Contract Specific

GENERAL PROVISIONS – CONTRACT SPECIFIC

PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 1 Brief Scope of Work CS – 1 2 List of Contract Drawings CS – 2 3 Utility and Municipal Notification and Coordination CS – 2 4 Specialty Items CS – 4 5 Transportation Management Plan CS – 4 6 Sequence of Construction CS – 4 7 Special Requirements for Pavement Markings CS – 5 8 Utility Structures and Waterways within Roadway CS – 6 9 Contractor’s Responsibility for Damaged Storm Drains CS – 6 10 Special Requirement for Traffic Protection CS – 6 11 Storage of Construction Material and/or Equipment CS – 7 12 Blasting Restrictions CS – 7 13 Survey Layout Notes CS – 7 14 Traffic Fines in Work Zones CS – 8 15 Right-of-Way and Damage to Property CS – 8 16 Coordination with Other Projects CS – 8 17 Incident Management CS – 8 18 Guardrail Replacement CS – 8 19 Police Compensation CS – 9 20 Environmental Permits CS – 9 21 Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan CS – 9 22 Shop Drawing and Submittals CS – 10 23 Available Documents CS – 10 Appendix A Locus Maps Appendix B Environmental Permits Appendix C Small Site Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan Appendix D Transportation Management Plan Appendix E NPS Preservation Brief No. 38 NPS Preservation Brief No. 47

CS-i 1. BRIEF SCOPE OF WORK:

Bridge Group 18B – East Greenwich and North Kingstown, Rhode Island Contract No. 2019-CB-061, Federal-Aid Project No. BHO-018B (001), is for repairs to 11 bridges in the Town of East Greenwich in Kent County, and the Town of North Kingstown in Washington County, Rhode Island.

The work in this Contract includes, but is not limited to, steel painting, steel repairs, masonry repairs, concrete repairs (superstructure and substructure), concrete sealing, joint repairs and sealing, pavement removal and replacement, waterproofing membrane installation, bridge washing, vegetation clearing, tree removal, riprap installation, and steel guardrail repair and replacement. The project wide installation of erosion controls, maintenance and protection of traffic, and water control will be required during the construction period along with all other incidentals complete-in-place and accepted by the Resident Engineer.

The bridges have been separated into three groups. The bridges and their group numbers included in this contract are listed below. Refer to Appendix A for locus maps for these bridges.

Bridge Group 18B Bridge Preservation Group 1 No. Name Feature Carried Feature Crossed Town 000401 Bleachery Bridge US 1 Post Rd Bleachery Brook East Greenwich 076801 Stony Lane Bridge RI 4 Stony Lane & Scrabbletown Brook North Kingstown

Bridge Group 18B Bridge Preservation Group 2 No. Name Feature Carried Feature Crossed Town 024701 Division St Culvert RI 401 Division St Maskerchugg River East Greenwich 099201 Potowomut Bridge Potowomut Rd Potowomut River North Kingstown 115701 Kenyon Ave Bridge Kenyon Ave Maskerchugg River East Greenwich 115801 Charles Eldredge Bridge Cedar Ave Middle Road Brook East Greenwich

Bridge Group 18B Bridge Preservation Group 3 No. Name Feature Carried Feature Crossed Town 000801 Sandhill Bridge Chadsey Rd Sandhill Brook North Kingstown 000901 Babbitt Farm Bridge US 1 Post Rd Cocumcussoc Brook North Kingstown 001201 Hamilton Mill Bridge US 1A Boston Neck Rd Annaquatucket River North Kingstown 001301 Hamilton Canal Bridge US 1A Boston Neck Rd Mill Canal North Kingstown 106201 Goosenest Bridge Lang Dr Goosenest Brook North Kingstown

CS-1 2. LIST OF CONTRACT DRAWINGS:

The Contract Drawing sheet size for the sheets listed below is 11×17.

Sheet No. Descrip ti on

1 Cover Sheet 2 St andard Plan Symbo ls & Standard Legend 3 Standar d Notes - 1 4 Standard Notes - 2 5 Job S pecific Plan Symbols, Legend & Notes 6 Bridg e Notes 7 – 11 Details 1 to 5 12-15 Tem por ary T raffic C ontrol Typical Details No. 1 to 4 16 Ble achery Bridge N o. 0 00401 Repair Location Plan 17-18 Bleachery Bridge No. 0 00401 Repair Details No . 1 and 2 19 Sandhill Bridge No. 0 00801 Repai r Plan 20-21 Babbit Farm Bridge No. 0009 01 Repair Plan No. 1 and 2 22 Hamilton Mill Bridge No. 0012 01 R epair Plan 23 Hamilton Canal Bridge No. 0 01301 Repair Plan 24 Bridge No s. 001201 and 0013 01 Ge ne ral Plan 25 Division Street Culvert No. 02 47 01 Repair Pl an 26 Division S treet Culve rt No. 0247 01 General Plan 27-31 Stony Lane Bridge No. 0 768 01 Repair Plan No. 1 to 5 32 Stony Lane Bridge No. 0 768 01 General Pla n 33-35 Stony Lane Bridg e No. 0768 01 Temporary Tr affic Control Plan No. 1 to 3 36 Po towomut Bridge No. 0 992 01 Repair Pl an No. 1 37 Potowomut Br idge No . 0992 01 Temporary Traffic Control Plan 38 Goosenest Br ook Bridge No. 1062 01 Repair Plan 39 Goosenet Bridge Bridge No. 1062 01 Temporary Traffic Control Plan 40-41 Kenyon Ave Bridge No . 115 701 Repair Plan No. 1 an d 2 42 Charle s Eldredge Bridge No. 1 15801 Repair Plan 43 Charles Eld redge Bridge No. 115 801 General Plan

3. UTILITY AND MUNICIPAL NOTIFICATION AND COORDINATION

The Contractor shall schedule the construction to allow for a coordinated roadway and utility effort. The Contractor is to coordinate utility work with the appropriate utility companies to avoid conflicts during construction. Upon award, the Contractor shall notify the lead utility relative to his anticipated construction start date. Immediately following the Pre-Construction Conference, the Contractor shall initiate the survey layout required for utilities.

No utility relocations are anticipated for this Contract.

The Contractor shall coordinate all lane closures and detours with the Engineer such that the Engineer can coordinate with the Municipality at least three business days in advance for each lane closure and detour. The following municipal agencies and utility companies can be contacted for information regarding utilities, verification, or monitoring:

CS-2 East Greenwich:

Town of East Greenwich, DPW Town of East Greenwich, Police Mark Conboy Stephen J. Brown Assistant Town Engineer Police Chief East Greenwich Department of Public Works East Greenwich Police Department 111 Pierce Street, Lower Level 176 First Avenue East Greenwich, RI 02818 East Greenwich, RI 02818 Telephone: (401) 846-2119 Telephone: (401) 884-2244

Town of East Greenwich, Fire Tom Mears Acting Fire Chief East Greenwich Fire Department 284 Main Street East Greenwich, RI 02818 Telephone: (401) 8 86 -8686

North Kingstown: Town of North Kingstown, Police Town of North Kingstown, DPW Patrick Flanagan Kim Wiegand Chief of Police Town Engineer North Kingstown Police Department North Kingstown Department of Public Works 8166 Post Road 2050 Davisville Road North Kingstown, RI 02852 North Kingstown, RI 02852 Telephone: (401) 294-3316 Telephone: (401) 294-3331

North Kingstown Water Supply Town of North Kingstown, Fire Susan Licardi Scott Kettelle Director of Water Supply Fire Chief North Kingstown Water Supply North Kingstown Fire Department 80 Boston Neck Road 8150 Post Road North Kingstown, RI 02852 North Kingstown, RI 02852 Telephone: (401) 268-1521, ext 230 Telephone: (401) 294-3346

Dig Safe

The locations of all utilities as shown on the plans are approximate. The Contractor shall use care when working in or within the vicinity of existing drainage structures and underground utilities. The Contractor shall check and verify the location of all existing utilities and service connections both underground and overhead per the “Dig Safe Program Law” enacted by Rhode Island Legislation Bill No. 79S-291, which became effective July 1, 1979 and was amended effective November 1, 2009. No excavation shall be done until all involved utility companies and Dig Safe are notified 48 hours in advance. The Contractor should be aware that not all utility companies subscribe to the Dig Safe Program. It is the Contractor’s responsibility to ensure that all utility companies have been notified and all utilities have been marked prior to commencing their work. Any damage to existing utilities marked in the field, or as a result of failing to contact the appropriate utility company, shall be repaired or replaced at no additional cost to the State. The Contractor shall contact DigSafe (1-888-344-7233) prior to beginning with construction.

CS-3

4. SPECIALTY ITEMS

The following items are hereby designated as “Specialty Items”:

a. Pavement Markings (Temporary and Permanent) b. Guardrail Installation c. Seeding d. Graffiti Removal

5. TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

Included as Appendix D to these Contract Specific General Provisions is the Transportation Management Plan (TMP) for this project. The TMP lays out the set of coordinated transportation management strategies that will be used to manage the work zone safety and mobility impacts of this project. In the event of a discrepancy between information in the TMP and information elsewhere in the Contract Documents, the former shall govern.

The Contractor’s attention is called to the applicable portions of Section 100 – Award and Execution of the Rhode Island Department of Administration Emergency Procurement Regulations, which describes the requirements for the Contractor’s designation of a TMP Implementation Manager for the Contract and the requirements for the training of all Contractor and Subcontractor personnel involved in work zone design, implementation, operation, inspection, management, and/or enforcement.

The Department’s latest Training Guidelines for Personnel Responsible for Work Zone Safety & Mobility is available under the “Training” section at http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/doingbusiness/TrainingGuidelinesWZSM.pdf

6. SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION

A. All work shall be completed per the Traffic-Related Work Restrictions shown in the Transportation Management Plan.

B. The Contractor must submit, for the Department’s review and acceptance, a detailed construction schedule that complies with the Specification 108.03. The required Schedule Level for this project is B. Per the Specifications the Contractor must generate the Schedules in Primavera P6, Version 7 or 8.

C. The proposed construction and time schedule must consider and address the safe vehicle passage through the project.

D. Once work has begun at each bridge site, the Contractor shall continue with work at the site on a daily basis until work at that site is complete. No work at any bridge site will be permitted to extend through the winter shutdown period.

E. Work on each bridge group, as defined in Section 1 of these Contract Specific Documents, shall confirm to the following calendar restrictions:

CS-4 • Group 1: April 16, 2020 – November 20, 2020 • Group 2: April 16, 2020 – July 31, 2020 • Group 3: August 3, 2020 – November 20, 2020 • Work on Group 3 shall not begin until work on Group 2 is complete.

F. The Contractor shall coordinate the proposed work schedule as stipulated in the permits for this project (see Section 20 and Appendix B, “Environmental Permits” of these General Provisions – Contract Specific).

G. During the pavement removal operations, no over breakage into the operational travel lanes will be allowed.

H. The Contractor shall maintain appropriate construction-related signing at all times. Any signs not appropriate for construction activity taking place at any given time shall be removed or covered to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

I. Any deviations from the requirements stated here or detailed in the reference drawings, as well as any deviations from the approved construction work sequence and time schedule must be submitted to the Engineer in writing for approval.

J. The Contractor shall plan the work such that at the end of each working day all the pavement removal and/or paving operation shall be squared off from one edge of pavement to the other edge of pavement.

K. The Contractor shall exercise care when excavating on and near existing bridges to avoid damaging the structure to remain. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with captioned photographs of any damage/defects to the structure prior to work beginning on bridge. All damage caused by the Contractor shall be repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer at the Contractor’s expense.

L. All erosion controls shall be in-place and accepted by the Engineer prior to beginning work.

M. The Contractor shall provide temporary onsite concrete washout structures of adequate capacity in accordance with the Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan included in the Contract Book. Actual location of concrete washout area shall be determined in the field and should be approved by the Engineer. This work shall be incidental to the concrete work and no additional payment will be made.

7. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PAVEMENT MARKINGS

Waterborne longitudinal markings (including edge, center, lane, and gore-area lines and extensions), stop line markings, and lane use arrow markings shall be installed before the end of the work shift on all micro milled and newly installed pavement surface areas that will be opened to traffic at the end of the shift.

Temporary markings not listed above (including, but not limited to, words, yield lines and other symbols, crosswalk lines, and parking space lines) should only be installed on the final (top- surface) course of newly paved roadways.

CS-5 Final pavement markings shall be Epoxy Resin. The Epoxy Resin permanent pavement markings shall be placed on the final surface course no sooner than two weeks but no later than four weeks from the completion of the paving operation.

All pavement markings are to be in accordance with the requirements of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition , including all revisions.

It is the Contractor’s responsibility to identify and log the locations of all the existing pavement markings where applicable, including edge lines and dash markings, onto newly finished surfaces. The Contractor shall make the necessary arrangements to re-establish these locations before any micro milling and overlay commences.

8. UTILITY STRUCTURES AND WATERWAYS WITHIN ROADWAY

No existing utility structures or waterways (i.e. paved waterways, gutter lines) shall be blocked by new pavement. Also, as shown on the plan, the Contractor shall verify the locations of all manholes for adjustments to grade. Where necessary, the utility structures within the micro milling areas have been called for adjustment to new grade. Otherwise, at all other areas within the micro milling and overlay areas, the new pavement shall be tapered in towards the inlet opening.

9. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGED STORM DRAINS

The Contractor shall use care when working within or near existing drainage structures. Any damage to the drainage structures, pipe or culverts while carrying out any work on this contract shall be the Contractor’s responsibility. Any pipe/culvert damaged by the Contractor while carrying out this contract shall be replaced or repaired by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Engineer at no additional charge to the State.

The Contractor will be responsible for:

• any damage to any existing structures, pipe, or equipment in the roadway, and • any damage to existing walls, fences, etc.

The Contractor shall make every effort to prevent debris from falling into catch basins. Should any debris fall inside a structure, it shall be removed immediately.

10. SPECIAL REQUIREMENT FOR TRAFFIC PROTECTION

In addition to the requirements of the Rhode Island Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction , Amended March 2018, including all revisions and supplements, the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 and the special requirements of other sections of this contract document, the Contractor is advised that the signs and other traffic control devices shown on the Traffic Control Plans are minimum requirements. It is the Contractor’s responsibility to supplement the plans and specifications as necessary to ensure the public’s safety. All Maintenance and Protection of Traffic Devices shall be in place and approved by the Engineer prior to starting construction at a particular location. This work shall be included under

CS-6 Item Code 937.0200, “Maintenance and Movement of Traffic Protection.” There will be no separate payment.

11. STORAGE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND/OR EQUIPMENT

a. Roads without Curbing and Sidewalks:

Storage of construction material and/or equipment within the road “clear zone”, as described below, will require prior written approval of the Engineer. Material stored in the “clear zone” must be used or moved within 14 days.

Posted Speed Distance from Edge of Travel Lane 45 MPH or Less 16 Feet 45 – 65 MPH 34 Feet

Area of the “clear zone” that is used for storage of construction materials must be clearly delineated with appropriate traffic control devices.

There should be no parking of construction vehicles or storage of construction equipment or materials under the drip line of any trees.

b. Roads with Curbing and Sidewalks:

No portion of the shoulders and sidewalks outside of the work zone are to be used for the storage of construction equipment and/or stockpile of material. Where equipment and/or material are stored in the work zone, it shall be removed at the end of the working day.

12. BLASTING RESTRICTIONS

No blasting will be allowed on this project.

13. SURVEY LAYOUT NOTES

Prior to removal of existing curb, drainage structures, or gutter line pavement, the Contractor must coordinate with the Engineer. The Contractor’s survey crews shall establish all existing curb (where the curb line is not changing), back of sidewalk, and rim elevations. Once these grades have been established, the Contractor may remove curb, drainage structures, or gutter line pavement and then replace or reset them to the original elevations unless otherwise noted on the plans. There will be no separate payment for this type of survey work.

The Engineer will not authorize construction activities to begin until he is satisfied that all appropriate ground control has been established, tied down, and duly recorded in standard field books. It is the Contractor’s responsibility to ensure that construction layout is provided in sufficient detail, thereby enabling him to construct the project in conformity with the plans, details and specifications.

CS-7

14. TRAFFIC FINES IN WORK ZONE:

“Traffic Fines in Work Zone Regulatory Signs”, RI Standard 27.1.1, shall be utilized whenever construction activities are in progress and construction personnel are present. The signs shall either be removed from the site or covered at all other times.

15. RIGHT-OF-WAY AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY

If the Contractor desires to use additional areas outside of the Right-of-Way, he shall arrange for such areas at his own expense.

The Contractor shall take adequate precautions to avoid unnecessary damage to pavements, utilities, or private properties. The Contractor shall promptly repair (in kind), at his own expense, any damage attributed to his work to such pavements, utilities, or private property to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

The Contractor shall assume all risk and liability for his equipment left on site during both working and non-working hours.

16. COORDINATION WITH OTHER PROJECTS

The Contractor shall be aware of other projects ongoing or beginning during the construction period of this project. It shall be the Contractor’s responsibility to coordinate with the Engineer to determine the impacts of his construction operations on adjacent projects. The Contractor may be required to attend periodic coordination meetings with representatives of the State to discuss and resolve potential conflicts.

17. INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

In the event of an accident or other unforeseen incident within the work zone, which closes the roadway, the Contractor shall positively cooperate with local authorities by providing traffic control devices, personnel, equipment and material as required, both on and off site. The Contractor shall assist in whatever way possible to clear debris from the roadway and maintain traffic flow. Payment for this work shall be on a force account basis. If the personnel are not available on site, they shall be “on call” and able to respond to the site within one hour of notification to the Contractor’s appointed representative by phone or in person to the Department of Transportation.

18. GUARDRAIL REPLACEMENT

The approximate location and length of partial and complete guardrail removal and replacement are shown in the reference drawings. Prior to dismantling any section of the guardrail, the Contractor shall verify these locations and lengths with the Engineer. All guardrail sections that are to be removed shall be replaced the same day. If same day replacement is not possible, the Contractor shall provide concrete barriers. Placement and removal of concrete barrier shall be considered incidental to the guardrail replacement, therefore there is no separate payment.

CS-8

19. POLICE COMPENSATION

It will be the responsibility of the Resident Engineer to retain the services of the local police for traffic control and protection of this project. The Contractor shall give the Resident Engineer four (4) working days’ notice of anticipated lane closures (location and duration) in order for the Resident Engineer to determine if police details are appropriate and to obtain their services. The Contractor will not be required to bid, or be compensated for, the services of the police.

20. ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS

Environmental Permits for this contract are included in Appendix B. It shall be the Contractor’s responsibility to comply with all restrictions and stipulations stated or implied by the permits and orders. There will be no special payment for work done to comply with permits and orders unless an item is provided in the proposal for a specific requirement.

Any and all deviations from the approved permit operations or conditions shall be submitted for approval to the corresponding permitting agency or agencies. Work that deviates from approved permit operations or conditions shall not begin without receipt of the proper approvals.

The bridges in this Contract have been determined to be exempt from permitting under the Rules and Regulations Governing the Administration and Enforcement of the Fresh Water Wetlands Act (250-RICR-150-15-1) (https://rules.sos.ri.gov/regulations/part/250-150-15-1). It shall be the Contractor’s responsibility to comply with the conditions and restrictions set forth in Exempt Activities, Rule 1.6 of this Act. There will be no special payment for work done to comply with these conditions and restrictions.

The following permits are included in Appendix B:

• RIDEM Insignificant Alteration Permit, File No. 18-0054, for Bleachery Bridge No. 4, April 27, 2018. This permit was obtained for a completed priority-repair contract to Bridge No. 000401. Though the proposed work under this Group 18B Contract has been determined to be exempt, RIDEM is requiring that the terms and condition of this attached permit be considered applicable to the Group 18B project.

NOTE: Army Corps and RIDEM WQC permits will be incorporated by addendum.

21. STORMWATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PLAN

Included as Appendix C to these Contract Specific General Provisions is the Small Site Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for this project. It shall be the Contractor’s responsibility to adhere to all restrictions as stated or implied by the plan and orders attached hereto and included as part of these Contract Documents.

There will be no special payment for work done to comply with these plans and orders.

CS-9 22. SHOP DRAWINGS AND SUBMITTALS

The following list of bridge/structural items of work for which shop drawings and/or other submittals are required is provided for the convenience of the Contractor. This list includes only the major items of bridge/structural work; it does not itemize all submittals required by the Contract Documents. All submittals shall be per Section 105.02 of these Job Specifications . The Contractor is responsible for the timely submission of all shop drawings and other documents required by the Contract. No extra payment will be made, nor will any extension be made to the Contract completion date for making required submittals. A submittal for the Guardrail End Treatment, Energy Absorbing Terminal is required for information detailing the end treatment measurements and must be a product listed on the RIDOT Approved Materials List for approved equal.

1. Control of Water: methods, equipment, shielding, and detailed sequence of work 2. Structural Steel 3. Painting 4. Integrally Colored Concrete and Mortar 5. High Strength Grout 6. Waterproofing Membrane 7. Black Epoxy Resin Pavement Markings

23. AVAILABLE DOCUMENTS

The following documents are available for review:

1. Bridge Inspection reports for bridges included in the Contract.

2. Available existing bridge plans for bridges included in the Contract as provided by the RIDOT Plan Room.

These documents are provided on a DVD accompanying the Advertising CD for informational purposes only. They shall not be considered part of the Contract Documents. The Contractor shall be responsible for field-verifying the information shown in these documents.

A copy of Removing Graffiti from Historic Masonry , Preservation Brief No. 38, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, is provided in Appendix E. This document shall be used in conjunction with Special Provision 820.9901 “Graffiti Removal.” An online version of the document is available at https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/38-remove-graffiti.htm .

A copy of Maintaining the Exteriors of Small and Medium Size Historic Buildings , Preservation Brief No. 47, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, is provided in Appendix F. This document shall be used in conjunction with Special Provision 201.9903 “Vine Removal.” An online version of the document is available at https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to- preserve/briefs/47-maintaining-exteriors.htm .

CS-10 APPENDIX A

LOCUS MAPS

APPENDIX B

ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS

NOTE: Army Corps and RIDEM WQC permits will be incorporated by addendum

APPENDIX C

SMALL SITE STORMWATER POLLUTION PREVENTION PLAN

RIDOT Small-Site SWPPP TEMPLATE Instructions

For all projects with less than 1.0 acres of disturbance, a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is required to be developed as part of compliance with RIDOT’s Stormwater Management Program Plan.

This document is being provided as an aid in the preparation of a small-site SWPPP. It is a comprehensive list of issues a SWPPP preparer must consider during the development of the document. The items in the template are derived from the General Permit of the Rhode Island Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Storm Water Discharge Associated with Construction Activity (General Permit), the RIDEM RI Model SWPPP Template, and the Environmental Protection Agency’s model SWPPP template.

Instructions for SWPPP Preparers: When converting this model SWPPP into your site-specific SWPPP, please keep in mind the following: 1) Items in black should remain in the final site specific SWPPP and do not need to be modified. 2) Items highlighted in gray indicate where information must be inserted. Click on the highlighted text and type response – the gray highlighting will be over-written. 3) Items in blue-italics are included to provide guidance to you, the SWPPP preparer, during the development of the site specific SWPPP, these items may be deleted in the final site specific SWPPP document. 4) The control measures in Section 2 and Section 3 are meant to be ‘checked’, if they are relevant to the specific construction project. If an item is not relevant, the item may remain unchecked, but an explanation should be provided why that item is not applicable. 5) The RIDOT Small Site SWPPP Inspection Report, Inspection Report Instructions, and Amendment Log should be modified as necessary and included with the SWPPP as attachments.

If there are any questions, please contact the RIDOT Office of Stormwater Management at 401-734-4892. Construction Site Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan Bridge Group 18B Rehabilitation SMALL-SITE Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan For: Bridge Group 18B Rehabilitation North Kingstown and East Greenwich, Rhode Island

RI DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION David Fish, P.E. Owner: 2 Capitol Hill Providence, RI 02903 401-222-2468 Company Name Name Operator: Address TO BE DETERMINED UPON CONTRACT AWARD City, State, Zip Code Telephone Number

Start Date: April 16, 2020 Estimated Project Dates: Completion Date: November 20, 2020

Pare Corporation 8 Blackstone Valley Place SWPPP Prepared By: Lincoln, Rhode Island 02865 (401)-334-4100

SWPPP Preparation Date: 4/8/2019

RIDOTVersion 4.20180627 - ii -

Construction Site Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan Bridge Group 18B Rehabilitation

OPERATOR CERTIFICATION Upon contract award, the OPERATOR must sign this certification statement before construction may begin.

I certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were prepared under the direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate, and complete.

______Operator Signature: Date Click or tap to enter a date.

Contractor Representative: Name Contractor Title: Title Contractor Company Name: Company

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Table of Contents

OWNER CERTIFICATION ...... iii OPERATOR CERTIFICATION ...... iv INTRODUCTION ...... 3 SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION ...... 4 1.1 Project/Site Information ...... 4 1.2 Nature and Sequence of Construction Activity ...... 5 1.3 Construction Site Estimates ...... 5 1.4 Potential Discharges ...... 6 1.5 Allowable Non-Storm Water Discharges ...... 9 1.6 Potential Sources of Pollution ...... 10 1.7 Site Plans ...... 11 SECTION 2: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROLS ...... 12 ☐ 2.1 Minimize Disturbed Area and Protect Natural Features ...... 12 ☐ 2.2 Phase Construction Activity ...... 12 ☐ 2.3 Control Stormwater Flowing Onto & Through Project ...... 12 ☐ 2.4 Stabilizing Soils ...... 13 ☐ 2.5 Protect Slopes ...... 13 ☐ 2.6 Protect Storm Drain Inlets ...... 14 ☐ 2.7 Protect Storm Drain Outfalls ...... 14 ☐ 2.8 Establish Perimeter Controls and Sediment Barriers ...... 14 ☐ 2.9 Retain Sediment On-Site and Control Dewatering Practices ...... 14 ☐ 2.10 Monitoring Weather Conditions ...... 15 SECTION 3: GOOD HOUSEKEEPING BMPS ...... 16 ☐ 3.1 Off-site Tracking of Sediments ...... 16 ☐ 3.2 Waste Disposal ...... 16 ☐ 3.3 Spill Prevention and Control Plan ...... 16 ☐ 3.4 Control of Allowable Non-Storm Water Discharges ...... 17 ☐ 3.5 Establish Proper Building Material Staging Areas ...... 17 ☐ 3.6 Designate Washout Areas ...... 17 ☐ 3.7 Establish proper equipment/vehicle fueling & maintenance practices ..... 18 ☐ 3.8 Dust Control ...... 18 ☐ 3.9 Sweeping ...... 18 SECTION 4: POST-CONSTRUCTION BMPs ...... 19 4.1 Post-Construction BMPs ...... 19

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SECTION 5: MAINTENANCE and INSPECTIONS ...... 20 5.1 Maintenance ...... 20 5.2 Inspections ...... 21 5.3 Corrective Actions ...... 22 SECTION 6: Amendments ...... 23 SECTION 7: Recordkeeping ...... 24 SECTION 8: Party Certifications ...... 25 SWPPP APPENDICES ...... 28 Amendments Log...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report -- Instructions ...... 28 Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report ...... 28

This Table of Contents is structured to be automatically populated by Microsoft Word. Upon completion of this template, “right-click” anywhere in the Table of Contents, select “Update Field”, and then “Update entire table”. Page numbers will automatically be synced with the changed document.

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INTRODUCTION

This Small-Site Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) has been prepared for the State of Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) for a construction project that has less than one (1) acre of soil disturbance. This document provides general guidance for the installation and maintenance of erosion and sediment controls on small projects.

The purpose of erosion and sedimentation best management practices (BMPs) is to prevent pollutants from leaving the construction site and entering waterways or environmentally sensitive areas during and after construction. This SWPPP has been prepared prior to the initiation of construction activities to address anticipated worksite conditions. The best management practices (BMPs) depicted on the site plan and described in this narrative should be considered the minimum measures required to control erosion, sedimentation, and stormwater runoff at the site. Since construction is a dynamic process with changing site conditions, it is the operator’s responsibility to manage the site during the construction phases so as to prevent pollutants from leaving the site. This may require the operator to revise and amend the SWPPP during construction to address varying site and/or weather conditions, such as by adding or realigning erosion or sediment controls.

It is the responsibility of the RIDOT Resident Engineer to maintain the SWPPP, including all attachments, amendments, and inspection records, at the project field office and to make all records available for inspection by RIDEM during construction.

The RIDOT Resident Engineer and designated Inspector are required to review the SWPPP and sign the Party Certification pages (Section 8). The prime contractor and all subcontractors involved in earthwork or exterior construction activities are also required to review the SWPPP and sign the certification pages before construction begins.

Any questions regarding the SWPPP, BMPs, inspection requirements, or any other facet of this document may be addressed to the RIDOT Office of Stormwater Management at 401-734-4892.

Please note: Even if practices are correctly installed on a site according to the approved plan, the site is only in compliance when erosion and sedimentation are effectively controlled throughout the entire site.

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SECTION 1: SITE DESCRIPTION

1.1 Project/Site Information

The bridges have been separated into three groups based on location. The bridges and their group numbers included in this contract are listed below. Refer to Appendix A for locus maps for these bridges.

Bridge Group 18B Bridge Preservation Group No. Name Feature Carried Feature Crossed Town 000801 Sandhill Bridge Chadsey Rd Sandhill Brook North Kingstown 000901 Babbitt Farm Bridge US 1 Post Rd Cocumcussoc Brook North Kingstown 001201 Hamilton Mill Bridge US 1A Boston Neck Rd Annaquatucket River North Kingstown 001301 Hamilton Canal Bridge US 1A Boston Neck Rd Mill Canal North Kingstown 106201 Goosenest Bridge Lang Dr Goosenest Brook North Kingstown

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1.2 Nature and Sequence of Construction Activity

• The construction will be sequenced according to the durations shown below. One crew will remain at Stony Lane for the entirety of the project. One crew will begin at Bleachery Bridge at the start date for group one shown below. One crew will begin work on Bridge Group 2. Once a crew completes the bridge work in full they will be permitted to move onto a new bridge and begin construction. Once Bridge Group 2 is completed the two crews can begin construction on the bridges in Bridge Group 3.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Estimated Project Start Date: 04/16/19 04/20/20 08/03/19 Estimated Project Completion Date: 11/20/19 07/31/20 11/20/20 Estimated Number of Months: 7 3 3

1.3 Construction Site Estimates

The following are estimates of the construction site: Total Project Area 1.04 acres Construction Site Area to be disturbed 0.005 acres Percentage impervious area before construction 60 % Percentage impervious area after construction 60 %

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1.4 Potential Discharges

Construction Environmentally Site List discharge points & indicate how Sensitive Areas Discharges to: determination was made (Yes / No) Bridge No.4, 247 & 1157- Maskerchugg Waters of the State Yes River

Bridge No. 8- Sandhill Brook

Bridge No. 9- Cocumcussoc Brook

Bridge No. 12 & 13- Bissel Cove

Bridge No. 768- Scrabbletown Brook

Bridge No. 992- Hunt River

Bridge No. 1062- Goosenest Brook

Bridge No. 1158- Nichols River

RIDEM Mapping

Wetlands (Coastal or Upland) Yes Bridge No. 8- Forested Wetlands bordering upon Sandhill Brook in all cardinal directions from the bridge

Bridge No. 9- Forested Wetlands bordering upon Cocumcussoc Brook east of the bridge

Bridge No. 12- Forested Wetlands bordering upon Annaquatucket River and impoundment east and west of the bridge

Bridge No. 13- Forested Wetlands bordering upon Annaquatucket River impoundment west of the bridge, and bordering upon Mill Canal east of the bridge

Bridge No. 247- Forested Wetlands bordering upon Maskerchugg River in all cardinal directions from the bridge

Bridge No. 768- Forested Wetland bordering upon Scrabbletown Brook northwest and east of the bridge

Bridge No. 992- Forested Wetlands northeast and northwest of the bridge bordering upon Potowomut River

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Bridge No. 1062- Forested Wetlands bordering upon Goosenest Brook in all cardinal directions from the bridge

Bridge No. 1157- Forested Wetlands northwest and northeast of the bridge bordering upon Maskerchugg River Field Verification Bridge No. 4 Separate Storm Sewer System Yes Bridge No. 768

Bridge No. 1062

RIDOT roadway storm drainage system

303(d) Impaired Waters No Bridge No. 12 & 13- Fecal Coliform may be present but has not been confirmed RIDEM Mapping Bridge No.4, 247 & 1157- TDML for Fecal TMDL Waters Yes Coliform completed 2006,

Bridge No. 8- TMDL for Fecal Coliform completed 2011

Bridge No. 768- TMDL for Fecal Coliform completed 2001

Bridge No. 992- TMDL for Enterococcus completed 2011

Bridge No. 1062- TMDL for Enterococcus completed in 2011 and TMDL for Total Phosphorus completed 2010

RIDEM Mapping

Special Resource Protection Yes Bridge No. 992: Potowomut River Waters (SRPWs) RIDEM Mapping

Cold Water Fisheries Yes Bridges 9, 768 &992 RIDEM Mapping

Natural Heritage Areas Yes Bridge No. 4 is located within a Natural Heritage Area (ID 122). RIDEM Mapping

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Historic/Cultural Areas Yes Bridges No. 12&13 are located within the Hamilton Mill Village Historic District Bridges No. 4, 1157, and 1158* are located within the ???? (identified as requiring historic consideration in the scope, check w/ DE)

Bridge No. 992* is located in the vicinity of Forge Road Historic District

*-Bridges are listed as Historical but not located within a historical/cultural area RIGIS Mapping

Permanent Stormwater Structures Yes Bridge No. 9, 247, 992, 1157, 1158: paved (swales, outfalls, treatment units, swales etc.) Bridge No. 4, 768, and 1062: RIDOT roadway drainage system

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1.5 Allowable Non-Storm Water Discharges

RIPDES Construction General Permit – IV.E.1.g Discharges not comprised of stormwater are allowed under the RIPDES Construction General Permit but are limited to the following: discharges which result from the washdown of vehicles where no detergents are used; external building washdown where no detergents are used; the use of water to control dust; firefighting activities; fire hydrant flushings; natural springs; uncontaminated groundwater; lawn watering; potable water sources including waterline flushings; irrigation drainage; pavement washwaters where spills or leaks of toxic or hazardous materials have not occurred (unless all spilled materials have been removed) and where detergents are not used; and foundation or footing drains where flows are not contaminated with process materials such as solvents, or contaminated by contact with soils where spills or leaks of toxic or hazardous materials has occurred. If any of these discharges may reasonably be expected to be present and to be mixed with stormwater discharges, they must be specifically listed here.

Are there allowable non-stormwater discharges on or near the project area? ☒ Yes ☐ No

If yes, list the sources of allowable non-Stormwater discharge (be sure to include all dewatering activity discharges). If applicable, control measures must be documented in Section 2.12 &/or Section 3.4. List of allowable non-stormwater discharges: • Dewatering

If any existing or proposed discharges consist of contaminated groundwater, such discharges are not authorized under the RIPDES Construction General Permit. These discharges must be permitted separately by seeking coverage to treat and discharge under a separate RIPDES individual permit or under the RIPDES Remediation General Permit. Contact the RIDOT Natural Resources Unit at 401-222-2023 for application requirements and additional information. Are there any known or contaminated discharges, including dewatering operations, on or near the project area? ☒ Yes ☐ No

If yes, list the discharges and the RIPDES individual permit number(s) or RIPDES Remediation General Permit Authorization number(s) associated with these discharges. • RIPDES individual permit number: Too be added once received • RIPDES Remediation General Permit Authorization number: To be added once received

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1.6 Potential Sources of Pollution

Anticipated Operation/ Location Stormwater Pollutants on this Project (Y/N) Clearing, grading, excavating, and Y Sediment; Trash/Debris unstabilized areas Y Construction Entrance Sediment Y Soil Stockpiles Sediment Y Paving operations Sediment; Trash/Debris Y Concrete washout and waste Heavy metals; pH; Trash/Debris Structure construction/ painting/ Nutrients; pH; Trash/Debris; Toxic Y cleaning chemicals Y Demolition and debris disposal Sediment; Trash/Debris Y Dewatering operations Sediment; Nutrients N Drilling and blasting operations Sediment; pH; Trash/Debris Sediment; Nutrients; Heavy metals; pH; Y Material delivery and storage Pesticides/Herbicides; Oil/Grease; Trash/Debris; Toxic chemicals Nutrients; heavy metals; pH; Y Material use during building process pesticides/herbicides; oil/grease; trash/debris; toxic chemicals Y Solid waste/ trash/ debris trash/debris; toxic chemicals heavy metals; pH; pesticides/herbicides; N Hazardous waste oil/grease; toxic chemicals Nutrients; heavy metals; pH; N Contaminated spills pesticides/herbicides; oil/grease; toxic chemicals Nutrients; pH; Bacteria/Viruses; toxic N Sanitary/septic waste chemicals Vehicle/equipment fueling and Y Oil/Grease; Toxic chemicals; fuel maintenance Y Vehicle/equipment use and storage Oil/Grease; Toxic chemicals Y Landscaping operations Sediment; Nutrients; Trash/Debris Industrial toxins; oil/grease; heavy metals; N Off-site LUHPPL run-on fuel; salt; hazardous materials N Other:

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1.7 Site Plans

TITLE & DATE OF PLAN SET(S): 90% Submission- February 2019

• ☒ Total area of development (See Note 1) • ☒ Total area of soil disturbance (See Note 2) • ☒ Areas that will not be disturbed • ☒ The location of all erosion and sediment controls • ☒ Locations of storm drain inlets and outfalls • ☒The location and name of the receiving waters or separate storm sewer system and the ultimate receiving waters • ☒Location and name of all waters of the State, including wetlands • ☒Location of environmentally sensitive features/areas to be protected (Section 1.4) • ☐ Constraint locations of material storage areas, equipment storage areas, concrete washouts, dumpsters, stockpiles, fueling locations etc. (i.e. locations where these activities will not occur)

Notes:______1) The total area of development is confined to the limit of disturbance area of approximately 1.04 acres. 2) Soil disturbed will primarily consist of gravel borrow on the side of concrete walls during repair work.

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SECTION 2: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROLS

What is a BMP?

Erosion and Sedimentation controls are Best Management Practice (BMP) devices, practices, or methods for preventing storm water pollutants from leaving the construction site and reaching environmentally sensitive areas. The most common BMPs are silt fence, hay bales, and filter socks, but a BMP can also be a policy or procedure like construction sequencing and street sweeping. The objectives of erosion and sediment controls are to minimize the potential for erosion and sedimentation during construction activities.

If BMPs are not depicted on the approved plan set, but erosion or sedimentation is occurring, appropriate BMPs must be installed as directed by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

☒ 2.1 Minimize Disturbed Area and Protect Natural Features

As far as is practicable, existing vegetation will be protected and left in place, in accordance with the clearing limits shown on the approved Plans. Prior to any land disturbance activities commencing on the site, the Contractor will physically mark limits of disturbance (LOD) on the site and any areas to be protected within the site, so that workers can see the areas to be protected. Topsoil will be preserved where possible, in accordance with stock pile management specifications

☒ 2.2 Phase Construction Activity

At a minimum, construction sequencing and timing of construction activities will include:

1. Before any earthwork begins, erosion and sediment controls will be installed as depicted on the Approved Plans, and in accordance with all applicable sections of the RIDOT Standard Specifications. Upon acceptable completion of site preparation and installation of erosion and sediment controls, site construction activities may commence.

2. While earthwork is being done, routine inspection and maintenance and/or modification of erosion and sediment controls will be performed.

3. Final stabilization of any disturbed areas after earthwork has been completed.

☒ 2.3 Control Stormwater Flowing Onto & Through Project

Structural BMPs will be used to divert flows from exposed soils, retain or detain flows, or otherwise limit runoff and the discharge of pollutants from exposed areas of the site.

BMPs will be installed as depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with applicable RIDOT Standard Specifications.

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Control measures that may be used, upon approval, include hay bales/silt fencing, compost filter socks, fiber rolls, gravel bag berms, slope drains, check dams, and riprap.

☒ 2.4 Stabilizing Soils

Phased Clearing & Grubbing:

Only areas that can be reasonably expected to have active construction work being performed within 21-days of disturbance will be cleared/grubbed at any one time. It is NOT acceptable to clear and grub the entire construction site if disturbed portions will not be active within the 21-day time-frame.

Clearing/Grubbing will not take place during a rain event if erosion is likely to occur; nor will it occur if a rain event is forecasted and appropriate erosion controls cannot be installed prior to the storm and in accordance with section 201, 206 through 211 of the RIDOT standard specifications.

No undisturbed areas will be cleared of existing vegetation after October 15th of any calendar year or during any period of full or limited winter shutdown. All disturbed soils exposed prior to October 15 of any calendar year will be seeded or protected by that date. Any such areas that do not have adequate vegetative stabilization, as determined by the resident engineer or environmental inspector, by November 15 of any calendar year, must be stabilized by erosion control matting or mulch, in accordance with specifications contained within the RI Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook (as amended). If work continues within any of these areas during the period from October 15 through April 15, care must be taken to ensure that only the area required for that Day’s work is exposed, and all erodible soil must be restabilized within 5 working days.

As per RIDOT Standard Specification 201.03.1 – Clearing and Grubbing: After clearing, and by the end of each day's grubbing operation, the Contractor will install erosion control measures that are indicated on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. Such erosion control measures will be installed in strict accordance with the requirements of SECTIONS 206, 207, and 208 of these Specifications, PERIMETER EROSION CONTROLS, CHECK DAMS, and TEMPORARY DEWATERING BASINS, respectively.

Initiating Stabilization Practices

Upon completion and acceptance of site preparation and initial installation of erosion and sediment controls the operator will initiate appropriate stabilization practices during all phases of construction on all disturbed areas as soon as possible but not more than fourteen (14) days after the construction activity in that area has temporarily or permanently ceased, unless the activity is to resume within twenty-one (21) days.

Any disturbed areas that will not have active construction activity occurring within twenty-one (21) days must be stabilized using the BMPs depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with RIDOT Standard Specifications Section L.02 – Seeding, Section L.05 - Seed Stabilizers and Section M.18 – Landscape Materials (M.18.08 – Mulch and M.18.09 – Seed Stabilizer Materials).

Maintaining Stabilization

Controls and methods that may be used to maintain soil stabilization include the placement of geotextiles, erosion control blankets/mats, and temporary seeding. If the stabilization BMPs fail and erosion occurs, then alternative control measures &/or methods may need to be substituted.

☒ 2.5 Protect Slopes.

Structural BMPs will be used to temporarily conduct concentrated stormwater runoff safely down the face of a cut or fill slope without causing erosion on or below the slope.

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BMPs will be installed as depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with applicable RIDOT Standard Specifications.

Control measures that may be used, upon approval, include temporary slope drains, compost filter socks, fiber rolls, gravel bag berms, erosion control mats/blankets, and temporary vegetative cover.

☒ 2.6 Protect Storm Drain Inlets

Structural BMPs will be used to protect ALL stormwater inlets &/or catch basins that may receive sediment- laden stormwater flow.

BMPs will be installed as depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with applicable RIDOT Standard Specifications.

Control measures that may be used, upon approval, include catch basin inserts, compost filter socks, fiber rolls, and gravel bag berms.

☒ 2.7 Protect Storm Drain Outfalls

Structural BMPs will be used to protect ALL stormwater outfalls that may discharge sediment-laden stormwater flow.

BMPs will be installed as depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with applicable RIDOT Standard Specifications.

Control measures that may be used, upon approval, include compost filter socks, fiber rolls, gravel bag berms, and rip-rap.

☒ 2.8 Establish Perimeter Controls and Sediment Barriers

Structural BMPs will be used to establish perimeter barriers that will stop sediment-laden stormwater flow from leaving the construction site.

BMPs will be installed as depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with applicable RIDOT Standard Specifications.

Control measures that may be used, upon approval, include baled hay &/or silt fence, compost filter socks, fiber rolls, and gravel bag berms.

☒ 2.9 Retain Sediment On-Site and Control Dewatering Practices

Sediment traps, basins, and barriers are used to retain sediment on the site to protect streams, lakes, drainage systems, and adjacent property. These devices are used at the outlets of channels, diversions, and other runoff conveyance measures to allow sediment-filled water to pool and sediment to settle. These measures are often used as the last line of defense to stop sediment from leaving the site.

The dewatering of non-contaminated non-stormwater (i.e. groundwater) or accumulated precipitation

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The dewatering of contaminated non-stormwater cannot be discharged without prior notice and approval from either the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM) or the Coastal Resources Management Council (CRMC). Should dewatering of contaminated water be occurring on this construction project, appropriate permits will have been obtained, and will be included as part of the Contract Documents.

• Compost Filter Socks will be installed around waterbodies in the vicinity all repair bridges. • Compost Filter Socks will be installed at all drainage outfalls for cleaning and flushing of pipe operations • Inlet Sediment Control Devices shall be installed in all catch basins within the project limits. • Control of Water- See Job Specific Pages Item Nos. 203.9901 and 203.9902

☒ 2.10 Monitoring Weather Conditions

Care will be taken to avoid having unstabilized areas exposed during precipitation events. Weather forecasts will be routinely checked, and in the case of an expected precipitation event of over 0.25-inches over a 24-hour period, all BMPs will be inspected, and maintained as necessary, prior to the weather event.

In the case of an extreme weather forecast (greater than one-inch of rain over a 24-hour period), additional erosion/sediment controls will be installed where appropriate.

North Kingstown:

https://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=41.5885&lon=-71.458#.XGQaqOTsboo

East Greenwich:

https://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=41.6605&lon=-71.45#.XGQbB-Tsboo

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SECTION 3: GOOD HOUSEKEEPING BMPS

The purpose of good housekeeping is to prevent daily construction operations and activities from causing pollution.

☒ 3.1 Off-site Tracking of Sediments

Any construction site access point must employ the BMPs depicted on the approved plan set and in accordance with RIDOT Standard Specifications Section 211 – Construction Accesses, or any method approved of by the RIDOT Resident Engineer and the RIDOT Office of Stormwater Management. Construction accesses will be used in conjunction with the stabilization of construction roads to reduce the amount of mud picked up by construction vehicles. All RI STD 9.9.0 Construction Access roads will be constructed prior to any roadway accepting construction traffic

If a Construction Access BMP is not designated on the plans, it is still the responsibility of the Operator to ensure that no sediment is tracked off the construction site by any vehicles leaving the site. Additional control measures that may be used, upon approval, include a vehicle washing station and/or daily street sweeping.

The Operator will remain responsible for the clean-up of any mud or dirt that is tracked onto streets or paved areas, even with the installation of gravel construction entrances. Inspect access for excessive sediment build up. Remove sediment and rebuild the exit as necessary to retain effectiveness and prevent off-site tracking. Additional street cleaning may be required if unable to retain sediment on site.

☒ 3.2 Waste Disposal

Building materials and other construction site wastes will be properly managed and disposed of to prevent the discharge of solid materials from wind and precipitation. All types of waste generated at the site will be disposed of in a manner consistent with State Law and/or regulations.

• The waste collection area will not be within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.7) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

• All waste containers will be covered to avoid contact with wind and precipitation.

• Waste collection will be scheduled frequently enough to prevent containers from overfilling. • All construction site wastes will be collected, removed, and disposed of in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements and only at authorized disposal sites. • Equipment and containers will be checked for leaks, corrosion, support or foundation failure, or other signs of deterioration. Those that are found to be defective will be immediately repaired or replaced.

☒ 3.3 Spill Prevention and Control Plan

Spills and leaks will be avoided through frequent inspection of equipment and material storage areas. Heavy equipment and other vehicles will be routinely inspected for leaks and repaired as necessary. Material storage areas will be routinely inspected for leaky containers, open containers, or improper storage

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techniques that may lead to spills or leaks. Appropriate cleanup procedures and supplies will be available on-site.

Spills will be cleaned up immediately and following proper response procedures and in accordance with any applicable regulatory requirements. At no time will spills be cleaned and flushed down storm drains or in to any environmentally sensitive area (i.e. stream, pond, wetland).

Equipment/vehicle fueling and repair/maintenance operations or hazardous material storage will not take place within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.7) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

☒ 3.4 Control of Allowable Non-Storm Water Discharges

Non-storm water discharges will be controlled to reduce the likelihood of contamination. Allowable discharges will be kept separate from stormwater flow with BMPs.

For contaminated non-stormwater discharge(s), the requirements and regulations of the associated RIPDES individual permit or RIPDES Remediation General Permit will be adhered to at all times.

☒ 3.5 Establish Proper Building Material Staging Areas

Stock piles will not be located within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.7) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer. They will have side slopes no greater than 30% and stockpiles of erodible material will be seeded and ringed with RI STD 9.1.0 to stabilize (or RIDOT approved equivalent: berms, dikes, fiber rolls, compost socks, sandbag, gravel bags).

If soil stockpiles are not stabilized with vegetation, then they will be securely covered at the end of each workday.

All chemicals and/or hazardous waste material must be stored properly and legally in covered areas, with containment systems constructed in or around the storage areas. Areas must be designated for materials delivery and storage. Designated areas will not be located within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.12) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

☒ 3.6 Designate Washout Areas

Concrete mixer trucks and chutes will be washed in a designated area or concrete wastes will be properly disposed of off-site. Washout areas for concrete, paint or any other material will not be within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.12) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

Temporary concrete washout areas must be constructed and maintained to contain all water and concrete waste generated by washout operations. A sign should be placed at the washout site to inform concrete equipment operators of the facility location. Facilities must be cleaned or replaced when they reach 75% capacity.

At no time will any material (concrete, paint, chemicals) be washed into storm drains, open ditches, streets, streams, wetlands, or any environmentally sensitive area. The site operator must ensure that construction waste is properly and legally disposed of, to avoid exposure to precipitation, at the end of each working day. Designated areas will not be located within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.12) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

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☒ 3.7 Establish proper equipment/vehicle fueling & maintenance practices

Vehicle fueling, maintenance and/or washing will occur off-site, or in designated areas. Designated areas will not be located within any of the constraint areas located on the “Constraint Map” (Section 1.7) and will be approved by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

Areas will be clearly designated, and berms, sandbags, or other barriers will be used around the perimeter of the maintenance area to prevent storm water contamination.

Construction vehicles will be inspected frequently for leaks. Repairs will take place immediately. Disposal of all used oil, antifreeze, solvents and other automotive-related chemicals will be according to applicable regulations; at no time will any material be washed down the storm drain or in to any environmentally sensitive area.

☒ 3.8 Dust Control

Dust control procedures and practices will be used to suppress dust on a construction site during the construction process, as applicable. Precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind velocity and direction will determine amount and frequency of applications. However, the best method of controlling dust is to prevent dust production. This can best be accomplished by limiting the amount of bare soil exposed at one time. RIDOT Standard Specifications Section 907 – Dust Control – will be followed.

Dust Control methods may include watering, surface roughening, wind barriers, walls, and covers.

☒ 3.9 Sweeping

Sweeping of streets, roads, highways, and parking lots that have accumulated significant amounts of pollutants (construction site sediment, trash, debris) will be done as necessary, or as directed by the RIDOT Resident Engineer. When construction exits are not keeping construction site sediment from the roadway, sweeping will be done daily. Disposal of collected sweeping material will follow RIDOT Standard Specifications Section 931 – Cleaning and Sweeping Pavement.

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SECTION 4: POST-CONSTRUCTION BMPs

Post-Construction Best Management Practices are BMPs that are installed during the Construction Phase of a project to manage storm water flow after the construction is completed. Measures must be used during the construction project to protect permanent or long term BMPs as they are installed so that they will function properly when they are brought online at the end of the construction phase. Such long-term BMPs may include: infiltration basins, open vegetated swales and natural depressions, vegetated buffer strips, and detention/ retention structures. Controls may also be needed to prevent or minimize erosion at outfall locations or along the length of vegetated channels to reduce velocity flow from the structure to the receiving waters. Control measures that may need to be implemented during the construction phase typically include measures to ensure proper installation and/or long term functioning of the long-term BMPs. Examples include: ensuring proper material staging areas and equipment routing to avoid compaction of soil in areas meant for permanent BMPs, and final cleaning of structural BMPs before construction finalization.

4.1 Post-Construction BMPs

Location Post-Construction BMP Protective Measures

N/A N/A N/A

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SECTION 5: MAINTENANCE and INSPECTIONS RIPDES Construction General Permit – Section IV.E.2.d

5.1 Maintenance

Maintenance procedures for erosion and sedimentation controls and stormwater management structures/facilities are described on the approved plan set and in Section 212 of the RHODE ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction 2004 EDITION (and Amendments).

The Contractor will maintain erosion and pollution controls to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Erosion and pollution controls must be able to prevent, under normal weather conditions, both the movement of soil materials and the intrusion of sediment-laden discharges into environmentally sensitive areas.

Construction will not commence or continue until all specified erosion and pollution controls are in place, properly installed and accepted by the Engineer.

Erosion and pollution controls will be cleaned when sediment deposits reach the heights indicated in the table provided in Section 212.03.1 of the RIDOT Standard Specifications, after a rainstorm as necessary; and/or when directed by the RIDOT Resident Engineer.

Erosion control structures will remain in place until all disturbed earth has been securely stabilized and accepted by RIDOT. Before final removal, all accumulated sediment on the upstream side will be removed and legally disposed of. After removal of structures, disturbed areas will be regraded and stabilized as necessary.

BMPs will be maintained in effective operating condition by appropriate means. Upon identification of BMPs that are not operating effectively, maintenance and/or appropriate means will be performed as soon as practicable.

Timely maintenance of the control measures identified in this SWPPP will be ensured by weekly and post-storm event site inspections. These site inspections are a condition and requirement of the RIDOT Stormwater Management Program Plan.

Please Note: The contractor is required to have a full-time, on-site designated contact person responsible for working with the RIDOT Resident Engineer and the RIDOT designated Environmental Compliance Manager (EMC) to resolve SWPPP- related issues.

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5.2 Inspections

Minimum Monitoring and Reporting Requirements

The construction site must be inspected at least once every seven (7) calendar days and within twenty-four (24) hours after any storm event which generates at least 0.25-inches of precipitation per twenty-four (24) hour period and/or after a significant amount of runoff or snowmelt. An appropriate rain gauge (as may be found on www.wunderground.com or www.nws.noaa.gov (or similar sites)) must be identified and utilized for the determination of the storm events.

General Notes

• The RIDOT Designated Inspector will prepare a separate inspection report for each inspection. • The Inspection Reference Number will be a combination of the Construction Contract Number - consecutively numbered inspections. ex. Inspection reference number for the 4th inspection of a project would be: 2011-AA-BBB-4 • Each report will be signed and dated by the Inspector and forwarded to the Engineer within 24 hours of the inspection. • Each report will be signed and dated by the Engineer and forwarded to the Contractor’s designated representative. • Each report will be signed and dated by the Contractor upon receipt. • If Corrective Actions are required, the Contractor will initiate appropriate measures within 24 hours of receiving of the inspection report. • It is the responsibility of the RIDOT Resident Engineer to maintain a copy of the SWPPP, copies of all completed inspection reports, and amendments as part of the SWPPP documentation at the project field office during construction.

ATTACHMENT A: Inspection Report Instructions and Template

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5.3 Corrective Actions

If, in the opinion of the Resident Engineer, corrective action is required, the Resident Engineer will note it on the inspection report and will notify and direct the Contractor to take corrective action and make all necessary repairs whenever maintenance of the erosion and pollution controls is required.

In accordance with Section 212 of the RIDOT Standard Specifications, the Contractor will commence with the requisite cleaning and maintenance measures no later than the next consecutive calendar day after receiving such a directive from the Engineer, and will aggressively and expeditiously perform such cleaning and maintenance work until the original problem is remedied to the complete satisfaction of the Engineer.

If the Engineer decides on any given day that those erosion and pollution controls specified in the Contract are not in place or have not been adequately maintained as specified in this Section, the daily charge set forth in Special Provision Code 212.1000 will be deducted from monies due the Contractor as a charge for failure to comply with this Specification. Moreover, the stated daily charge will continue each consecutive calendar day thereafter until the deficiencies noted have been corrected to the complete satisfaction of the Engineer.

ATTACHMENT A: Inspection Report Instructions and Template including Corrective Action Log

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SECTION 6: Amendments

This SWPPP is intended to be a working document.

It is expected that amendments will be required throughout the construction of the project.

Even if practices are installed on a site per the approved plan, the site is only in compliance when erosion and sedimentation are effectively controlled throughout the entire site.

The SWPPP will be amended whenever there is a change in design, construction, operation, maintenance, or other procedure which has a significant effect on the potential for the discharge of pollutants, or if the SWPPP proves to be ineffective in achieving its objectives (i.e. the selected BMPs are not effective in controlling erosion or sedimentation).

All revisions must be recorded in the Record of Amendments Log Sheet within the SWPPP, and dated red-line drawings and/or a detailed written description must be appended to the SWPPP. Inspection Forms must be revised to reflect all amendments. Update the Revision Date and the Version # in the footer of the Report to reflect amendments made.

All SWPPP Amendments, except minor non-technical revisions, must be approved by the Resident Engineer.

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SECTION 7: Recordkeeping

7.1 Requirements

It is the RIDOT Resident Engineer’s responsibility to have the following documents at the Field Office and immediately available for review upon request:

• A copy of the fully signed and dated SWPPP

• Copies of all signed and dated Inspection Reports

• Corrective Action Log

• Amendment Log

• Any Regulatory permits obtained as part of the Project

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SECTION 8: Party Certifications

All parties working for the Rhode Island Department of Transportation are required to comply with the Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for any work that is performed on-site. Any person or group who violates any condition of the SWPPP may be subject to substantial penalties or loss of contract. Contractors and Sub-Contractors are encouraged to advise all employees working on this project of the requirements of the SWPPP. A copy of the SWPPP is available for your review at the RIDOT Field Office, or may be obtained from the RIDOT Office of Stormwater Management by calling (401) 734- 4892.

The prime contractor and each subcontractor engaged in activities at the construction site that could impact stormwater must be identified and sign the following certification statement.

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I acknowledge that I have read and understand the terms and conditions of the SWPPP for the above designated project and agree to follow the BMPs and practices described in the SWPPP.

RIDOT Resident Engineer: Insert Company or Organization Name Insert Name & Title ______Insert Address signature/Click or tap to enter a date. Insert City, State, Zip Code Insert Telephone Number, Insert Fax/Email

RIDOT SWPPP Inspector: Insert Company or Organization Name Insert Name & Title ______Insert Address signature/Click or tap to enter a date. Insert City, State, Zip Code Insert Telephone Number, Insert Fax/Email

Contractor SWPPP Contact: Insert Company or Organization Name Insert Name & Title ______Insert Address signature/Click or tap to enter a date. Insert City, State, Zip Code Insert Telephone Number, Insert Fax/Email

Subcontractor SWPPP Contact: Insert Company or Organization Name Insert Name & Title ______Insert Address signature/Click or tap to enter a date. Insert City, State, Zip Code Insert Telephone Number, Insert Fax/Email

Insert more contact/signature lines as necessary

- 26 -

Amendment Log ALL AMENDMENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY RIDOT RESIDENT ENGINEER Describe amendment to be made to SWPPP, the date, and the person/title making the amendment. The RIDOT Resident Engineer must approve ALL amendments.

Date Description of Amendment R.E. initials 1

Add more lines/pages as necessary

SWPPP APPENDICES

Attachment A

Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report -- Instructions

Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report

Small-Site SWPPP Corrective Action Log

Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report Instructions

For all projects with less than one (1) acre of soil disturbance, RIDOT is required to develop and enforce a Site-Specific Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) in order to remain in compliance with RIDOT’s Stormwater Management Program Plan. As part of the SWPPP, a site-specific inspection report must be created and utilized.

Preparing the Inspection Report

This inspection report template has been provided by RIDOT for the development of the site-specific SWPPP Inspection Report. It must be customized for each individual Project to meet the requirements of the RIPDES Construction General Permit.

It is expected that this Inspection Report will be prepared as part of the preparation of the site-specific SWPPP. This inspection report template is designed to be customized according to the SWPPP document (initially) and then customized based on conditions at the site.

Review the site-specific SWPPP and the Plans to develop the inspection report. On a copy of the site plan, number all stormwater BMPs and areas of the site that will be inspected. Include both structural (basins, outlet protection, swales, etc) and non- structural (construction entrances, perimeter barriers, trash areas, etc) BMPs and areas that will be inspected. Also identify all point source outfalls, areas of highly erodable soils, and the priority natural resource areas (i.e. streams, wetlands, mature trees, etc). List each BMP or area to be inspected separately in the site-specific BMP section of the inspection report.

An appropriate rain gauge must be identified and utilized for the determination of the storm events. Rain gauges may be found on www.wunderground.com, www.nws.noaa.gov (or similar sites).

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Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report Instructions for:

Resident Engineer  The RIDOT Resident Engineer (RE) must review the SWPPP and sign the Certification Statement for RIDOT Resident Engineer in Section 8. If the RE has any questions, contact the RIDOT Natural Resources Unit at 401-222-2023.  The Resident Engineer (RE) may be the Inspector, or the RE may designate another RIDOT employee as the Inspector. The RE, or the designated inspector, must sign the Certification Statement for RIDOT SWPPP Inspector in Section 8.  It is the responsibility of the RIDOT Resident Engineer to start the SWPPP Inspections BEFORE EARTHWORK BEGINS. Earthwork is NOT allowed to proceed until a SWPPP Inspection of the site has been completed.  After an Inspection has been performed, the RE must sign the ‘acknowledgement’ certification on Page 1 of the Inspection Report at time of receipt from the Inspector.  The RE must review the Inspection Report within 24-hours of receipt. o If the RE agrees with the Inspection report, the RE must: . Fill out the “NOTICE TO CONTACTOR” box on the last page of the Report . Have the Contractor sign the ‘acknowledgement’ certification on Page 1 . Make a copy of the Inspection Report with all 3 signatures for the Contractor’s use o If the RE disagrees with a corrective action item, the RE must: . Document objection with each item and provide justifiable reason in the inspection report. The contractor will not responsible for initiating corrective actions for such items. The RIDOT Natural Resources Unit will review such items if warranted. . Fill out the “NOTICE TO CONTACTOR” box on the last page of the Report . Have the Contractor sign the ‘acknowledgement’ certification on Page 1 . Make a copy of the Inspection Report with all 3 signatures for the Contractor’s use  It is the responsibility of the RIDOT Resident Engineer to maintain a copy of the SWPPP, copies of all completed inspection reports, and amendments as part of the SWPPP documentation at the project field office during construction.

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Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report Instructions for: INSPECTORS  The RIDOT Resident Engineer (RE) may be the Inspector, or the RE may designate another RIDOT employee as the Inspector. The RE, or the designated inspector, must sign the Certification Statement for RIDOT SWPPP Inspector in Section 8.  A separate inspection report will be prepared for each inspection.  Complete any items that will remain constant, such as the project information and BMP locations and descriptions. Then print out multiple copies (double-sided!) of this customized inspection report to use during the inspections.  The Inspection Reference Number shall be a combination of the Construction Contract Number - consecutively numbered inspections. ex/ Inspection reference number for the 4th inspection of a project would be: 2006-AA-BBB-4  Check the rain gauge for past & future weather data prior to inspection.  Minimum Monitoring and Reporting Requirements “…the site must be inspected at least once every seven (7) calendar days and within twenty-four (24) hours after any storm event which generates at least 0.25- inches of precipitation per twenty four (24) hour period and/or after a significant amount of runoff or snowmelt.” (RIPDES CGP)  When conducting the inspection, walk the site by following the site map and numbered BMPs locations for inspection. Also note whether the overall site issues have been addressed.  Associated photos – each photo should be dated and have a unique identification # and written description indicating where it is located within the project area. If a close up photo is required, it should be preceded with a photo including both the detail area and some type of visible fixed reference point. Photos should be annotated with Station numbers and other identifying information where needed.  For each inspection, the Inspector must determine if the Construction site is in compliance with the SWPPP, or not. The Inspector must check the appropriate check-box on Page 1 of the inspection report.  Each report must be signed and dated by the Inspector, and forwarded to the Engineer within 24-hours of the inspection.

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Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report Instructions for:

INSPECTORS (continued)

 On a monthly basis, the inspector will submit copies of the Inspection Reports to: RIDOT Natural Resources Unit, Two Capitol Hill, Rm. 368, Providence, RI 02903 Monthly submission must include: o A copy of each completed, dated, and signed inspection report, including any associated photos o A copy of the daily rainfall summary data for the month as reported by the selected rain gauge. (i.e. the monthly calendar from www.wunderground.com). o Reports should be forwarded to the NRU by no later than the 10th of the month following the end of the reporting period. o Content, frequency, &/or submission format of inspection reports may be changed with approval of the applicable Natural Resources Unit personnel for the Project. o IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT THE NATURAL RESOURCES UNIT at 401-222-2023

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Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report Instructions for:

Contractor  The Contractor must review the SWPPP and sign the Certification Statement for Contractor in Section 8.  After an Inspection has been performed, the Contractor must sign the ‘acknowledgement’ certification on Page 1 at time of receipt from the Resident Engineer.  The RE will provide a copy of the signed Inspection Report to the Contractor.  The Inspection Report serves as your RIDOT directive to proceed with corrective actions.  In accordance with the SWPPP and Section 212 of the RIDOT Standard Specifications, the Contractor will commence with the requisite cleaning and maintenance measures no later than the next consecutive calendar day after receiving such a directive from the Engineer, and will aggressively and expeditiously perform such cleaning and maintenance work until the original problem is remedied to the complete satisfaction of the Engineer.  Progress on Corrective Action items will be documented by the Inspector in the subsequent inspections.

Inspector, Resident Engineer, & Contractor

Amendments

The SWPPP shall be amended whenever there is a change in design, construction, operation, maintenance or other procedure which has a significant effect on the potential for the discharge of pollutants, or if the SWPPP proves to be ineffective in achieving its objectives.

SWPPP Amendments may be recommended by any party, but all amendments must be approved by the Resident Engineer. The revision must be recorded in the Record of Amendments Log Sheet within the SWPPP, and dated red-line drawings and/or a detailed written description must be appended to the SWPPP. Inspection Forms must be revised to reflect all amendments by the Inspector.

Questions

Questions may be addressed to the RIDOT Natural Resources Unit, 2 Capitol Hill, Providence, RI 02903. 401-222-2023

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Small-Site SWPPP Inspection Report Project Information Name/Location

RIDOT Project Manager RIDOT Resident Engineer

Contractor SWPPP Contact

E&S Sub-Contractor SWPPP Contact

Inspection Information Inspector

Inspection Date Start/End Time Inspection Type  Weekly  Pre-storm event  During storm event  Post-storm event  Violation Weather Information Rain Gauge:

Last Rain Event Date: Duration (hrs): Approximate Rainfall (in):

Current Weather at time of this inspection:

Weather Forecast at time of this inspection: (when is next precipitation or wind event anticipated?)

Certification Statements Inspector: (check one)  I, as the designated Inspector, certify that this site has been inspected and is in compliance with the site-specific SWPPP.

 I, as the designated Inspector, certify that this site has been inspected and I have made the determination that the site requires corrective actions before it will be compliant with the site-specific SWPPP. The required corrective actions are noted within this inspection report. Print Name: Signature: Date:

Resident Engineer: I, the RIDOT Resident Engineer, acknowledge the receipt of this SWPPP inspection report, and understand the requirements set forth in the RIDOT Standard Specifications and the Contract Documents regarding the implementation and maintenance of erosion and sedimentation controls. Print Name: Signature: Date:

Contractor: I, the designated Contractor representative, acknowledge the receipt of this SWPPP inspection report, and understand the requirements set forth in the RIDOT Standard Specifications and the Contract Documents regarding the implementation and maintenance of erosion and sedimentation controls. Print Name: Signature: Date:

RIDOT Version 2.20120529 1

EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION Installed & Assoc. Operating Photo/ CORRECTIVE ACTION BMP INSPECTION correctly? Figure # Are Limits of Disturbance clearly Yes No 2.1 marked?  N/A Are natural resource areas (e.g., streams, wetlands, trees, etc.) Yes No 2.1 protected with barriers or similar  N/A BMPs? Is construction sequencing being Yes No 2.2 followed?  N/A Are structural BMPs properly Yes No 2.3 installed to control stormwater flow  N/A on the construction site? Is clearing/grubbing only occurring Yes No 2.4 in areas that will have active work  N/A within 21-days?

Is clearing/grubbing taking place Yes No 2.4 inside the Apr 15 - Oct 15 window?  N/A

Do unstabilized areas have Yes No 2.4 appropriate controls in place?  N/A

Are all slopes protected from Yes No 2.5 concentrated stormwater flow?  N/A

Are storm drain inlets properly Yes No 2.6 protected?  N/A

Are storm drain outfalls properly Yes No 2.7 protected?  N/A Are perimeter controls and Yes No 2.8 sediment barriers adequately installed  N/A and maintained? Are discharge points and receiving Yes No 2.9 waters free of sediment deposits?  N/A

Is weather forecast being checked Yes No 2.10 regularly?  N/A Notes on Erosion and Sediment Controls:

RIDOT Version 2.20120529 2

Assoc. Installed & GOOD HOUSEKEEPING Photo/ Operating Figure CORRECTIVE ACTION BMP INSPECTION correctly? # Are BMPs effectively limiting sediment from Yes No 3.1 being tracked into the street?  N/A

Is trash/litter from work areas collected and Yes No 3.2 placed in covered containers regularly?  N/A Are on-site equipment, vehicles, containers, Yes No 3.3 and storage areas  N/A free from leaks? Are materials that are potential stormwater Yes No 3.3 contaminants stored inside or under cover?  N/A

Are non-storm water discharges free from Yes No 3.4 contamination?  N/A Are stockpiles covered (either with temporary vegetation or tarps), ringed with barrier BMPs, Yes No 3.5 and located at least 50 feet away from natural  N/A resources and storm drains? Are washout facilities (e.g. paint, concrete) available, clearly marked, and maintained and Yes No 3.6 located at least 50-feet away from natural  N/A resources and storm drains? Are vehicle and equipment fueling, cleaning, and maintenance areas free from leaks and Yes No 3.7 located at least 50-feet away from natural  N/A resources and storm drains? Yes No 3.8 Is dust being controlled on-site?  N/A

Is sweeping being used to keep sediment off Yes No 3.9 roads and parking lots?  N/A

PROCEURAL BMP INSPECTION

Are permanent BMPs being protected during Yes No 4.1 the active construction phase?  N/A Are all structural BMPs being maintained in 5.1 accordance with RIDOT Standard Spec Section Yes No 212? Are inspections taking place every 7-days & 5.2 Yes No after storm events?

Have previous Corrective Actions been Yes No 5.3 initiated & completed by the Contractor?  N/A Yes No 6.0 Are SWPPP Amendments being logged?  N/A Are the SWPPP and ALL inspection reports 7.0 Yes No being kept at the RIDOT Field Office?

RIDOT Version 2.20120529 3

General Field Comments:

NOTICE TO CONTRACTOR

This SWPPP Inspection Report, completed by a RIDOT-designated inspector, indicates that this construction site is:

 No immediate actions are required, other than keeping up the good work! 

COMPLIANT  Work is required to maintain Site compliance

 This document serves as your RIDOT directive to proceed with corrective actions NON-COMPLIANT that have been outlined above.

The small site SWPPP, Construction Contract documents, and the RIDOT Standard Specifications state that non-compliance issues shall be addressed no later than (7) seven calendar days from date of inspection. In accordance with the SWPPP and Section 212 of the RIDOT Standard Specifications, the contractor shall commence with the requisite cleaning and maintenance measures no later than the next calendar day after receiving such a directive from the engineer.

Date work to begin:

Date work to be completed:

R.E. initials: ______R.E. Comments:

Date: ______

RIDOT Version 2.20120529 4 APPENDIX D

TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

LEVEL 3 Project Name: Bridge Group 18B Rehabilitation TRANSPORTATION RI Design Contract No(s): 2016-EB-030G MANAGEMENT RI Construction Contract No(s): 2019-CB-061 PLAN Submission: PS&E Date: 4/15/2019

PROJECT INFORMATION Brief Bridge Group 18B Rehabilitation, Rhode Island Contract No. 2018-CB-XXX is for repairs to 11 bridges located in the Town of North Kingstown in Washington Project County and the Town of East Greenwich in Kent County, Rhode Island. The work in this Contract includes, but is not limited to, steel painting, steel repairs, Description: masonry repairs, concrete repairs (superstructure and substructure), concrete sealing, joint repairs and sealing, pavement removal and replacement, waterproofing membrane installation, bridge washing, vegetation clearing, tree removal, riprap installation, and steel guardrail repair and replacement. The project wide installation of erosion controls, maintenance and protection of traffic, and water control will be required during the construction period along with all other incidentals complete in place and accepted by the Resident Engineer.

General This contract includes 11 bridges located in the Town of North Kingstown in Washington County and the Town of East Greenwich in Kent County, Rhode Work Island. Limits: WORK ZONE LOCATIONS

ROADWAY NAME or INTERSECTION Bridge No. City/Town APPROX. LENGTH US 1 Post Road at Bridge 4 East Greenwich ±65' Chadsey Road at Bridge 8 North Kingstown ±60' US 1 Post Road at Bridge 9 North Kingstown ±60' US 1A Boston Neck Road at Bridge 12 North Kingstown ±375' US 1A Boston Neck Road at Bridge 13 North Kingstown ±375' RI 401 Division Street at Bridge 247 East Greenwich ±175' RI 24 over Stony Lane at Bridge 768 North Kingstown ±400' Potowomut Road at Bridge 992 North Kingstown ±95' Lang Drive at Bridge 1062 North Kingstown ±90' Kenyon Avenue at Bridge 1157 East Greenwich ±55' Cedar Avenue at Bridge 1158 East Greenwich ±140'

General Construction for this project is scheduled to begin in April 2020 and is expected to be completed by November 2020 Project Schedule*: *The information in this section is not intended to and shall not supersede the approved schedule and milestone/completion dates for the project.

Bridge Group 18B Level 3 TMP Template Rev. 11-06-09 Page 1 of 3 TRAFFIC-RELATED WORK RESTRICTIONS General See attached General Restrictions chart (Attachment A) Restrictions:

Holiday See attached Holiday Restrictions chart (Attachment B) Restrictions:

TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS These RIDOT- and/or Designer-Developed TTC Plans will be used during the work on this project Included in: Included in: Plan Plan TMP TMP RIDOT TYPICAL TTC PLANS Set DESIGNER-DEVELOPED TTC PLANS Set Mobile Operation TTCP No. 1- No. 4 (Typical Details) X Work Beyond the Shoulder Stony Lane Bridge No. 768 TTCP No. 1- No. 3 X Shoulder Closure - Two Lane Road Potowumut Bridge No. 992 TTCP (Detour) X Shoulder Closure - Limited Access Goosenest Brook Bridge No. 1062 TTCP (Detour) X 1-Side Lane Shift - Two Lane Road

2-Side Lane Shift - Two Lane Road

Lane Shift - Limited Access

Lane Closure - Two Lane Road

Lane Closure - Four Lane Road

Lane Closure - Limited Access

Double Lane Closure - Limited Access

PUBLIC INFORMATION PLAN These strategies will be used to provide information concerning the project to road users and the community SELECTED STRATEGIES RESPONSIBILITIES / REQUIREMENTS / SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS RIDOT travel advisories news releases RIDOT TMP Imp. Mngr. to send RIDOT notification form to Communications min. 48 hrs. in advance of restrictions. RIDOT travel advisories web site RIDOT TMP Imp. Mngr. to send RIDOT notification form to Communications min. 48 hrs. in advance of restrictions. RIDOT 511 traveler information system RIDOT TMP Imp. Mngr. to send RIDOT notification form to RIDOT TMC min. 48 hrs. in advance of restrictions. Changeable message signs (CMS) PCMS to be used where called for on Temporary Traffic Control Plans.

TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS PLAN These strategies will be used to provide improved transportation operations/safety within project work zones SELECTED STRATEGIES RESPONSIBILITIES / REQUIREMENTS / SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Crash attenuators Truck-mounted attenuators to be used at locations shown on TTCP Cooperative police enforcement Police details/ flaggers to be provided for traffic control set-ups

Bridge Group 18B Level 3 TMP Template Rev. 11-06-09 Page 2 of 3

Transportation Management Plan (TMP) for: Attachment A RICN: 2019-CB-061 Bridge Group 18B Rehabiliitation

General Restrictions Chart

1-5 MINIMUM NUMBER OF LANES & SHOULDERS TO REMAIN OPEN TO TRAFFIC

Time of Day Day of Week

Location From To SUN MON TUES WED THURS FRI SAT Route 4 - North Kingstown 0:00 24:00 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 L

0:00 9:00 ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL US 1 Post Rd, East Greenwich, US 1 Post Rd, US 1A Boston Neck Road, 9:00 15:00 ALL 1 L 1 L 1 L 1 L 1 L ALL North Kingstown 15:00 24:00 ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

Chadsey Rd, Stony Ln, North 0:00 7:00 ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL Kingstown Division St, Kenyon Ave, Cedar Ave, 7:00 15:00 ALL 1L (Alt) 1L (Alt) 1L (Alt) 1L (Alt) 1L (Alt) ALL East Greenwich 15:00 24:00 ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

Potowomut Rd, Lang Dr, North 0:00 24:00 DETOUR DETOUR DETOUR DETOUR DETOUR DETOUR DETOUR Kingstown

LEGEND

ALL All travel lanes and shoulders shall remain open to traffic

1L (Alt) A minimum of one 11-foot wide travel lane shall remain open to alternating traffic during this time period.

1 L A minimum of one 11-foot wide travel lane in each direction shall remain open to traffic

2 L A minimum of two 11-foot wide travel lanes in each direction shall remain open to traffic

DETOUR Full Road closure with detour set-up

NOTES 1 The set-up and break-down of temporary traffic control devices within a traveled way shall be construed as a closure of that traveled way. 2 The provisions noted herein shall not free the Contractor from his responsibility to conduct all work in such a manner that assures the least possible obstruction to traffic. 3 Access to and egress from all side streets, driveways, businesses, and residences intersecting the Project work zones shall be maintained at all times unless otherwise noted or shown on the Plans. 4 At locations with a sidewalk(s), a minimum of one sidewalk on one side of the roadway shall be open to pedestrian traffic at all times. 5 DETOUR for Bridges No. 992 and No. 1062 shall not be in place for more than a single five-day period. Trans portation Management Plan (TMP) for: Attachment B RICN: Bridge Group 18B Improvements

Holiday Restrictions NOTE: IN CASE OF DISCREPANCY BETW EEN THESE HOLIDAY RESTRICTIONS AND THE GENERAL RESTRICTIONS (ATTACHMENT A), THESE HOLIDAY RESTRICTIONS SHALL GOVERN.

No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed after 13:00 on the Friday preceding a holiday weekend.

EASTER SUNDAY No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Saturday. No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Sunday until 20:00 (after 20:00, General Restrictions shall apply).

NEW YEAR'S DAY, INDEPENDENCE DAY, & CHRISTMAS DAY No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed after 13:00 on the day before the holiday. No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on the holiday.

VETERANS DAY No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed after 13:00 on the day before the holiday. No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Veterans Day until 20:00 (after 20:00, General Restrictions shall apply).

DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. DAY, VICTORY DAY, & COLUMBUS DAY No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Saturday and/or Sunday. No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Monday until 20:00 (after 20:00, General Restrictions shall apply).

MEMORIAL DAY & LABOR DAY No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Saturday and/or Sunday. No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Monday until 22:00 (after 22:00, General Restrictions shall apply).

THANKSGIVING DAY No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed after 13:00 on the Wednesday preceding Thanksgiving Day. No lane and/or shoulder closures allowed on Thanksgiving Day, Friday, Saturday, and/or Sunday.

Date: April 2019 Page 1 of 1 Lanes, Volumes, Timings Division Street Bridge Construction 1: Work Zone /Division Street & Dummy Signal 1 One Lane Alternating Analysis (12:00-1:00 pm)

Lane Group WBL WBR NBT NBR SBL SBT Ø2 Lane Configurations Traffic Volume (vph) 0 0 762 0 0 688 Future Volume (vph) 0 0 762 0 0 688 Ideal Flow (vphpl) 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 Lane Util. Factor 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Frt Flt Protected Satd. Flow (prot) 0 0 1863 0 0 1863 Flt Permitted Satd. Flow (perm) 0 0 1863 0 0 1863 Right Turn on Red Yes Yes Satd. Flow (RTOR) Link Speed (mph) 30 15 15 Link Distance (ft) 925 216 1334 Travel Time (s) 21.0 9.8 60.6 Peak Hour Factor 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.92 Adj. Flow (vph) 0 0 828 0 0 748 Shared Lane Traffic (%) Lane Group Flow (vph) 0 0 828 0 0 748 Turn Type NA NA Protected Phases Free 1 2 Permitted Phases Detector Phase 1 Switch Phase Minimum Initial (s) 1.0 1.0 Minimum Split (s) 20.5 20.5 Total Split (s) 71.0 79.0 Total Split (%) 47.3% 53% Maximum Green (s) 59.0 67.0 Yellow Time (s) 3.0 3.0 All-Red Time (s) 9.0 9.0 Lost Time Adjust (s) 0.0 Total Lost Time (s) 12.0 Lead/Lag Lead Lag Lead-Lag Optimize? Yes Yes Vehicle Extension (s) 3.0 3.0 Recall Mode None None Act Effct Green (s) 150.0 59.0 Actuated g/C Ratio 1.00 0.39 v/c Ratio 0.44 1.02 Control Delay 2.6 83.3 Queue Delay 0.0 0.0 Total Delay 2.6 83.3 LOS A F Approach Delay 2.6 83.3 Approach LOS A F Queue Length 50th (ft) 0 ~774 Queue Length 95th (ft) m1 #1024 Internal Link Dist (ft) 845 136 1254

05/15/2019 Synchro 10 Report KS Page 1 Lanes, Volumes, Timings Division Street Bridge Construction 1: Work Zone /Division Street & Dummy Signal 1 One Lane Alternating Analysis (12:00-1:00 pm)

Lane Group WBL WBR NBT NBR SBL SBT Ø2 Turn Bay Length (ft) Base Capacity (vph) 1863 732 Starvation Cap Reductn 0 0 Spillback Cap Reductn 0 0 Storage Cap Reductn 0 0 Reduced v/c Ratio 0.44 1.02 Intersection Summary Area Type: Other Cycle Length: 150 Actuated Cycle Length: 150 Natural Cycle: 150 Control Type: Actuated-Uncoordinated Maximum v/c Ratio: 1.02 Intersection Signal Delay: 40.9 Intersection LOS: D Intersection Capacity Utilization 76.8% ICU Level of Service D Analysis Period (min) 15 ~ Volume exceeds capacity, queue is theoretically infinite. Queue shown is maximum after two cycles. # 95th percentile volume exceeds capacity, queue may be longer. Queue shown is maximum after two cycles. m Volume for 95th percentile queue is metered by upstream signal.

Splits and Phases: 1: Work Zone /Division Street & Dummy Signal 1

05/15/2019 Synchro 10 Report KS Page 2 Lanes, Volumes, Timings Division Street Bridge Construction 2: Work Zone & Dummy Signal 2 One Lane Alternating Analysis (12:00-1:00 pm)

Lane Group EBL EBR NBL NBT SBT SBR Ø1 Lane Configurations Traffic Volume (vph) 0 0 0 762 688 0 Future Volume (vph) 0 0 0 762 688 0 Ideal Flow (vphpl) 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 Lane Util. Factor 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Frt Flt Protected Satd. Flow (prot) 0 0 0 1863 1863 0 Flt Permitted Satd. Flow (perm) 0 0 0 1863 1863 0 Right Turn on Red Yes Yes Satd. Flow (RTOR) Link Speed (mph) 30 15 15 Link Distance (ft) 392 1663 216 Travel Time (s) 8.9 75.6 9.8 Peak Hour Factor 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.92 0.90 Adj. Flow (vph) 0 0 0 828 748 0 Shared Lane Traffic (%) Lane Group Flow (vph) 0 0 0 828 748 0 Turn Type NA NA Protected Phases 2 Free 1 Permitted Phases Detector Phase 2 Switch Phase Minimum Initial (s) 1.0 1.0 Minimum Split (s) 20.5 20.5 Total Split (s) 79.0 71.0 Total Split (%) 52.7% 47% Maximum Green (s) 67.0 59.0 Yellow Time (s) 3.0 3.0 All-Red Time (s) 9.0 9.0 Lost Time Adjust (s) 0.0 Total Lost Time (s) 12.0 Lead/Lag Lag Lead Lead-Lag Optimize? Yes Yes Vehicle Extension (s) 3.0 3.0 Recall Mode None None Act Effct Green (s) 67.0 150.0 Actuated g/C Ratio 0.45 1.00 v/c Ratio 1.00 0.40 Control Delay 71.1 2.8 Queue Delay 0.0 0.0 Total Delay 71.1 2.8 LOS E A Approach Delay 71.1 2.8 Approach LOS E A Queue Length 50th (ft) 797 15 Queue Length 95th (ft) #1091 m1 Internal Link Dist (ft) 312 1583 136

05/15/2019 Synchro 10 Report KS Page 3 Lanes, Volumes, Timings Division Street Bridge Construction 2: Work Zone & Dummy Signal 2 One Lane Alternating Analysis (12:00-1:00 pm)

Lane Group EBL EBR NBL NBT SBT SBR Ø1 Turn Bay Length (ft) Base Capacity (vph) 832 1863 Starvation Cap Reductn 0 0 Spillback Cap Reductn 0 0 Storage Cap Reductn 0 0 Reduced v/c Ratio 1.00 0.40 Intersection Summary Area Type: Other Cycle Length: 150 Actuated Cycle Length: 150 Natural Cycle: 150 Control Type: Actuated-Uncoordinated Maximum v/c Ratio: 1.02 Intersection Signal Delay: 38.7 Intersection LOS: D Intersection Capacity Utilization 76.8% ICU Level of Service D Analysis Period (min) 15 # 95th percentile volume exceeds capacity, queue may be longer. Queue shown is maximum after two cycles. m Volume for 95th percentile queue is metered by upstream signal.

Splits and Phases: 2: Work Zone & Dummy Signal 2

05/15/2019 Synchro 10 Report KS Page 4 APPENDIX E

NPS PRESERVATION BRIEF No. 38 and No. 47

PRESERVATION 38 BRIEFS Removing Graffiti from Historic Masonry

Martin E. Weaver

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Cultural Resources Preservation Assistance In Cooperation with the New York Landmarks Conservancy

Removing graffiti as soon as it appears is the key to its elimination-and recurrence. Thus, the intent of this Preservation Brief is to help owners and managers of historic masonry structures find the best way to remove exterior, surface-applied graffiti* quickly, effectively, and safely. The Brief will discuss the variety of materials used to apply graffiti, and offer guidance on how to remove graffiti from all types of historic masonry without harming either the surface or the substrate. Suggestions will also be given regarding the use of physical barriers to protect masonry surfaces from graffiti, and the application of barrier coatings to facilitate graffiti removal. Building managers and owners of historic properties will be advised on the importance of being prepared for rapid graffiti removal by testing different cleaning techniques in advance in order to select the most appropriate and sensitive cleaning technique. Health and safety and environmental concerns are addressed, as well as regulatory matters. Removing graffiti without causing damage to historic masonry is a job for trained maintenance crews, and in some cases, professional conservators, and generally should not be attempted by untrained workers, property owners or building managers. Although the focus of this Preservation Brief is on historic masonry, the same guidance may be applied equally to removing graffiti from non-historic masonry.

Identifying the Graffiti and the Masonry Successful graffiti removal from historic masonry depends on achieving a balance between breaking the bond between the graffiti and the masonry surface without damaging the masonry. This generally requires knowledge both of the materials used to make the graffiti and the masonry on which the graffiti has been executed, as well as knowledge of cleaning methods and materials (Fig. 1). Without this, masonry surfaces can be badly disfigured or damaged during graffiti removal. Figure 1. Many stones resemble others, and even concrete can sometimes be mistaken for stone. The stone trim on the Old Merchant's (Seabun) Graffiti. Most graffiti is made with spray paints. Although TredwelI) House (1832), in Greenwich Village, New York City, is a number of solvents and paint strippers are capable of documented as Vermont marble. After establishing the stone type, cleaning dissolving or breaking down these paints, some may methods should be tested in a discrete location in order to determine the mos t effective means of removing the graffiti without damaging the stone. More permanently discolor or stain the masonry surface if not than one kind of removal technique may be required when both stone and used correctly. As a result, the remaining paint may become brick require cleaning. Photo: Mark A. Weber more difficult, or even impossible, to remove. Poorly Paints are composed of pigments that provide color and thought-out and generally hasty attempts to remove graffiti hiding power; binder that holds the pigments together and using harsh chemicals or abrasives can also cause to the substrate; and a solvent that allows the permanent damage to the masonry that may be worse than pigment/ binder mixture to flow. Some spray paints and the graffiti (Fig. 2). markers may contain dyes instead of pigments. Paints are applied wet. Generally, as the solvent evaporates, the The ability to identify the graffiti material is an important binder solidifies. The greater the solvent content of the step in successful removal. Numerous kinds of spray paint paint, the greater the flow rate, and thus, the greater the (polyurethanes, lacquers, and enamels), and brush-applied ability of the paint to penetrate into masonry pores paints (oils and synthetic resins such as vinyls, acrylics, acetates, methacrylates, or alkyds), as well as permanent The two primary components contained in most graffiti felt markers are the materials most often used to make materials-pigment or dye, and binder-may simply graffiti. But other materials are also used for graffiti, remain on the masonry surface, or penetrate into the including water-soluble felt markers, ballpoint pens, chalk, masonry to varying depths depending on a number of graphite and colored pencils, pastels, wax and oil crayons, factors, including the surface tension of the substrate and liquid shoe polish, and lipstick (Fig. 3). The range of viscosity of the solvent or vehicle. Thus, even the total materials adopted by graffitists continues to expand. removal of the pigment or the binder may leave residues of the other component actually in, or below, the surface of the stone. Residual stains, or graffiti "ghosts," such as those from any kind of red paint or the fine black pigments used in spray paints, may be particularly difficult to remove (Fig. 4). With painted graffiti, it is helpful to establish how long it has been on the surface. For most paints that have been on the surface for several weeks or months, hardening processes are likely to be complete or well-advanced; the solubility of the paint is proportionately reduced and it will be more difficult to remove.

Figure 3 (a -d). A wide Figure 2. Harsh , but ineffective, graffiti removal methods have res ulted in variety of materials is permanent damage to granite walls at the General Grant National used to make sllrface Memorial in New York City. Photo: Judith M. Jacob applied graffiti on masonry, including (a) chalk, (b) felt-tip .... '1 I-h.J;~ I<;.;,'r marker, (c) felt -tip I '" IL ". E:rlr marker combined with crayon , alld (d) felt-tip marker and spray paint all concrete. Photos: (a) Anne Grimmer, (b) Frall ces Gale, (c) Martin Weaver, (d ) Anile Grimmer.

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2 Thus, for purposes of cleaning, masonry types are often categorized according to whether they are acid-sensitive, non-acid sensitive, or alkali-sensitive. Acid-sensitive stones consisting of carbonate materials may be damaged or even destroyed by contact with acids. Although, in many instances, acidic cleaning compounds are not effective for graffiti removal and generally should not be used for this purpose, it is useful to know that some acid-sensitive materials include: stones such as limestone, marble, travertine, calcareous sandstones and shales; most polished stones; and glazed architectural terra cotta and glazed brick. Non-acid sensitive masonry materials include slate, granite, unglazed architectural terra cotta and unglazed brick. Alkali-sensitive stones may contain silicates, or ferrous, soluble iron compounds that can react with alkalis or water to form severe staining. Alkali-sensitive stones include some granites, Indiana limestone, and many types of sandstone, especially those that are green or grey in color. Glazed and polished surfaces tend to be damaged by both strong acids and strong alkalis.

Graffiti Removal Methods and Materials A variety of treatments are available from which to choose the most appropriate method of graffiti removal that will not damage the surface of historic masonry. Removal techniques, which are chosen according to the type of graffiti and the masonry, range from simply erasing pencilled graffiti with soft erasers, or removing chalked graffiti with soft brushes, to poulticing with water (with or without detergents), poulticing with organic solvents or alkali-based paint removers, or applying bleach to remove painted graffiti. In very limited situations, it may mean using very delicate and controlled abrasive means. Figure 4 (a-b) . After cleaning with an alkaline paint remover, remnants Successful graffiti removal often requires a combination of or ghosts of black spray-painted graffiti are still visible and may require poulticing, while the blue paint has been almost completely removed. cleaning materials and methods. Photos: Mark A. Weber. Poulticing Masonry. The historic masonry substrate must also be identified. As used here, the term masonry encompasses all The most effective method of removing graffiti from types of natural stones; manufactured clay materials, masonry usually involves the use of a poultice. A poultice including brick and terra cotta; and cementitious materials, consists of an absorbent material or powder-inert clays such such as cast stone, concrete and mortar. The common factor as kaolin or sepiolite, diatomaceous earth (fuller's earth); or among masonry materials is that they are porous, to a cellulose products such as fluff puIp celluIose or shredded greater or lesser extent, and sensitive to abrasion. After paper-mixed with a cleaning solution (a liquid reagent such identifying the masonry, its condition, including fragility, as water, organic solvent, paint stripper or bleach) to form a porosity and permeability, must also be assessed prior to paste or slurry. The purpose of a poultice is twofold: it beginning graffiti removal. For example, a smooth, newly enables a cleaning solution to be kept in contact with the polished granite surface is comparatively easy to clean stained area as long as possible, while allowing the cleaning because it is relatively impermeable and paint vehicles tend solution to pull the staining material out of the substrate via to stay on the surface rather than penetrate into microscopic the poultice without redepositing it in, or restaining, the pores. A very smooth, polished surface also has no pits or masonry. A poultice is often covered with a plastic sheet to crevices that will retain particles of pigment or binder. In retard evaporation (Fig. 5). With some extremely porous contrast, weathered marble or limestone may be extremely types of stone, such as marble, although a poultice may porous and permeable, with a rough surface on which remove a stain from one side of the stone, stains can pass particles of pigment can easily lodge. The fragility of such a completely through the stone and be redeposited on the surface can make it impossible to clean the surface even other side of the masonry slab. Thus, caution should always with a bristle brush without risking severe surface loss. A be exercised in stain and graffiti removal. difference in surface texture or finish may also be the reason Water and Detergent. Graffiti removal from historic that a particular cleaning agent will work in one situation masonry should always begin with the gentlest means but not another. possible. In some instances, this means low-pressure water Some types of masonry may react adversely to contact with washing. Fresh graffiti- one or two days old-made with the various cleaning agents required to break or dissolve water-soluble markers may sometimes be removed with the bond between the graffiti and the masonry surface. water, possibly aided by a neutral or non-ionic detergent.

3 graffiti-removal products and commercial paint strippers containing organic solvents. But, these products should always be tested and used in accordance with manufacturer's instructions included in the product literature. Normally, solvents should be used in a poultice form to prevent them from penetrating into the substrate, and permanently discoloring or staining the masonry. A number of paint-removers are manufactured as thick gels or pastes that cling to the surface, and some commercial paint-removal products include a tough fiber-reinforced paper or cloth backing that retards evaporation and also facilitates neat and clean removal of the used stripper. The advantage of using organic solvents is that they evaporate completely, leaving no residual material in the masonry. However, organic solvents may present a severe health hazard, and workers using them must wear adequate protection. "Off-the-shelf" aerosol graffiti removers generally should not be used because the dissolved paint being removed may run down the wall "staining" a previously clean area; or pigments may also be redistributed by the rinsing and scrubbing recommended by the product manufacturer (Fig. 6). Alkaline Compounds. Alkaline compounds may be used to remove some oils and greases, and waxes from non-aLkali sensitive masonry. Like organic solvents, alkaline compounds should generally be used in conjunction with a poultice when removing graffiti. The use of alkaline compounds should always be followed by a weak acid

Figure 5. (a) Here, a commercially-manufactured poultice is being applied to the graffiti ghost that remains on this limestone building after an initial treatment with paint remover; (b) a plastic sheet has been taped over the poultice to slow dowll the rate of evaporatioll of the solvents con tained in the poultice. Photos : Ken Lustbadel'.

(Non-ionic detergents which do not ionize in solution, do not deposit a solid, visible residue.) Ammonia can also be effective in removing fresh graffiti. Any detergent should be approached with caution and tested before using because most commercial laundry detergents are not neutral and contain substances which may leave undesirable residues on masonry materials. Usually, the water and detergent should be mixed with an absorbent material and applied in the form of a poultice. Although water washing is often likely to be the gentlest cleaning method for historic masonry, it may not be as effective for removing graffiti because many graffiti materials are not soluble in water. Organic Solvents and Paint Removers. Most graffiti can be Figure 6. Although all aerosol graffiti remover has taken off much of the graffiti, it has left Ilew stains where it dripped down the masonry surface. removed without damaging the masonry with proprietary Photo: Kell Lustbader.

4 wash and a water rinse in order to neutraliz~r remove- all the alkaline residues from the masonry. Strong alkalies (pH13-14), such as sodium hydroxide-based paint removers (caustic soda or lye), generally should not be used as they can cause efflorescence and staining on masonry surfaces, if not properly neutralized. Potassium and other hydroxide paint removers may react with iron compounds in some masonry, particularly Indiana limestone, to form dark brown (rust-colored), or black ferric hydroxide stains, which are very difficult to remove. Bleaches. Alkali-based bleaches such as calcium hypochlorite can sometimes be used very successfully in a poultice to bleach or decolorize certain dyes contained in some paints and inks that cannot readily be removed by other means. Mechanical or Abrasive Methods. Mechanical treatments include dry or wet blasting, using abrasive grits, such as sand, dolomite powder, aluminum oxide, ground-walnut shells, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), and others; high pressure water washing; and mechanical sanding or grinding. All of these abrasive methods will cause damage to masonry and, in most instances, should never be considered as a method of removing graffiti from historic masonry. Abrasive methods used mistakenly by untrained workers to remove graffiti usually result in etching the outline of the graffiti permanently into the masonry (Fig. 7). Some historic masonry materials can be easily damaged by pressure washing even at low or moderate pressures 000- 400 psi). Occasionally, however, under very controlled circumstances, a micro-abrasive technique may be appropriate for removing graffiti from delicate masonry surfaces, if used at low pressures of 35-40 psi with fine abrasives. This treatment, which must be done very slowly and carefully to avoid damaging the masonry, should be tested first, and undertaken only by a professional conservator. Another exception, even though it is not strictly an abrasive treatment, is using a razor blade as a first step to remove spray paint or felt-tip marker from polished granite. However, this too, should be undertaken only by a professional conservator, and only on polished granite, which is very hard and generally impervious to scratches. Figure 7 (a-b). The first time this spray-painted graffiti appeared it was removed abrasively. As a result, the graffiti was permanently etched into Laser Cleaning. Although not in general use as a cleaning the limestone and cal1not be concealed even by the pigmented barrier technique, laser technology offers great promise in the coating painted over it later. The barrier coating did, however, facilitate future as a non-damaging method of graffiti removal. 110n-abrasive removal of graffiti the next time it was applied. Photos: Anne Grimmer. Testing cleaning results should be meticulously recorded and the accepted sample area preserved for reference until the end Before selecting a removal method, all cleaning materials of the job. The existence of a "clean" sample for comparison and techniques for removing graffiti from a historic and a signed agreement can avoid unpleasant surprises, masonry building should be tested on mock-ups or areas of misunderstandings, and perhaps legal acti~ns. the resource that are not highly visible, but which are representative of typical conditions. Visual observation When a type of graffiti appears for the first time that was should be supplemented by the use of a magnifying glass, executed with a material not immediately recognizable and and spot tests should be carried out with various solvents to for which no countermeasures have been developed, tests help identify the specific graffiti medium, which will aid in may need to be carried out by an architectural conservator its removal. More complex testing using laboratory to identify the material and to determine effective removal equipment and more scientific analytical processes may treatments. Agencies with large inventories of graffiti sometimes be necessary in complex situations. Sample prone buildings and structures should watch for graffiti areas that represent the desired degree of "cleanliness" made with new materials and experiment with different should be approved in writing by client, architect, cleaning methods in order to be prepared when it appears. conservator or other appropriate authority. The materials Such early action can save large sums of money in the long and all the other data necessary to reproduce the desired term. (See "Development of a Treatment Plan.")

5 Health and Safety Considerations Development of a Treatment Plan Most of the chemicals used for graffiti removal are dangerous to workers, as well as to others who may be in the vicinity. For managers or owners of historic masonry buildings, Organic solvents are toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin or agencies responsible for large inventories of graffiti contact. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), available from prone properties, including parks, highway and the product manufacturer for all paint-removal products, railroad bridges and viaducts, bus, train and subway should always be consulted and followed. Identification of stations, and cemeteries, the development of a hazardous components and checking with chemical reference treatment plan may be the first step toward an effective works will help assure that the least hazardous, but most graffiti-removal program. It is becoming increasingly effective, products are selected. common for large or important historic properties to Generally speaking, it is a sensible policy to carry out all have regular maintenance and disaster plans that graffiti removal in well-ventilated conditions. Some include graffiti removal. solvents can be used only outdoors, and sometimes forced ventilation may be necessary even there, requiring workers When feasible, a separate treatment plan should be to use air-fed respiratory equipment to avoid wind-blown prepared for each structure. However, if this is not fumes. Smoking, eating or drinking must not be allowed possible, it is advisable to prepare a variety of when cleaning is in progress. treatment plans for specific masonry types. Plans should be prepared to cover all types of masonry that Some materials used for graffiti removal are so corrosive fall under one jurisdiction, management or ownership that accidental contact can cause serious, permanent that are potential targets for graffiti. scarring and painful injuries. Wearing appropriate protective clothing must be strictly enforced. Mandatory Guidance contained in treatment plans should be based personal protective equipment (PPE) normally includes face on the results of carefully controlled testing to remove a shields or safety glasses; long, chemical-resistant gloves; wide variety of common graffiti materials safely, and face masks with respirators for organic solvents; and without damaging the various types of masonry. possibly, full protective clothing with an independent Individual treatment plans should address all parts of air supply. the building or structure that could be disfigured by All smoking and open flames should be rigorously graffiti, and any features too fragile to be cleaned by excluded from work areas; many solvents are flammable or anyone other than a conservator should be noted on highly explosive in vapor or liquid form when mixed with the plan. air. Solvent residue, used swabs, cloths, overalls and all other solvent-contaminated items should be safely and A treatment plan is essentially a cleaning legally disposed of, or properly stored-even overnight specification, but it should also include information away from potential sources of fire. Electrical equipment on the following: may require explosion-proof fittings when used with certain solvents. • the types and conditions of masonry likely to be targeted by graffiti; When electric pumps and pressure-spraying equipment are used, it is especially important that all necessary • methods, materials and techniques known to work precautions be taken to avoid electric shock. Water sprays most successfully in the removal of specific types and puddles on the ground present a potentially dangerous of graffiti from the surface of each type of masonry; situation, if they come into contact with temporary wiring at worksites where graffiti is being removed. Such hazards • sources for materials; must be carefully monitored and controlled. As with any construction project, attention should always • a list of contractors with expertise in graffiti be directed toward the general safety of the workers and removal, including names, telephone numbers, passers-by, but also toward possible damage to the resource information on emergency access to the property, itself that might result from careless placement of ladders, and storage location of materials; or scaffolding. Chemicals used for masonry cleaning can also damage adjacent metals, glass, and painted surfaces, as • graffiti-removal methods which may be harmful to well as vegetation (Fig. 8). Product manufacturers' the masonry surface; instructions should always be closely followed to avoid such inadvertent "collateral" damage. • contractors or consultants who are not acceptable and should not be considered for graffiti removal; Environmental Considerations • scaffolding, pumps, or safety equipment that might To protect against environmental contamination, including be required, where it is available, and costs the formation of unwanted ozone at ground level and involved; and damage to the ozone layer in the earth's outer atmosphere, legislation has been enacted in some states making it illegal • health and safety concerns regarding specific to use even moderate quantities of some solvents - voLatiLe removal treatments, product literature and organic compounds (VOCs) contained in paint removers. In Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). response to this legislation, many new products are being developed that do not contain VOCs.

6 After completing graffiti removal, the disposal of chemical generally prevent their being recommended for use on products and rinsing effluent must be taken into account. historic masonry. First, clear coatings may alter the color of Arrangement for disposal of the cleaning waste should be the masonry surface and add a gloss that may be highly made prior to beginning graffiti removal, especially if it is a visible, or apparent only in certain lighting conditions or project of considerable size. In many places it is illegal to when it rains. Second, clear coatings may reduce the water discharge solvents and/or paint residues into sewers or vapor permeability of the masonry, thereby contributing to storm drains. The owner or manager of a historic property, possible water-related deterioration. Third, the coating or in some cases the individual or firm doing the cleaning may discolor and change over time. Exposure to ultra or graffiti removal, is responsible for being informed of, and violet light can cause a coating to yellow; dirt build-up may complying with, relevant laws and regulations. Under darken the treated surface; and some coatings acquire a provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, sheen when rubbed or brushed against. Such changes are as amended, approval may be required from a state or especially noticeable when only a portion of the building federal preservation agency before any work can be has been coated. Furthermore, if coatings are not undertaken on buildings or structures listed in or eligible maintained on a regular basis, usually through periodic for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, if such removal and reapplication, many coatings tend to fail. a project involves federal funding or licensing. Many state What often results is an uneven, "patchy" look to the and local historic district commissions and review boards masonry that can have a very negative impact on the have their own regulations that require approval for character of the historic building (Fig. 9). cleaning or graffiti removal work that is undertaken on Despite these potential drawbacks, there may be some landmarks or properties in locally designated historic instances in which the graffiti problem or frequency of districts. occurrence is so severe that application of a transparent barrier coating on historic masonry may be worth Barrier Coatings considering. Some water-based polysaccharide coatings, and silicone and silicone-based coatings have been used Anti-graffiti or barrier coatings are intended to facilitate the with success on masonry structures. They are essentially removal of graffiti from porous as well as non-porous surfaces. These coatings are most commonly transparent, but may also be pigmented. They are available in a variety Criteria to Consider Before Selecting of formulations designed to serve different needs. The use of barrier coatings to protect graffiti-prone historic masonry a Barrier Coating as the Primary surfaces may seem to be an easy preventive solution to a Protective Means of persistent graffiti problem. However, for the most part, Combating Graffiti these coatings are not the panacea that some advertising might suggest. Some of them simply do not work, and What to look for in a Barrier Coating: others may cause physical or aesthetic changes or damage • Water-vapor permeable, or "breathable". to the masonry. • "Invisible" without gloss or sheen, when applied to Transparent Coatings. Transparent coatings serve as a masonry. barrier between the masonry surface and graffiti, preventing graffiti from penetrating into the masonry. • No change in appearance from uncoated areas when They are also intended to make graffiti removal easier since masonry is wet. most graffiti does not adhere well to them. Generally, • Does not discolor or attract dirt. graffiti applied over transparent barrier coatings can be removed with low-pressure water and a detergent, or with • Weathers evenly. a solvent. Questions to Ask: There are basically two kinds of transparent barrier • Will the coating last long enough to offset its cost? coatings: temporary and permanent. Temporary, or "sacrificial" coatings are removed when graffiti is removed • Will the application and reapplication of the coating and then must be reapplied. Permanent transparent barrier be cost effective? coatings are more resistant to the water or solvents used to • Will the coating be effective against more than one remove graffiti, and remain on the masonry surface when type of graffiti? graffiti is removed (although this type of coating also must usually be reapplied after several cleanings). A third type • Can the coating be completely and thoroughly of transparent barrier coating combines temporary and removed, so that, if necessary, paint, or another permanent coatings, based on a two-part system. A water coating will adhere to the masonry surface? based acrylic sealer is first applied to the masonry surface, • Will the building ever need to be repointed or after which a sacrificial layer consisting of a polyethylene patched? A barrier coating may make this difficult wax emulsion or dispersion coat is applied over the sealer. or even impossible. When graffiti is removed, the sealer coat remains on the masonry, but the sacrificial coat dissolves and is removed Before Application: with the graffiti, and thus must be reapplied. (With this • Seek advice of an architectural conservator. two-part system, even the first coat will eventually wear off after multiple cleanings, and must also be reapplied.) • Test coating on an inconspicuous area of masonry, or study the success/ failure of the coating in other Unfortunately, in application, there are a number of locations where it has been used. negative aspects of transparent barrier coatings that

7 Figure 8. The cast-iron railing and light fixtures on this stone stoop have been wrapped with plastic sheeting to protect them from damage by chemicals being used to remove the graffiti. Photo: Mark A. Weber .

Figure 9. These photographs illustrate some of the problems inherent in clear barrier coatings. (a) The transparent coating applied to the lower portion of this granite entranceway has darkened it, thus changing the character of the historic masonry. (b) But it is not nearly so obvious or damaging to the building's historic character as the thick and shiny clear coating applied here which resembles a plastic sheathing over the brick. Scratches are highly visible and a surface haze indicates that the coating has begun to deteriorate. (c) This transparent coating is peeling and has failed completely; 110t only is it an eyesore, but it may also be hard to remove from the brick. Photos: (a-b) Mark A. Weber, (c) Martin E. Weaver.

8 invisible, and do not change the natural appearance of the frequent recurrence of graffiti, and when constant surveillance masonry. Although less durable than solvent-borne is not possible (Fig. 10). Although there are some instances in coatings, they are water-vapor permeable (breathable), and which pigmented barrier coatings may be appropriate on may be reapplied to the masonry surface immediately after painted historic masonry, they are not recommended for removing graffiti, while the surface is still damp. unpainted historic masonry because they will change the appearance of the masonry. There is also another kind of However, extreme caution must be exercised before pigmented coating that is specially formulated to be used as a applying a transparent barrier coating. Experimental test temporary measure to conceal graffiti that cannot be removed applications should always be tried first on discrete areas right away. This temporary, vapor-permeable paint is that are not highly visible, and the treated areas evaluated removed when the graffiti is removed. over a period of time. Laboratory test results on the performance of coatings applied to samples of like masonry Pigmented coatings are also not generally recommended as types may be useful to some extent. But because the tests a permanent measure to cover up graffiti. Some graffiti are carried out in a controlled environment, they may not materials, particularly felt markers, bleed through the be as accurate or reliable as tests actually carried out on-site coating; and repeated applications of the coating or paint where the factors of weather and pollution are the same as can result in a heavy paint build-up on a masonry surface. those at the location where the coating will be used. If Another disadvantage of using paint or a pigmented circumstances warrant, and the use of a barrier coating is coating to hide graffiti is that it usually appears as an determined necessary, an architectural conservator should obvious patch on unpainted masonry and tends to attract evaluate the test performance of a variety of coatings before more graffiti unless the paint can be applied in a discrete, selecting one to be applied to historic masonry. Because of and well-defined area (Fig. 11). If incompatible with either the potential for disfigurement, owners of landmark the masonry or the graffiti, such a coating may peel off the designated buildings are required by some preservation masonry surface in an unsightly manner. Like transparent review boards and landmark commissions to obtain coatings, pigmented coatings may be difficult or impossible approval before they apply a barrier coating. to remove completely once their performance or appearance is no longer satisfactory (Fig. 12). Pigmented Coatings. A pigmented barrier coating may be used on masonry as a permanent, preventive barrier coating, or as a temporary means of concealing graffiti until Preventing and Controlling Graffiti it can be removed. Experience shows that prompt removal of graffiti is one of Like a transparent barrier coating, a pigmented barrier coating the most effective measures against its recurrence. Graffiti facilitates the removal of graffiti because graffiti does not that is not removed quickly tends to attract more graffiti. adhere well to it. Pigmented barrier coatings that are water Often motivated by a need to have their work seen, vapor permeable may sometimes be used as a permanent graffitists tend to be discouraged from repeating their barrier coating on non-historic masonry where there is efforts in a location where their work is quickly removed.

Figure 10 (a) It may be appropriate to cO l1 sider the applicatiol1 of a barrier coating in order to facilitate removal il1 some out-of-the-way 10ca tiol1 s where ftl ll-time security is not possible, sHch as this stairway and bridge underpass next to the C&O Canal. (b) Overpainting graffiti on the stone wall at the left has not been successful; it has resulted il1 highlighting the defaced stones, thereby attracting more graffiti. Photos: Al1ne Grimmer.

9 Figure 11. (a) The first floor of this Iimestol1e storefrol1t was pail1ted il1 al1 effort to cover graffiti. However, because the pail1t is poorly matched to the color of the buildil1g stol1e, it is highly visible al1d 110W acts as a "magl1et" for l1ew graffiti. (b) Similarly, the lowest horizol1tal bal1d 011 this stol1e buildil1g, overpail1ted to cover graffiti, has also attracted more graffiti. Photos: (a) Mark A. Weber, (b) Martil1 E. Weaver

Apart from removal, effective graffiti-prevention measures visible presence of surveillance cameras. Publicity about can be considered under two headings. The first consists of arrests and punitive measures against the graffitists, and physical measures involving maintenance, lighting, the general vigilance of the security system may also reduce security and the erection of barriers on or around the graffiti. property itself. The second focuses on community awareness programs that include neighborhood patrols, If they are historically appropriate and compatible with the community service programs and educational programs in historic property, soft barriers in the form of low, pOSSibly the schools. thorny, shrubs and bushes or other forms of landscaping and planting may be effective deterrents. Such plantings Maintenance and Security. Neglect invites vandalism, can make it difficult to reach the property by any route whereas a well-maintained property encourages civic other than the approved secure one. Hard barriers pride. Thus, careful attention should be given to provided by fences and transparent screens or shields, such establishing regular maintenance programs which do not as clear acrylic or other polycarbonate sheets, may also allow properties to reach a point of obvious deterioration afford some degree of protection. But these can have a or abandonment. Cyclical maintenance also makes good negative aesthetic impact on the property's appearance, sense economically. particularly if the barriers themselves become disfigured Graffiti is less likely to occur if graffitists can be clearly by graffiti. seen. It is often recommended that accessible, graffiti Community Awareness. Community action and education prone areas be illuminated with floodlighting or spotlights. often play an important role in a successful anti-graffiti Graffiti may also be reduced or prevented by the presence program. Neighborhood watches can effectively deter of security guards, park rangers or police officers, or by the graffitists, and can help police and other security agencies in

10 the detection and prevention of graffiti. Intensive public hand, frequent newspaper coverage of graffiti outbreaks or campaigns against graffiti, including presentations in schools, even of new community efforts at deterring graffiti can developing programs to foster community pride, and sometimes have the opposite effect by challenging the sentencing offenders to remove graffiti in their own "creativity" of graffitists.) Community groups trained in community can also be useful. Publicity concerning arrests of proper cleaning techniques can also assist property owners in graffitists can be a useful preventive tool. (But, on the other prompt and non-damaging graffiti removal.

Figure 12. (a) Graffiti that was overpainted has been exposed here as a result of the coating's failure. The uneven edges where the overpainting has peeled away will make inconspicuous touch-up difficult. (b) The unsightliness of graffiti bleeding through layers of cracked and peeling paint makes an obvious point that using a pigmented coating was not an appropriate maintenance technique for this stone sculpture base. Photos: (a) Martin E. Weaver, (b) Judith M. Jacob. Tips for Successful Graffiti Removal

- It is important to pre-wet the masonry - If it is not possible to completely remove all surface when using an alkaline paint traces of graffiti without removing some of remover; it is also advisable to pre-wet the the masonry surface, it may be preferable to masonry surrounding a graffitied area to leave the masonry alone. Some graffiti dilute the effect of any cleaning agents that ghosts become less noticeable with time due might be inadvertently splashed or spilled on to fading of the dyes used in paints and the unsoiled surface. Do not wet the area to markers. Sometimes it may be possible to be cleaned if the cleaning agent is solvent conceal more obvious graffiti ghosts with based or incompatible with water. carefully-matched paint. - Always rinse the cleaning agent off the - After graffiti removal, the masonry surface masonry surface starting at the bottom and should always be tested with pH strips to moving up. This prevents the cleaning agent make sure all the cleaning materials have from running down and staining a lower been completely removed. Non-staining pH surface. strips, available from chemical supply companies, will indicate whether acids or - Air temperature can be a factor in graffiti alkalis remain on the masonry surface. removal. Most paint removers do not work when the air temperature is either very cold - Although alkaline paint removers are or very hot. This may sometimes explain sometimes ineffective on modern why a method that worked in one instance formulations of aerosol paints, they can may not be effective again in another, similar work well in removing multi-layered graffiti situation. because they last longer. - Variations within the same type of stone, - What removes graffiti in one instance may such as bedding planes, density, finish, or not always work again even in what appears degree of weathering, may explain why some to be an identical situation. areas of the same stone sometimes clean better that others. - More than one cleaning material and technique may be required to clean a heavily - Even if advance testing has been done and a graffitied area if different materials were treatment plan exists, at least some on-the used to make the graffiti. For example, spot testing will probably be necessary. shapes are often outlined with broad-tip felt markers and then filled in with spray paint. - Mortar joints react differently from masonry units, and may require a different cleaning - Effective graffiti removal often depends on material and/ or method to be cleaned trial-and-error testing, as well as a effectively. knowledge of masonry materials, graffiti materials and cleaning techniques. - Graffiti removal may result in an obviously "clean" spot. Always clean the entire masonry unit that is bounded by mortar joints (but not the joints themselves, unless necessary). The prominence of the clean spot may be minimized by fanning the cleaning out from the spot, and "feathering" it by gradually reducing the strength or thoroughness of the cleaning.

12 Suggestions for Removing Graffiti from Historic Masonry

Graffiti Removal Method Health and Safety Cautions

Pencil 1. Erase with non-abrasive pencil eraser. None. 2. Wa sh with water and non-ionic detergent. 3. Rinse with water.

Chalk/ Pastel 1. Brush off with bristle brush. None. (not wax or oil-base) 2. Wa sh with water and non-ionic detergent. 3. Rinse with water.

Paint 1. Poultice with paint remover*, organic +See cautions below for NMP, solvents Spray (aerosol) solvent, or petroleum-based compound**. and petroleum-based compounds. Non-spray paint 2. Rinse with water, denatured alcohol or mineral spirits. Wear proper respirator, gloves 3. Wash with water and non-ionic detergent. and eye protection. 4. Rinse with water.

Permanent (felt-tip) 1. Wa sh with water and non-ionic +See cautions below for NMP, solvents Marker detergent, if necessary. and petroleum-based compounds. 2. Poultice with bleach***, paint remover*, organic solvent Bleach is corrosive, causes chemical or petroleum-based compound**. burns, and forms toxic gases (chlorine). 3. Wash with water and non-ionic detergent. Wear proper respirator, gloves 4. Rinse with water. and eye protection.

Water Soluble 1. Wa sh with water and non-ionic detergent. Bleach is corrosive, causes chemical (felt-tip) Marker 2. Poultice with bleach***. burns, and forms toxic gases (chlorine). 3. Wash with water and non-ionic detergent. Wear proper respirator, gloves 4. Rinse with water. and eye protection.

Ballpoint Pen 1. Erase with non-abrasive pencil eraser. +See cautions below for NMP, solvents 2. Poultice with organic solvent and petroleum-based compounds. or petroleum-based compound**. Wear proper respirator, gloves 3. Wash with water and non-ionic detergent. and eye protection. 4. Rinse with water.

Crayon 1. Poultice with denatured alcohol, paint +See cautions below for NMP, solvents Lipstick remover* or organic solvent**. and petroleum-based compounds. Shoe Polish 2. Wash with water and non-ionic detergent. Wear proper respirator, gloves 3. Rinse with water . and eye protection.

.. Paint Remover based on N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). ** Organic Solvent such as acetone, lacquer-thinner, or petroleum-based compound such as dimethyl adipate. *** Bleach such as calcium hypochlorite. + N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is mildly toxic and may have adverse reproductive effects. Solvents and petroleum-based compounds have toxic vapors, are flammable, and require well-ventilated conditions.

These are suggestions to assist in graffiti removal. Methods should always be tested first under the supervision and guidance of an architectural conservator.

13 Summary Although rapid graffiti removal is the most effective lighting, as well as increased community involvement. weapon in eliminating graffiti and preventing its recurrence Successful graffiti removal from historic masonry requires in the same location, hasty, untested removal attempts can knowledge of a variety of cleaning methods and materials, disfigure and cause harm to historic masonry. Thus, it is and an awareness that what works to remove graffiti from important that the owner or manager of a historic masonry one kind of masonry surface may not remove it from building or structure be prepared with a plan to ensure the another. By testing different cleaning methods in advance, prompt removal of graffiti when it occurs. Regularly treatment plans will be available, when needed, to provide scheduled maintenance and cleaning programs to eliminate guidance for safe and sensitive graffiti removal from graffiti from historic masonry properties may be assisted by historic masonry. the installation of physical barriers, security systems and

Selected Reading American Geological Institute. AGI Glossary of Geology and Reisner, Robert. Graffiti: Two Thousand Years of Wall Related Sciences. Washington, D.C: American Geological Writing. Chicago: Cowles Book Company, 1971. Institute, 1960. Science for Conservators: Conservation Teaching Series. The Ashurst, Nicola. Cleaning Historic Buildings. Vol. I: Conservation Unit of the Museums and Galleries Substrates, Soiling and Investigations; Vol. II: Cleaning Commission. 3 volumes. New York: Routledge, A Materials and Processes. London: Donhead Publishing Ltd., Division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc., 1992. 1994. Torraca, Giorgio. Porous Building Materials. Rome: "Chemistry Leaves Its Mark on Graffiti." Chemical ICC ROM, 1988. Marketing Reporter. November 14, 1993. Torraca, Giorgio. Solubility and Solvents for Conservation Ehrenkrantz & Eckstut Architects, P.C Technical Tips: Problems. Rome: ICC ROM, 1990. Removing Graffiti. New York: New York Landmarks Weaver, Martin E. Conserving Buildings: A Guide to Conservancy, n.d. (1994). Techniques and Materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Graffiti Removal Manual. Providence, RI: Keep Providence Inc., 1993. Beautiful, September 1986. Whitford, Maurice J. Getting Rid of Graffiti: A practical guide Grimmer, Anne E. Keeping it Clean: Removing Exterior Dirt, to graffiti removal and anti-graffiti protection. New York: Van Paint, Stains and Graffiti from Historic Masonry Buildings. Nostrand Reinhold, Inc., 1992. Washington, D.C: Preservation Assistance Division, Wollbrinck, Thomas. "The Composition of Proprietary National Park Service, U.s. Department of the Interior, 1988. Paint Strippers." Journal of the American Institute for Lewis, Richard J. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference. Conservation. Vol. 32 (1993), pp. 43-57. Second Edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. Young, Daniel J. How to Comply with the OSHA Hazard NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Washington, D.C: Communication Standard: A Guide to Compliance with OSHA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Worker Right-to-Know Regulations. New York: Van Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Nostrand Reinhold, 1989. Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, June 1994.

14 ,., u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1995 387-091/20004 Acknowledgements This Preservation Brief was developed under a cooperative Officer, National Capital Region, General Services agreement between the New York Landmarks Conservancy Administration, Washington, DC; Nicolas F. Veloz, and the National Park Service. Mark A. Weber, Director, Conservator of Outdoor Sculpture and Monuments, Technical Services Center, served as project coordinator for National Capital Area Office, National Park Service, the Conservancy. The author, Martin E. Weaver, is the Washington, DC; and Michael J. Auer, Timothy Buehner, Director of the Center for Preservation Research at Charles E. Fisher, and especially Kay D, Weeks, Technical Columbia University. He is an internationally recognized Preservation Services, Preservation Assistance Division, expert in the conservation of architectural and cultural National Park Service, Washington, DC. resources, a noted lecturer, and author of Conserving This publication has been prepared pursuant to the Buildings: A Guide to Techniques and Materials, as well as National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, numerous articles on the subject. which directs the Secretary of the Interior to develop and Anne E. Grimmer, Senior Architectural Historian, make available information concerning historic properties. Technical Preservation Services, Preservation Assistance Comments on the usefulness of this publication may be Division, National Park Service, coordinated the directed to: Technical Preservation Services, Preservation development of this Preservation Brief and served as Assistance Division, Center for Cultural Resource Technical Editor. Technical review of this publication by Stewardship and Partnerships, National Park Service, P.O. the following is gratefully acknowledged: Frances Gale, Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127, or Technical Training Coordinator, National Center for Preservation Services Center, New York Landmarks Conservancy, 141 Technology and Training, National Park Service, Fifth A venue, NY, NY 10010. This publication is not Natchitoches, LA; Judith M. Jacob, Architectural copyrighted and can be reproduced without penalty. Conservator, Building Conservation Branch, Northeast Normal procedures for credit to the author, the National Cultural Resources Center, National Park Service, NY, NY; Park Service, and the New York Landmarks Conservancy Andrea Mones-O'Hara, Regional Historic Preservation are appreciated.

ISSN: 0885 7016 October 1995

'The word grnffito Igrnffiti, plural) - is derived from the old Itali an diminutive of graffio - to scratch, and the Latin grnphire - to write. Grnffiti in contemporary usage has come to mean an inscription, drawings, or markings, Except in very formal or technica l applica tions, graffiti is generally considered a "mass" noun Cover Photograph: Sandstone gatepost, Springfield Armory National and paired with a Singular verb, Historic Site, Springfield, Massachusetts. Photo: Judith M, facob ,