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The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingship A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2015 Peter J W Burch School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Peter J W Burch Table of Contents List of Abbreviations p. 5 List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables p. 8 Abstract p. 11 Declaration p. 12 Copyright Statement p. 13 Acknowledgements p. 14 Introduction p. 15 Early Anglo-Saxon Kingship and the Historian p. 16 Approach and Programme of Study p. 25 Section One: Anglo-Saxon Kingship and Archaeology p. 29 Elite Burial p. 30 Probably Kingly Burials p. 34 Possibly Kingly Burials p. 46 Discussion p. 49 Conclusions p. 63 Elite Settlement p. 65 Roman Military Sites of Northern Britain p. 68 Lincoln, Wroxeter and the Towns of Roman Britain p. 74 Yeavering and Rural Settlements p. 79 Enclosed Settlements p. 91 Conclusions p. 95 Post-Script on Numismatic Evidence p. 98 Section Two: Anglo-Saxon Kingship and History p. 103 The Fifth and Sixth Centuries p. 104 Zosimus’s New History p. 107 Constantius’s Vita Germani episcopi p. 111 2 The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingship The Writings of Saint Patrick p. 113 The Gallic Chronicles of 452 and 511 p. 116 Gildas’s De excidio et conquestu Britanniae p. 118 Procopius’s History of the Wars p. 126 Conclusions p. 127 The Seventh and Early Eighth Centuries: Narrative Sources p. 130 Papal Letters and Conversion p. 131 Church Councils and Reform p. 135 Archbishop Theodore and the Early Church p. 137 The Career and Writings of Aldhelm p. 139 Bede and the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum p. 145 Hagiography in the Early Eighth Century p. 171 Conclusions p. 176 The Seventh and Early Eighth Centuries: Documentary Sources p. 180 Law Codes p. 180 Diplomas p. 189 Genealogies and Regnal Lists p. 199 The Tribal Hidage p. 203 Conclusions p. 211 Section Three: The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingship? p. 214 Conclusions p. 215 Appendices p. 227 I: Probable and Possible Kingly Burial Sites p. 227 II: Female Bed Burials p. 228 III: Calculation for Estimating the Volume of a Burial Mound p. 230 IV: Coefficient to Estimate Man-Hours p. 232 V: Estimated Volumes of Kingly Burial Mounds p. 233 VI: Categories of Kingly Activity in the Narrative Sources p. 234 3 Peter J W Burch VII: Activities of Kings in the Historia ecclesiastica p. 236 VIII: Activities of Kings, by King, in the Historia ecclesiastica p. 252 IX: Activities of Kings in the Early Hagiographies p. 278 X: Activities of Royal Women in the Narrative Sources p. 286 XI: Names and Associated Hides in the Tribal Hidage p. 293 Bibliography p. 295 Word Count: 85, 414 4 The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingship List of Abbreviations Abt. The Laws of Æthelberht I of Kent. Edition and Translation: L. Oliver, The Beginnings of English Law (Toronto, 2002). Also F. Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, (trans.) F. Liebermann, 3 vols (Halle, 1903-16). References are to clauses in Oliver’s edition with the corresponding clauses in Liebermann’s edition indicated in brackets. Anon.VC Anon, Vita sancti Cuthberti auctore anonymo. Edition and Translation: B. Colgrave (ed.), Two Lives of St. Cuthbert: A Life by an Anonymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede's Prose Life, (trans.) B. Colgrave (Cambridge, 1940). Narrative sources are referenced by book and chapter, as relevant, unless otherwise specified. Anon.VG Anon, Vita sancti Gregorii pape. Edition and Translation: B. Colgrave (ed.), The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great, (trans.) B. Colgrave (Cambridge, 1968). ASC The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Edition: B. Thorpe (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, According to the Several Original Authorities, (trans.) B. Thrope, 2 vols (London, 1861). Modern Translation: M. Swanton (trans.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (London, 2000). Referenced by year. Bede.VC Bede, Vita sancti Cuthberti auctore Beda. Edition and Translation: Colgrave (ed.), Two Lives of St. Cuthbert. Beo Anon, Beowulf. Edition: R. D. Fulk, R. E. Bjork, J. D. Niles, and F. Klaeber (eds), Klaeber's Beowulf: And the Fight at Finnsburg (Toronto, 2008). Translation: S. Heaney (trans.), Beowulf (London, 1999). Reference by line. Con.VG Constantius of Lyon, Vita sancti Germani. Edition and Translation: R. Borius (ed.), Vie de saint Germain d'Auxerre, (trans.) R. Borius (Paris, 5 Peter J W Burch 1965). English Translation: F. R. Hoare (ed.), The Western Fathers: Being the Lives of SS. Martin of Tours, Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, Honoratus of Arles and Germanus of Auxerre, (trans.) F. R. Hoare (London, 1954). DEB Gildas, De excidio et conquestu Britanniae. Edition and Translation: M. Winterbottom (ed.), The Ruin of Britain and Other Documents, (trans.) M. Winterbottom (London and Chichester, 1978). Epp Gregory I, Registrum epistularum. Edition: D. Norberg (ed.), Registrum epistularum, 2 vols (Turnhout, 1982). Translation: J. R. C. Martyn (trans.), The Letters of Gregory the Great, 3 vols (Toronto, 2004). Felix.VG Felix, Vita sancti Guthlaci. Edition and Translation: B. Colgrave (ed.), B. Colgrave (trans.) Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac (Cambridge, 1956). HA Bede, Historia Abbatum. Edition and Translation: C. Growcock and I. N. Wood (eds), Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow: Bede's Homily i. 13 on Benedict Biscop; Bede's History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow; The Anonymous Life of Ceolfrith; Bede's Letter to Ecgberht, Bishop of York, (trans.) C. Growcock and I. N. Wood (Oxford, 2013). HB Anon, Historia Brittonum. Edition and Translation: J. Morris (ed.), British History and the Welsh Annals, (trans.) J. Morris (London, 1980). HE Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. Edition and Translation: R. A. B. Mynors and B. Colgrave (eds), Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, (trans.) B. Colgrave (Oxford, 1992). Hl. The Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric of Kent. Edition and Translation: Oliver, Beginnings of English Law. Also Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. 6 The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingship In. The Laws of Ine of the West Saxons. Edition: Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. English Translation: F. L. Attenborough (ed.), The Laws of the Earliest English Kings, (trans.) F. L. Attenborough (Cambridge, 1922). S P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography (London, 1968). An up-dated version is available from http://www.esawyer.org.uk/. Charters are cited by Sawyer number. VCeol Anon, Vita Ceolfridi. Edition and Translation: Growcock and Wood (eds), Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. VW Stephen of Ripon, Vita sancti Wilfridi. Edition and Translation: B. Colgrave (ed.), The Life of Bishop Wilfrid by Eddius Stephanus, (trans.) B. Colgrave (Cambridge, 1927). Wht. The Laws of Whitred of Kent. Edition and Translation: Oliver, Beginnings of English Law. Also Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. 7 Peter J W Burch List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables1 Fig.1 Imprint of the Ship in 1939, Mound One, Sutton Hoo (photograph: © Trustees of the British Museum) p. 35 Fig.2 Gold and Garnet Shoulder Clasp, Mound One, Sutton Hoo (photograph: © Trustees of the British Museum) p. 36 Fig.3 Reconstructed Helmet from Mound One, Sutton Hoo (photograph: © Trustees of the British Museum) p. 37 Fig.4 Replica Drinking Horns Based on Artefacts from Mound One, Sutton Hoo (photograph: © Trustees of the British Museum) p. 38 Fig.5 Replica Whet Stone ‘Sceptre’, Mound One, Sutton Hoo (photograph: © Trustees of the British Museum) p. 39 Fig.6 Iron Axe-Hammer, Mound One, Sutton Hoo (photograph: © Trustees of the British Museum) p. 40 Fig.7 Reconstructed Mound Two, Sutton Hoo (photograph) p. 43 Fig.8 Reconstructed Mound Two, Sutton Hoo, Viewed from Across the River Deben (photograph) p. 44 Fig.9 View to the East of Sutton Hoo (photograph) p. 54 Fig.10 View to the West of Sutton Hoo, Across the River Deben (photograph) p. 55 Fig.11 St. Botolph’s Church, Iken and the River Alde (photograph) p. 56 Fig.12 View of Yeavering Bell from the Yeavering Settlement Site (photograph) p. 88 Fig.13 View of Yeavering Bell from Adjacent to the Maelim Heritage Trail (photograph) p. 89 Fig.14 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica (graph) p. 151 Fig.15 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica Grouped by King (graph) p. 152 Fig.16 Categories of Activity Associated with Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica (graph) p. 152 Fig.17 Categories of Activity Associated with Kings in Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica (graph, excluding the sub-category of 1 Unless otherwise stated, all figures, illustrations or tables are copyright of the author. 8 The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingship ‘narrative reference point’) p. 153 Fig.18 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica – Association with Religion (graph) p. 154 Fig.19 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica Grouped by King – Association with Religion (graph) p. 154 Fig.20 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica – Intra-Dynastic Relations (graph) p. 157 Fig.21 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica Grouped by King – Intra-Dynastic Relations (graph) p. 157 Fig.22 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica – Extra-Dynastic Relations (graph) p. 161 Fig.23 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica Grouped by King – Extra-Dynastic Relations (graph) p. 161 Fig.24 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica – Warfare (graph) p. 163 Fig.25 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica Grouped by King – Warfare (graph) p. 163 Fig.26 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica – Other (graph) p. 167 Fig.27 Activities of Kings in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica Grouped by King – Other (graph) p. 168 Fig.28 Probable Kingly Burial Sites (table) p. 227 Fig.29 Possible Kingly Burial Sites (table) p.
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  • The Demo Version

    The Demo Version

    Æbucurnig Dynbær Edinburgh Coldingham c. 638 to Northumbria 8. England and Wales GODODDIN HOLY ISLAND Lindisfarne Tuidi Bebbanburg about 600 Old Melrose Ad Gefring Anglo-Saxon Kingdom NORTH CHANNEL of Northumbria BERNICIA STRATHCLYDE 633 under overlordship Buthcæster Corebricg Gyruum * of Northumbria æt Rægeheafde Mote of Mark Tyne Anglo-Saxon Kingdom Caerluel of Mercia Wear Luce Solway Firth Bay NORTHHYMBRA RICE Other Anglo-Saxon united about 604 Kingdoms Streonæshalch RHEGED Tese Cetreht British kingdoms MANAW Hefresham c 624–33 to Northumbria Rye MYRCNA Tribes DEIRA Ilecliue Eoforwic NORTH IRISH Aire Rippel ELMET Ouse SEA SEA 627 to Northumbria æt Bearwe Humbre c 627 to Northumbria Trent Ouestræfeld LINDESEGE c 624–33 to Northumbria TEGEINGL Gæignesburh Rhuddlan Mærse PEC- c 600 Dublin MÔN HOLY ISLAND Llanfaes Deganwy c 627 to Northumbria SÆTE to Mercia Lindcylene RHOS Saint Legaceaster Bangor Asaph Cair Segeint to Badecarnwiellon GWYNEDD WREOCAN- IRELAND Caernarvon SÆTE Bay DUNODING MIERCNA RICE Rapendun The Wash c 700 to Mercia * Usa NORTHFOLC Byrtun Elmham MEIRIONNYDD MYRCNA Northwic Cardigan Rochecestre Liccidfeld Stanford Walle TOMSÆTE MIDDIL Bay POWYS Medeshamstede Tamoworthig Ligoraceaster EAST ENGLA RICE Sæfern PENCERSÆTE WATLING STREET ENGLA * WALES MAGON- Theodford Llanbadarn Fawr GWERTH-MAELIENYDD Dommoceaster (?) RYNION RICE SÆTE Huntandun SUTHFOLC Hamtun c 656 to Mercia Beodericsworth CEREDIGION Weogornaceaster Bedanford Grantanbrycg BUELLT ELFAEL HECANAS Persore Tovecestre Headleage Rendlæsham Eofeshamm + Hereford c 600 GipeswicSutton Hoo EUIAS Wincelcumb to Mercia EAST PEBIDIOG ERGING Buccingahamm Sture mutha Saint Davids BRYCHEINIOG Gleawanceaster HWICCE Heorotford SEAXNA SAINT GEORGE’SSaint CHANNEL DYFED 577 to Wessex Ægelesburg * Brides GWENT 628 to Mercia Wæclingaceaster Hetfelle RICE Ythancæstir Llanddowror Waltham Bay Cirenceaster Dorchecestre GLYWYSING Caerwent Wealingaford WÆCLINGAS c.