at although uniformly small in stat­ Never was the Japanese equiva­ he concluded he wished to do that. AmericaI\ troops and occasionally ure. Some of the officers had lent for the word "surrender" lost neither their arrogance nor This commitment was made, shot at jeep passengers whom employed. Instead the Japs were and the next morning the Jap their belief in their empire's des­ they judged to be high ranking told "Japan has alread~ ' lost the major was brought into the prison officers, they made few it any tiny, but the bulk of them seemed war. Join us, come over to our completely docile. camp. He lived there from day organized offensive attacks_ side. You will be given plenty to to day, without making his deci­ Incredible as It may sound, I One well-educated Japanese of­ eat, and once peace comes you sion, because he said he suspect­ was told by commanders on sev· ficer who had been a cadet in the can do more good by helping your ed that the food and treatment eral islands that no Japs had government military academy, ad­ people than by starving to death were particularly favorable at tried to cut our gasoline pipe mitted the Japanese attack at here." first in order to impress him, and lines although they were easily Pearl Harbor without a declara­ Always the prisoners of war he wanted to be sure that the accessible, running usually on the tion of war had violated interna­ sent out on these missions return­ good fare would continue. surface of the ground from the tional custom and had been "a ed, except occasionally when they Finally on the fifth day he told harbor through the jungle to our mistake." When he was asked if were apparently killed by still de- the camp commandant that he various air strips_ he expected to go back to Japan Manila. American troops wanting In addition to being taught to surance companies are insolvent. guarantee their future independ­ to send souvenirs from the Phil· spring at an enemy, crush his Sources of tax revenue have dried ence as a nation and provide bil­ ippines to their wives, mothers right arm in their teeth and cling up. lions of dollars necessary to repair and girl friends at home, frequent. to it, particular training was giv­ Billions of doilars will be need­ their devastated island economy, ly pay $15 for a handkerchief but then will also remove tariff en the dogs in locating mines hid­ ed to rebuild the economy of the that would normally sell for 25c, den in the ground. The dogs have barriers so Philippine sugar, Philip­ or pay $50 for a locally woven an uncanny ability at sniffing out Philippines. Universally it is as­ pine coconut and other vegetable straw hat that would have sold spots where anything had been sumed the United States will oils, and Philippine cigars, can be prewar for a dollar. buried. Once they had found have to foot the bilL permanently imported duty free into the United States while com­ In the Marianas* * where* a ma- such a place they would indicate Desire for complete independ­ rine division was undergoing final it to their trainers and could not peting nations pay tariffs, ap­ ence from the United States is pears somewhat naive. Like ap­ training for the invasion of Ja­ be persuaded to walk over it. stronger than ever among the pan, I saw my first "war dog pIa­ Each soldier had about three dogs pealing children, the Filipinos as­ Filipino masses. No candidate for sume they can both have their toon." Some thirty Gl's spent to handle. Thirty minutes in the public office would have a chance their entire time training these forenoon and thirty minutes in the cake and eat it, enjoying the ad­ for election unless he voiced this vantages of independence without war dogs to obey various com· afternoon was devoted to each universal demand. mands and signals. one's training, separately. assuming its burdens. Yet every well-informed, respon­ For one who does not believe in sible Filipino will privately say imperialism, for one who deeply the Philippines can not prosper as sympathizes with the aspirations an independent nation without of the Filipinos and all other large scale, continuing assistance colonial peoples for their com­ from the United States. plete independence, the facts are VI This applies not just to matters unpleasant. The truth is how­ The Phil i P pin e islands are pletely new location, miles distant of national defense, but to the ever Filipinos are not now pre­ scheduled ·by act of the United from its prewar site. whole economy_ Agreements al­ pared, either economically or ready have been made to give States congress to ,be given their T h l' 0 ugh 0 u t the Philippine psychologically, for early and com­ complete independence by July 4, islands the story is the same. the United States perpetual naval plete independence, much as they 1946, 'but the end of the Pacific E ith er the retreating Japs deliber­ and air bases on the islands. That want it. we will, of course, protect the war finds them ill·prepared for ately demolished buildings and U they continue to insist they independence. Philippine islands from foreign ag­ bridges, power plants and water desire their independence next More than three years of Jap works, or they were necessarily gression is taken for granted by year, of course we should live up occupation, followed by terrific destroyed by attacking Americans. Americans and Filipinos alike. to opr 10-year-old pledge and give war damage in recent months as The 18,000,000 Filipinos had a Continuing American economic the islands were successively lib­ prewar standard of living probably aid in the future, in addition to it to them. erated, have left the Philippines higher than any other Asiatic peo­ restoration of war damage, ap­ But, following the election late in a desperate condition. ple. Now most of their cities pears to informed Filipinos to be this autumn, possibly the success­ and towns are in ruins, their trans­ vital if, under independence, their ful Filipino presidential candidate Prewar Manila,* * a '"modern met· portation and communications sys­ nation is to have the overall may send a mission to Washing­ ropolis of 750,000 population, was tems are wrecked, their utilities, standard of living, the goo d ton to suggest postponement or considered one of the world's most factories, churches and schools schools, and the effective sanitary modification of complete inde­ beautiful cities. Today most of are largely destroyed. and medical controls which ex­ pendence until Philippine economy Manila's downtown buHdings are isted in prewar decades of Ameri­ has been restored and the nation rubble, destroyed by air bombing Three-fourths* *or *more of the can control. is better prepared to carry the and naval and artillery shelling domesticated water buffalo, called During the period of Jap inva­ burdens of full sovereignty. which Gen. MacArthur's forces carabao, which served as beasts of sion and occupation, the Fili­ Filipinos are a gallant, high­ found it necessary to use in order burden and which Filipino farm­ pinos proved their loyalty to the spirited, likeable people. We owe to Iblast the tenacious Jap army ers used to cultivate their rice United States. Almost alone them much for the wartime loy­ out of one square block after an­ paddies, were killed and eaten by among colonial or subject peoples alty they have shown us. But other_ the Jap army of occupation. in Asia, they demonstrated their the problem of the Philippines will The extent of Manila's destruc­ Most of the small ships, which faith in and affection for the na­ not be Solved simply by our giving tion is such that plans are cur­ plied between the hundred differ­ tion that had governed them. them their independence l1ext rently being considered to rebuild ent Philippine islands, have been Their confidence that the Unit­ summer and casting them adrift the business district in a com- sunk. Most local banks and in- ed States not only will militarily in the world. VII as contrasted with wartime, naval plications of the development of and air installations. Wholly apart the atomic bomb and the rocket · While every American favors western Pacific. Yet the congres­ from the manpower - navy sea­ or appreciates the startling prog­ our holding pennanently such Pa­ sional subcommittee insists we sees and army engineers-being ress that has been secretly made cific naval and air bases as are must acquire and develop half a employed in constructing these in the whole field of electronics. necessary to provide security, dozen naval bases there. This There is a real danger we may be some proposals which are being would be utterly unjustified by permanent bases, we are spending hundreds of mitnons of dollars for lulled into false security by the advanced are utterly fantastic in any conceivable national defense spending of billions in ways that their extravagance and imperial­ need. material and equipment for their postwar use. would have helped speed the win· ism. One of America's ablest and ning of this war, had we acted No one needs fear that the navy most intelligent sea warriors is Congress, instead of going even five years sooner, but which might will not ask for enough, or more Adm. Raymond A. Spruance, com­ further than our navy and anny prove worthless for a future war. than enough, in the way of post­ leaders in asking greater expendi· mander of the famed United n another war com_w hi c h war bases in the Pacific. Probab­ States Fifth fleet, probably the in­ tures in the Pacific, might better devote its energies to scrutinizing God forbid-it probably will be ly the navy wi!! request substan­ dividual upon whom Fleet Adm. possible to send rocket missIles tially more than it privately Nimitz has most depended through­ the current program to see wheth· er substantial savings in it could carrying atomic bombs half way thinks it needs, in the expectation out the war. If Adm. Nimitz had around the world, and to direct that congress will not appropriate not wisely be made. Even our been called to Washington to take present projects were undertaken them accurately by radar against all the funds that it initially so­ Adm. King's job as chief of staff a specific target. licits. long before the effects of the of the entire navy, a position Nim­ atomic bomb and other new wea· Gen. H. H. Arnold, head of the Yet the house naval affairs sub­ Itz would have been thoroughly pons were known. Possibly hun­ committee issued a report to con­ army air force, has gone so far qualified to fill, presumably Spru­ dreds of millions, even billions, of as to suggest that this may be the gress Aug. 18 advocating a pro­ ance would have succeeded Nimitz dollars that will otherwise prove gram of 'bases in the Pacific that last war in which any human will as top commander In the Pacific. utter waste could even now be pilot an airplane. goes so far beyond anything which saved If our construction program Although Adm. Spruance so dis­ Island bases In the Pacific responsible navy spokesmen have In the Pacific were carefully re­ likes personal pubficity that he might be valueless if a new war asked as to constitute imperialism viewed. or militarism of the most unen­ had only one press conference dur­ were to come a decade or a gen­ lightened type. Ing the entire war, a week after The atomic bomb and various eration from now. the issuance of the congressional new inventions which after V-E For a congressional committee This congressional subcommit­ Day we discovered the Gennans tee demanded the United States report he held a press conference at this time even to suggest that and told reporters he thought It were developing, have wrought we seize additional bases from our claim "full title" to every Pacific such a revolu.tion in warfare that island where American bases are neither necessary nor advisable for Allies and spend billions of dollars the United States to control any all military conceptions based on more than even the most extrav· now temporarily located, even conditions existing even a few islands in the Pacific except the agant navy program calls for to though many of them are owned months ago are now obsolete. by Australia, New Zealand and Jap·mandated Marshalls and Caro­ fortify the Pacific, is not just im· others of our Allies. lines and Marianas, plus those we Probably not one person in a perialism or militarism - It is thousand yet comprehends the im· sheer insanity. The congressmen listed many already have. islands throughout the entire Pa­ Not only did Adm. Spruance cHic which they said we "must" indicate that he saw no need for control, whether or not our Allies American bases far below the who own them wish to transfer them to us, and on which we equator, but he suggested Okina· "must" develop and maintain wa be held as a joint United Na­ VIII bases. tions base. Okinawa was one of Unification of the war and navy separate navy department, as Is During August I discussed the the islands that the congressional departments into a single depart· the case today. question of postwar bases with committee report insisted we hold. ment of national defense ·is prob­ Several hundred thousand more many admirals throughout the Pa­ ably the most important and de­ As one who has recen tly covered American men were in unifonn in cific. Although several advocated sirable piece of legislation that this war because of the duplica­ programs that seemed excessively some 20,000 miles of the Pacific, the present congress could enact. tion resulting from the existence large to me, none even suggested I am convinced the American We cannot have maximum na­ of the two distinct departments that the United States needed a people have no comprehension of tional military effectiveness and than would have been necessary single base of its own below the the colossal sums of money being a modern, efficient system of de­ had we had one unified set-up. equator in either the central or spent In the Pacific for permanent, fense with a separate war and a Billions of dollars of taxpayers' money were unnecessarily spent gasoline into its planes. The army because of the waste inevitably takes it for granted that only sol­ service requires specialization. An learned of this, its shoe manufac­ produced by this lack of unifica­ diers should put gasoline into army excellent submarine" officer might turers were told that they must tion_ planes and the navy takes it for know nothing about handling quickly find some way to change Undoubtedly, although it is un­ granted that only sailors should fighter planes on an aircraft car­ the looks of the marine shoe, as provable, more American boys put gasoline into navy planes, so rier, or clearing Manila harbor of the marines did not want their gave their lives to win the war we have the double set-up, the the four hundred sunken ships shoe to resemble that worn by than would have been the case double personnel. that obstructed navigation there. army infantrymen. At that very had the army and navy been uni­ This relatively trivial example An excellent army infantry offi­ time the marines and infantry fied ten years ago. is simply symbolic. It could be cer, superb in leading combat were gallantly fighting side by The men in every branch of the multiplied a hundred fold by dupli­ troops in a Pacific jungle, might side on Pacific atolls, yet service service showed equal varor in this cate army and navy headquarters know nothing about the intrica­ rivalries at the top were such war. In the victory that our and staffs with all their support­ cies of radar operation in a B-29, that the idea of marines and in· forces won, there is ample glory ing service troops, duplicate intel­ or of ways of deciphering the ene­ fantry wearing identical shoes was for all. But the prevailing civil­ ligence services, duplicate supply my's code. considered deplorable. ian impression that our American depots, duplicate facilities and in­ Should the atomic bomb and Actually all uniforms, except army, navy and air force opera­ stallations throughout the globe. ocean spanning rockets be devel­ clothing designed for some speci­ tions were really unified is utter­ Even when the command is uni­ oped and controlled by the army fic operational function, should be ly false. Some - not all - of the fied at the top, with one general or by the navy? identical throughout all branches various services were co·ordinated, or one admiral in supreme com­ The answer is inescapable: they of our service. Military titles for in varying degrees, in different mand of both army and navy should be developed and controlled commissioned officers should be areas. Victory would have come forces in a particular theater of by one unified department of na­ identical. Pay should be the same sooner and our armed might war, the duplication and overlap­ tional defense. The hundreds of in all services for men of the would have been more effective ping occur on each descending lay­ millions of dollars a year that same rank performing tasks of had we had a completely unified er of army and navy command. would be saved by eliminating the comparable danger or difficulty. military set-up. Such duplication is inevitable, in­ duplications that are unavoidable Morale or esprit de corps could Our victory would have been escapable, under the chain of au­ in our present double headed set­ be safeguarded through having in­ less costly in human terms, in thority that necessarily exists with up would provide funds for more signia indicating the specialized dollars and in time if we had not separate war and navy depart. research work on new weapons type of service in which the indi­ had the duplication, waste and ments at Washington. than we have trained scientists vidual was engaged worn on the service rivalries that resulted in­ available to handle. collar. evitably from the existence of the Unification of the army and navy into one department of na­ Our traditional system of sep­ Only by eliminating all the out­ two separate governmental de­ arate war and navy departments worn distinctions and petty jeal­ partments. tional defense does not mean mak­ ing either of the two traditional is" not only extremely wasteful, ousies and rivalries between the The procurement services of the different services can we have uni­ services subordinate to the other. but it also breeds harmful serv­ war department and navy depart. fication of our system of national SCientific progress may inexorably ice rivalries and jealousies. ment in effect competed against defense. With the discovery of reduce the relative importance of Back in 1942, the army discov­ each other in the purchase, stor­ the atomic bomb and the rocket, one arm or the other, or both the ered after actual battle experi­ age and transportation of weap­ and with amazing developments in traditional services, as new dis­ ence in the South Pacific that ons, supplies and equipment. electronics, war is being revolu­ coveries are made. the marine corps' shoe was super­ Service rivalries between the ior to the "!'my Infantry shoe. tionized. Today we have "total war." It war and navy departments pro­ Consequently, the army instruct­ Our national defense system is an indivisible mixture not only duced duplicating air fields, hos­ ed its shoe manufacturers to make needs to be revolutionized, too. pitals, supply depots, and even of­ of land and sea and air fighting, future army shoes identical with The first step in achieving it is to ficers' clubs in many parts of the but of construction and logistics, the shoes being worn by the ma­ consolidate the war and navy de­ world. of industrial production and scien· rines. When the marine corps partments. Both the army (ATC) and the tific research. navy (NATS) operate an airline The argument that the army's service across the Pacific. Even operations and the navy's opera­ on a remote Pacific island only tions are so dissimilar that the large enough for a single air strip, two services need completely sep­ where planes land to refuel, the arate governmental departments army and navy each maintains its simply will not withstand logical own exclusive personnel to put analysis. Every type of military Sept. 15, 1945

Dear Harold,

You got to Tokyo sooner than expectpd, for which all of us are thankful. I hope it also means youtll be back sooner also.

Betty and I got back home for three "'eeks this summer and did a little, not too much, snooping p,nd checking on the GOP pix, pa~- ticularly with reference to the senior senator.

No question but that the Dem-F-L party is considerably stronger, but is hendicapped by the Benson anchor around its neck and a great dearth of good candidate material, which latter spems also to affli ct the GOP.

Ed Tbye is strong as ever and will hRve no trouble, but who will follo,,' him is ·lid.e open. Ed himself likos JO Christianson, whom I don't know but about whom I have some misgivings as a candidate. However, as you know, Ed will run for governor in 1946, ani thetIs one problem that can be postponed.

There are rumors Schmahl will not run, but my hunch is he

Burnquist ~~d Mike will all be there when filings close. Likewise, in spite of rumors and buildup, Staff King will file for re"election, and make his t~y if any for ~v or senator in 1948. Personally, ltd like to see R slate of returned veterans in the GOP primary, against

Holm, Schmahl, Burn~uist and a few pf the Congressmen. Unless somethi~ is done to show them the GOP offers them some chence, theytll drift into the opposition. Whi ch brings me to SHpstead. His vote against the charter has ~ade him stick out like a sore th~b and in my opinion makes it

1mperativ~ that you do something about defeating him. ShipIteadls renomination, whether he were defeated in the final or not (1 think 2 • he would lo <\ e in the final) would be interpr~

nationally as home state. It

woulc. hurt to whom we must

look for your speerhead support in 1948.

As you know, I have always felt that if possible you yourself

should take on Shipatead. Rea1lons:. you 8re surest to beat him, you

would be in a fark better position for 48 in the Spnate than in

private life, the national spotlight on a Shipstead-Stessen contest wo~

would be 'good, the ~enate being a disadvantage is wrong-- tr~men ~ ously

important iSSUGS will be decided in Congress in the next three years,

which in turn will be the issues of the 48 campaign. ~etter to be in

the thick of the fi~ht than on the outside.

Hence, if you are likely to get out of the Navy by Je,nuary,

I think you should take on Shipstead, from all angles. If not. you

should at least be in the campaign to defeat him, with Judd as the

only candidate in sight that I can see. I also want to get into

that scrap. hence all this unsolicited advice. If Judd is to run, he

1lk and his friends should get going immediately. I donlt want to until

11m sure there is no possibility of your running.

Incidentally, it is my definite impresssion that Shipstead

is a political shell and won l be too tough. though I wouldn't tell

Judd that. lIve t~ked to too many who havP always supported him and

not are against him. His main support is some of the MNpls GOP.

As ever, SATURDAY NIGHT RALLIES 353 ROBERT STREET IN STEM HALL SAINT PAUL 1, MINN.

September *19, 1945 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

REV. GEORGE FRENCH, Director Commander Harold E. stassen, U.S.N.R. REV. J. C. KREBS, ChoirmM 3rd Fleet, C/O Fleet P.O. HENRY CURRER, Vice Choirmon San Francisco, California P. K. AHLQUIST, Secretory AXEL A. OLSON, Treosurer , Dear Mr. Stassen: ANTON OLSON, Proyer & Personol Work Please permit me to introduce myself to you REV. JOHN WALKUP, Progrom & Publicity as the pastor of your sister church in st. Paul, the Dayton's

THEO. A. VELlNE, FinMce Bluff Baptist Church. We did meet once before in the town of E. COLLINGHAM, JR., Ushers Racine, Wisconsin, at a Sunday afternoon mass meeting where you served as speaker. * * * . Although you have been away from home for a ADVISORY BOARD: long time, perhaps you have heard of the Youth for Christ

FRANK ADDINGTON movement. It has mushroomed into an international organization GUST I. BERGMAN and is spreading like prairie fire. Our sole purpose is to evangelize and seek the consecration of youth. Over 500 rallies REV. CARL G. CHARN are in existence with approximately 75 in Minnesota and nearby REV. MARTIN ERIKSON states. The rallies are held in cooperation with evangelical CAPTAIN GUNNAR ERICKSON Christian bodies, usually on Saturday evenings, with the finest JOHN GARVIK of Christian talent and the largest aUditoriums available. JOHN GOULD Chicago drew 70,000 in Soldier Field for its anniversary rally. , WM. HAZZARD The regular st. Paul rally is held every other CARL HEDMAN Saturda~ beginning October 6th, in the Theatre section of the REV. A. E. HOOKE Auditorium. Our anniversary date comes early in the new year ARTHUR ~OHNSON and we plan a special observance on February ~ in the Arena REV. GEO. H. KEELER with 13,000 seats. 1~ REV. PAUL LINDBERG With Christian people everywhere enthused about HOWARD MANLOVE Youth for Christ, and likewise enthused about you and your career REV. M. H. McMILLAN as a Christian man, it is our fondest hope that you might be home PETER MACFARLANE and might consent to appear on our anniversary program. Believe KENNETH C. MEYER me, there is nothing fanatic about this movement, but it seems REV. CARL W. NELSON God-directed to provide a host of youth to evangelize the world J. A. NYQUIST in the post-war period. We believe, as I know you do, that the REV. EDWIN OMARK gospel of Christ is the most potent force for peace known to the GENE RAMBO world. REV. FRED SHACKLETON We plan a thorough advertising campaign to bring J. T. SIGVERTSEN thousands from the Twin Cities and State for a momentous rally. REV. GEO. D. STROHM Uinneapolis regularly enjoys a 4000 to 6000 crowd and is giving I REV. FRED WEILER us 100% cooperation. The North Central regional office and the REV. N. A. WIENS International office will also promote this event. We plan to consider radio coverage also, if it can be procured. It will cer­ tainly bring great blessing to fill the Arena that night. Our city needs this witness to the glory of our Lord and we will pray that you will be enabled of Him to accept our invitation. Enclosed is a stamped envelope for your reply. (over) Were your pastor, John Wobig, here, I know he would Join me in sending warm Christian greetings to you. Finally, let me add that today's youth are our national leaders of tomorrow, and we need desperately to give them the gospel and every encouragement to live the Christian life. The attraction of outstanding Christian leaders in Youth for Ch~ist meetings is one of the secrets 01 their success. The recognition of many outstanding leaders is being given to Youth for Christ and even the press is aware of its significance in today's youth problem, in America. We therefore look earnestly to you for the testimony you can bring to the youth of Minnesota, the Nation and the world. Awaiting your reply with prayerful interest, I am

Yours for youth, 236 RADISSON HOTEL GE.1653 MINNEAPOLIS 2. MINN.

OFFICERS September 20, 1945 VERNON S. WELCH President RUSSELL W. WHEMPNER 1st Vice President Harold E. Stassen, Commander USNR RA Y E. WITTHAUER Staff Commander Third Fleet 2nd Vice President c/o F.P.O. San Francisco FLORENCE P. SCRIVEJR Secretary MELVIN BURT Dear Harold: Treasurer It has been some time since I have had the pleasure of talking with yo~ or discussing the State's aviation pro­ BOARD OF DIRECTORS gram. However, in your absence we have been successful JOHN D. AKERMAN - MA. 8177 in carrying out your original suggestions and I believe - Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering _ --- University of Minnesota have developed a sound progressive aviation program for GEORGE BESTROM -- MA. 8026 the State of Minnesota. - Minneapolis Ts.,

·21 September 1945

Just arrived here too and am indeed very proud

of the wonderful record you made in handling the

prisoners. I am doing the same right now for the

Army. Was with the Eighth Army until a little while

ago and am now at General Richardson's Headquarters.

Enclosed is same dope which the PRO got out about me

and tells what I have been doing since I saw you last.

Hope I can see you before you shove off. You can reach

\ me at General Richardson's headquarters - Ft . Shafter

phone no. - 12273 or Honolulu number - 87007.

KLEIN MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Copyright in this digital version belongs to the Minnesota Histori ca l Society and its content may not be copied w ithout the copyright holder's expre ss w ritten permis­ sion. Users may print, download, link to, or email co ntent, however, for individual use.

To request permission for commercial or educational use, please contact the Minnesota Hi stori cal Society.

1~ W'W'W. mnhs.org