Weather Forecasting for a Large Sporting Event World Sailing

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Weather Forecasting for a Large Sporting Event World Sailing Weather Forecasting for a large Sporting Event: World Sailing Games 2006 a diploma thesis submitted to the INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK for the degree of MASTER OF NATURAL SCIENCE presented by MICHAEL BURGSTALLER OCTOBER 2008 ‘Wir können den Wind nicht wehen lassen. Aber jeder von uns kann ein Segel setzen, sodass wir ihn einfangen können, wenn er kommt.’ E. T. Schumacher Abstract Abstract In May 2006 the ISAF World Sailing Games took place on lake Neusiedl, Austria. For this event, a forecasting team of the ‘Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics’ (ZAMG) made daily predictions for the organization committee, the sailors, their managers and the public. The aims of this thesis were to review weather prediction for large sporting events and to evaluate the forecast quality for the World Sailing Games. Meteorological support for the Winter Olympics in Innsbruck 1964 and 1976, the Summer Olympics in Sydney 2000 and the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City 2002 is reviewed and provided the basis of the following investigation. The remarkable is quality and quantity of the meteorological preparations for the events has increased strongly and the prediction quality has improved as well. For the World Sailing Games 2006 a climatology is developed by means of a 10- minute-mean data set of the automatic weather station Neusiedl to find the best time of the year for the sailing event and to identify wind regimes on the lake Neusiedl. Statistical investigations are made for all used prediction tools and models, for example model output statistics (MOSMix and AustroMOS), direct model output (Aladin and ECMWF), and persistence by means of common methods like bias, mean error, correlation and one skill score for mean temperatures, minima and maxima, as well as sailing specific predictors like wind speed, wind direction and gusts in the period between May 7 and 22, 2006 to find out the best model for each parameter. The calculations of all indices returned different results for each parameter. For the ISAF World Sailing Games 2006, MOSMix and AustroMOS were best in wind speed and gust predictions. AustroMOS and direct output from the global prediction model from ECMWF provided good forecasts for wind direction. Minimum, maximum and mean temperature forecasts were best from MOSMix, AustroMOS and the mesoscale model Aladin. As these results show, the best forecasts for different small local areas and predictors can be made by using different models and tools. These should be evaluated by climatologies, a testing phase and verifications based on (if necessary additional) weather stations in the run-up time of an event. i Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Im Mai 2006 fanden die ISAF World Sailing Games am Neusiedlersee, Österreich statt. Für diese Veranstaltung erstellte ein Team der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) täglich aktuelle Wetterprognosen für das Organisationskomitee, die Segler und die Zuschauer. Die Ziele dieser Arbeit waren es, sowohl einen Überblick über verschiedenste Vorgehensweisen bei Wettervorhersagen für große Sportveranstaltungen zu geben, als auch die Vorhersagequalität für die World Sailing Games 2006 zu evaluieren. Dazu wurden das unterschiedliche Vorgehen der Wetterdienste, die die Vorhersagen für die Olympischen Spiele in Innsbruck 1964 und 1976, Sydney 2000, sowie Salt Lake City 2002 lieferten, analysiert und als Grundlage für die folgenden Untersuchungen herangezogen. Bemerkenswert ist, wie sich in der Meteorologie die Vorbereitungen auf solche Veranstaltungen und die Wettervorhersage durch eine Vielzahl von Modellen verbessert haben. Eine der Vorbereitungsmaßnahmen ist die Ausarbeitung einer Klimatologie, welche für den Neusiedlersee anhand eines Datensatzes bestehend aus 10-Minuten-Mittel diverser Messparameter der teilautomatischen Wetterstation Neusiedl, erstellt wurde, um den besten Zeitpunkt für die Veranstaltung der World Sailing Games 2006 zu evaluieren und um allenfalls bestehende Windsysteme ausfindig zu machen. Statistische Untersuchungen wurden für sämtliche verwendeten Vorhersagemethoden, wie Model Output Statistic (MOSMix und AustroMOS), Direct Model Output (Aladin und ECMWF) und Persistenzprognosen ausgewertet. Dazu wurden statistische Methoden wie Bias, Mean Errors, Korrelationen und ein Skill Score verwendet, um mittlere Temperaturen, Minima und Maxima, sowie segelspezifische Parameter wie Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung und Böen für den Zeitraum der Veranstaltung von 7. bis 22. Mai 2006 zu analysieren, und dafür die besten Modelle ausfindig zu machen. Die Berechnungen aller Parameter ergaben im Modellvergleich unterschiedlichste Ergebnisse. Für die Dauer der Veranstaltung der ISAF WSG 2006 lieferten MOSMix und AustroMOS die besten Vorhersagen bezüglich Böen und Windgeschwindigkeit. Die besten Modelle für die Vorhersage der Windrichtung waren AustroMOS und das ii Zusammenfassung Globalmodel des ECMWF. Temperaturvorhersagen wurden am genauesten durch MOSMix, AustroMOS und Aladin wiedergegeben. Wie diese Untersuchungen zeigen, benötigt man für genaue Vorhersagen unterschiedlicher Pädiktoren für kleinräumige Gebiete verschiedene Modelle. Diese sollten anhand von Klimatologien, Probevorhersagen und Verifikationen an (gegebenenfalls zusätzlich installierter) Wetterstationen im Vorfeld der Veranstaltung ermittelt werden. iii Table of Content Table of Content Weather Forecasting for a Large Sporting Event: World Sailing Games 2006 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................I ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .......................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................................................... IV 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................- 1 - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................- 3 - 2.1 OLYMPIC SUMMER GAMES SYDNEY 2000............................................................................. - 3 - 2.2 OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES SALT LAKE CITY 2002 .............................................................. - 11 - 2.3 OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES INNSBRUCK 1964 / 1976 ............................................................ - 17 - 3 FORECAST VERIFICATION .................................................................................................- 19 - 3.1 BIAS .................................................................................................................................... - 21 - 3.2 MEAN ABSOLUTE ERROR .................................................................................................... - 22 - 3.3 MEAN SQUARE ERROR ........................................................................................................ - 23 - 3.4 ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR .............................................................................................. - 24 - 3.5 CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ................................................................................................ - 25 - 3.6 COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION ....................................................................................... - 27 - 3.7 RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ..................................................................................... - 28 - 3.8 MEAN SQUARE ERROR SKILL SCORE ................................................................................... - 30 - 3.9 SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................................................. - 31 - iv Table of Content 4 WORLD SAILING GAMES 2006............................................................................................- 32 - 4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... - 32 - 4.2 CLIMATOLOGY .................................................................................................................... - 33 - 4.2.1 Temperature...................................................................................................................- 37 - 4.2.2 Precipitation ..................................................................................................................- 40 - 4.2.3 Wind Speed ....................................................................................................................- 42 - 4.2.4 Wind Direction...............................................................................................................- 43 - 4.2.5 Weather Type Classification ..........................................................................................- 46 - 4.2.6 Wind Gusts.....................................................................................................................- 53 - 4.3 THE FORECASTING PERIOD , MODELS AND TOOLS USED ..................................................... - 55 - 4.3.1 Daily Routine of a Forecaster........................................................................................- 55 - 4.3.2 Models and Tools Used..................................................................................................- 58 - 4.3.2.1 Instrumentation and Observation ........................................................................................-
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