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Gender and Religion in a Shifting Social Landscape: Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Practices, AD 600-700 Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Undergraduate Honors Theses 2018-04-23 Gender and Religion in a Shifting Social Landscape: Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Practices, AD 600-700 Caroline Palmer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Palmer, Caroline, "Gender and Religion in a Shifting Social Landscape: Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Practices, AD 600-700" (2018). Undergraduate Honors Theses. 26. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/26 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. HONORS THESIS Gender and Religion in a Shifting Social Landscape Final Phase Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Practices A.D. 600-700 Caroline Palmer Submitted to Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of graduation requirements for University Honors Anthropology Department Brigham Young University June 2018 Advisors: Miranda Wilcox and Jaime Bartlett Honors Coordinator: Charles Nuckolls ii ABSTRACT GENDER AND RELIGION IN A SHIFTING SOCIAL LANDSCAPE: FINAL PHASE ANGLO-SAXON MORTUARY PRACTICES 600-700 AD Caroline Palmer Anthropology Department Bachelor of Art My thesis examines seventh-century East Anglian mortuary practices and cross- correlates grave goods and human remains to determine whether there was an expression of sexual division of labor during this period of social and religious change. I argue that gender roles changed as a result of adopting kingdoms and Christianity. Prior to this time period, Anglo-Saxons were primarily pagan and were buried with extensive burial goods. In addition to changes in religious and burial practices, during the Final Phase (600-700 AD) there appears to have been a division of labor that was not as dichotomous in the Migration Phase (450-600 AD). I examine graves of different statuses through reports to determine whether this change in division of labor occurred in different classes. I also incorporate religious burial sites into my analysis (Westfield Farm and Trumpington) to see whether there was a distinct difference in monastic life. The cemeteries I consider in detail are Edix Hill, Westfield Farm, Melbourn, and Trumpington. Because of the poor preservation of skeletal remains in Bloodmoor Hill, I incorporate this data only in the discussion section. My conclusions place my work in the wider context of current research being done on this topic, reveal the relationship between grave goods and arthropathies in the seventh-century, and address the future implications of my work. iii iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES viii I. INTRODUCTION 1 I.A DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS 2 I.B MIGRATION PHASE BURIALS 4 I.C FINAL PHASE BURIALS 5 II. EDIX HILL 9 II.A HUMAN REMAINS 10 II.B GRAVE GOODS 15 II.B.I FEMININE GRAVE GOODS 15 II.B.II MASCULINE GRAVE GOODS 16 II.B.III NEUTRAL GRAVE GOODS 17 II.C SUMMARY 18 III. WATER LANE, MELBOURN 19 III.A HUMAN REMAINS 20 III.B GRAVE GOODS 21 III.B.I FEMININE GRAVE GOODS 21 III.B.II MASCULINE GRAVE GOODS 22 III.B.III NEUTRAL GRAVE GOODS 23 III.C SUMMARY 24 IV. WESTFIELD FARM 24 IV.A HUMAN REMAINS 25 IV.B GRAVE GOODS 26 IV.B.I FEMININE GRAVE GOODS 26 IV.B.II MASCULINE GRAVE GOODS 27 IV.B.III INDETERMINATELY SEXED GRAVE GOODS 28 IV.C SUMMARY 28 V. TRUMPINGTON 29 V.A HUMAN REMAINS 30 V.B GRAVE GOODS 30 V.B.I FEMININE GRAVE GOODS 30 V.B.II NEUTRAL GRAVE GOODS 31 V.C SUMMARY 31 VI. BLOODMOOR HILL 32 VI.A HUMAN REMAINS 33 v VI.B GRAVE GOODS 34 VI.B.I FEMININE GRAVE GOODS 34 VI.B.II MASCULINE GRAVE GOODS 34 VI.B.III NEUTRAL GRAVE GOODS 34 VI.III SUMMARY 35 VII. DISCUSSION 36 VII.A RELIGION AND STATUS 36 VII.B BED BURIALS 38 VII.C GENDER INDICATIVE GRADE GOODS 29 VII.D HUMAN REMAINS 42 VIII. CONCLUSION 43 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY 46 X. APPENDIX A 48 XI. APPENDIX B 58 XI.A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 58 XI.B PRIMARY DATA 59 vi vii List of Figures and Tables FIGURE 1. MAP OF EDIX HILL BARRINGTON A IN ITS SURROUNDINGS. .......................................................... 49 FIGURE 2. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF VERTEBRAL OSTEOARTHRITIS IN EDIX HILL. ............................... 50 FIGURE 3. DISTRIBUTION OF NON-SPINAL OSTEOARTHRITIS IN EDIX HILL. .................................................... 51 FIGURE 4. CHART OF DENTAL DISEASES IN EDIX HILL. ................................................................................... 51 FIGURE 5. MELBOURN IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS SURROUNDINGS ..................................................................... 52 FIGURE 6. POPULATION AFFECTED BY OSTEOARTHRITIS IN MELBOURN. ........................................................ 53 FIGURE 7. LOCATION OF WESTFIELD FARM IN CONTEXT ................................................................................ 54 FIGURE 8. GRAVE LOCATIONS IN WESTFIELD FARM ....................................................................................... 55 FIGURE 9. PATHOLOGY DISTRIBUTION IN WESTFIELD FARM. ......................................................................... 55 FIGURE 10. GRAVES OF THE TRUMPINGTON CEMETERY ................................................................................. 56 FIGURE 11. LOCATION OF BLOODMOOR HILL, LOWESTOFT IN CONTEXT ....................................................... 56 FIGURE 12. FINAL PHASE (A) AND MIGRATION PHASE (B) FEMALE DRESS STYLES ........................................ 57 TABLE 1. CHANGE IN GRAVE GOODS FROM THE MIGRATION PHASE TO THE FINAL PHASE. ........................... 48 TABLE 2. GRAVE GOODS IN EDIX HILL. .......................................................................................................... 52 TABLE 3. SEX AND JOINT AREA DISTRIBUTION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS ............................................................... 53 TABLE 4. BURIAL DATA FROM EDIX HILL, MELBOURN, WESTFIELD FARM, TRUMPINGTON, AND BLOODMOOR HILL CEMETERIES. ................................................................................................................................. 59 TABLE 5. SELECTED GRAVE GOODS FROM EDIX HILL, MELBOURN, WESTFIELD FARM, TRUMPINGTON, AND BLOODMOOR HILL CEMETERIES. ........................................................................................................... 66 viii I. Introduction Female gender roles in East Anglia changed during the seventh-century AD with the emergence of new social institutions—kingdoms and monasteries. In this thesis, I provide evidence of this change through an analysis of grave goods and human skeletal remains from seventh-century graves excavated in five cemeteries. Through through a case-by-case analysis, I determine some of the effects of social status and religion on changing gender roles. I examine human remains from graves for trends in work-related characteristics and correlate these with gender-indicative grave goods. Beginning with an overview of early Anglo-Saxon history and archaeology, I provide definitions of key terms and a chronology of both Migration and Final Phase burials. The “Final Phase” refers to the end of grave goods in England and the conversion to Christianity. For Final Phase burials, I begin with the largest cemetery. I focus on the topics of human skeletal remains, gender indicative grave goods, religion and status, and bed burials. I consider these topics in a wider context on how they relate to each other and research previously done. My primary data can be found in tables in Appendix B, which includes the original figures I use for my statistical analysis. I limit my analysis to cemeteries in East Anglia. I pay particular heed to bed burials found in these cemeteries. Bed burials are rare in England. Only 17 have been found, of which 16 are of adult females. Bed burials appear only in the Final Phase and are clustered in East Anglia. I do not discuss all 17 bed burials here, but I did consider them in my research. Because of the general lack of grave goods in most Final Phase burials that are distinctively masculine, my analysis privileges female grave goods. 1 After the Final Phase, burials largely became shroud burials, or simple burials where the body was covered by a veil or cloth. During the Final Phase in Anglo-Saxon England (AD 600-700),1 high-status individuals began to accept Christianity, and this eventually brought about a shift in burial practices and gender roles as a reflection of the adoption of Christian practices. This change can be seen across England—showing both the influence of emergent state societies and the adoption of Christianity (Hoggett 2010, 108). I infer the sexual division of labor between men and women for my sample for the Final Phase using standard methods of skeletal analysis designated in reports. I examine the skeletal remains reported for each burial site in my East Anglia burials sample for arthritis and other bone degeneration that could have occurred as a result of gender- related work or occupations to infer the sexual division of labor from AD 600-700. I.a Definitions of Key Terms Because I rely on concepts that have different definitions, I include definitions for the key terms relied on in my research. I consider sex to be biologically male or female.
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