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57 La Compagnie Aerienne Multinationale Air Afrique

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57 La Compagnie Aerienne Multinationale Air Afrique Référence de cet article : Bernard Koffi LOUKOU (2013). La compagnie aérienne multinationale Air Afrique, retour sur un véritable outil de développement économique en Afrique, Rev iv hist,22,57-65. LA COMPAGNIE AERIENNE MULTINATIONALE AIR AFRIQUE, RETOUR SUR UN VERITABLE OUTIL DE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE EN AFRIQUE Dr. Bernard Koffi KOFFI Assistant Département d’Histoire Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) [email protected] RÉSUMÉ Créée en 1961, la compagnie aérienne multinationale Air Afrique a contribué au développement économique des Etats en Afrique pendant plus de trois décennies. Elle fut un maillon fort du trafic aérien international par le transport des biens et des personnes, permettant ainsi l’ouverture de l’Afrique aux autres continents. Elle a été également, un instrument de renforcement des économies des Etats africains par son rôle d’opérateur économiques favorisant l’essor des échanges interafricains et du tourisme. Mots clefs : Transport aérien, Air Afrique, Développement économique, Echanges inte- rafricains, Tourisme SUMMARY Created in 1961, the multinational Air Afrique airline company contributed to the economic development of States in Africa during more than three decades. It was a strong link of the international air traffic by the transport of the goods and the persons, so allowing the opening of Africa the other continents. It was also, an instrument of strengthening of the economies of the African States by its operator’s economic role favoring the development of the interafrican exchanges and the tourism. Keywords: Air transport, Air Afrique, Economic development, Interafrican exchanges, Tourism Bernard Koffi LOUKOU (2013). La compagnie aérienne multinationale Air Afrique, retour sur un véritable outil de développement économique en Afrique 57 INTRODUCTION Créée le 28 mars 1961 à Yaoundé, au Cameroun, par onze Etats africains1, la compagnie aérienne multinationale Air Afrique disparut définitivement en 2002 des espaces aériens de l’Afrique, de l’Europe, de l’Amérique et du Moyen-Orient pour cause de faillite avérée due en grande partie à la mauvaise gestion. C’est pourquoi, pour la majorité des personnes, Air Afrique fut un échec total. Par outil de développement économique, il faut entendre instrument favorisant les évolutions positives voire le progrès dans les changements structurels des Etats et des populations en Afrique. Ces changements engendrent l’enrichissement des Etats et l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations. Alors comment la compagnie aérienne multinationale Air Afrique a-t-elle contribué efficacement durant ces années d’existence au développement économique des Etats en Afrique ? La présente étude, se propose de présenter les différents rôles joués par la com- pagnie Air Afrique qui firent d’elle un outil de développement économique en Afrique. Pour soutenir notre démonstration, nous procéderons par un croisement des sources d’archives d’Air Afrique et des sources imprimées disponibles en la matière, notam- ment les articles de journaux. Ainsi, un double indice cumulatif a pu être dégagé pour décrire les missions d’agent de développement économique de la multinationale Air Afrique : le premier rend compte de son rôle de vecteur du trafic international et le second relève son action dans le renforcement des économies des pays membres. I- UN MAILLON FORT DU TRAFIC AÉRIEN INTERNATIONAL La compagnie multinationale Air Afrique participait à l’animation du trafic aérien au plan international par son intense activité tant au niveau du transport des passagers qu’en termes de transport des marchandises à l’exportation comme à l’importation. Afin de faciliter aisément ses activités, Air Afrique mit en place une organisation conséquente de son réseau de trafic. Aussi, la compagnie ouvrit-elle diverses escales en Afrique, en Europe, en Amérique et au Moyen–Orient pour favoriser une meilleure ouverture du continent africain sur le reste du monde. En effet, en Afrique, outre les pays membres, des escales furent ouvertes dans les pays non membres tels que le Nigéria, le Libéria, le Ghana, le Mali, la Guinée. En Europe, la France, l’Italie, la Suisse furent les principaux Etats desservis par la compagnie. L’Amérique et le Moyen-Orient ne furent pas en reste, car les dessertes vers respectivement les Etats Unis et l’Arabie Saoudite permirent à la compagnie d’y effectuer ses activités. En outre, des accords de coopération furent conclus entre Air Afrique et d’autres compagnies (Air France, Swissair, Alitalia et South African Airways en particulier) de manière à harmoniser le développement du trafic entre ces pays et les Etats membres. Ces accords de coopération représentèrent non seulement l’entrée de la compagnie Air Afrique dans la concurrence internationale, mais également en contrepartie, la 1 Le Cameroun, la Centrafrique, le Congo, la Côte d’Ivoire, le Dahomey (Bénin actuel), le Gabon, la Haute-Volta (Burkina Faso actuel), la Mauritanie, le Niger, le Sénégal et le Tchad 58 © EDUCI 2013. Rev iv hist,22:57-65. ISSN 1817-5627 possibilité aux compagnies étrangères d’ouvrir une brèche dans la zone d’exploita- tion d’Air Afrique. Ainsi, la création des compagnies aériennes nationales telles que Royal Air Maroc, Egyptair, Air Gabon et Camair, les accords passés avec des pays africains anglophones notamment le Nigéria, la Sierra Léone, le Ghana,… et des Etats francophones comme le Mali et le Zaïre permirent d’accroître davantage les offensives des compagnies africaines et européennes (Sabena, KLM, Lufthansa,…) contre Air Afrique. C’est pourquoi, la compagnie Air Afrique en 1977 sortit d’une situa- tion sécurisante, pour se trouver confrontée avec une concurrence aigüe exigeant toujours plus d’agressivité commerciale. Concernant la clientèle, Air Afrique conserva tout au long de son exploitation une proportion majoritaire de clientèle « haute contribution ». Il faut dire que les recettes de la compagnie sur les vols longs-courriers s’évaluèrent à plus de 70% grâce aux coupons de vol « haute contribution »�. Cette clientèle de haute gamme regorgeait de personnel administratif (ambassades, consulats, ministères, organismes natio- naux et internationaux, etc.), d’hommes d’affaires (responsables de grandes firmes commerciales, industrielles ou financières), de techniciens, d’experts. A partir 1966, Air Afrique développait sa clientèle touristique en lançant des circuits et des séjours organisés. Ainsi, dans différents Etats comme le Sénégal et la Côte d’Ivoire, la multi- nationale offrait, avec des hôteliers, restaurateurs et agents de voyages, des forfaits très avantageux. La compagnie parvint également à élaborer une gamme très large de réductions aux clientèles des moyenne et basse contributions, mais avec le souci constant de ne pas provoquer un glissement de la haute contribution vers les moyenne et basse contributions. En 1970, Air Afrique transporta la «clientèle pèlerinage à la Mecque» grâce à des vols spéciaux, plus de 5.000 passagers à partir d’Abidjan, Douala, Nia- mey, etc. En 1974, 27 rotations de l’avion DC8 permirent d’acheminer vers Djeddah 6.345 pèlerins pour aboutir à 6.861 passagers à savoir 28 vols en 1981. En outre, la compagnie répondit aux besoins de clientèles très diverses provenant des familles, du troisième âge, des marins, des sportifs, des congrès, des artistes, des excursions, etc. Le développement des échanges de marchandises entre les Etats africains et l’Europe suscita un grand intérêt de la part de la compagnie Air Afrique. Cette dernière se dota alors non seulement d’infrastructures adaptées et adéquates mais surtout d’aéronefs spécialisés pour le fret. Ainsi, le fret aérien connut une expansion rapide sur l’axe Europe-Afrique, à cause du sous-équipement et parfois de l’enclavement des pays africains qui faisaient d’eux exclusivement des importateurs de produits manufacturés et de matériels d’équipement. En retour, l’Afrique exportait vers l’Europe des productions agricoles (café, ananas, avocats,…), des peaux d’animaux (bovins et reptiles), des produits halieutiques (crevettes, écrevisses…). L’intensité des activités de transport des passagers et du fret aérien permit à la multinationale d’occuper une place non négligeable au niveau mondial. Aussi, la participation de la compagnie Air Afrique dans le trafic Europe-Afrique connut-elle une croissance. Elle était estimée, en 1963, à 30% pour atteindre 73% en 1978 pour les longs-courriers et les réseaux locaux. Mieux, en 1965, Air Afrique se classa 1ère compagnie du continent africain pour la longueur de son réseau (94.000 km) et le fret transporté (16.700 tonnes) et 2ème compagnie en Afrique pour les passagers Bernard Koffi LOUKOU (2013). La compagnie aérienne multinationale Air Afrique, retour sur un véritable outil de développement économique en Afrique 59 (280.000 passagers)2. En outre, en 1974, la compagnie occupait le 44ème rang sur 112 membres du classement de l’International Air Transport Association (IATA) pour les passagers transportés en services réguliers intérieurs et internationaux3. Toutes ces reconnaissances constituaient une confirmation de ce que la compa- gnie multinationale Air Afrique fut un excellent vecteur du trafic international dans la mesure où, par ses activités, elle assura une meilleure ouverture du continent africain sur le reste du monde et permit l’accès des Etats aux grands réseaux de communi- cation ainsi qu’aux nouvelles formes de développement. En plus de son intervention remarquée dans le développement du trafic international, la multinationale
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